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Definition: Written |
WrittenAdjective1. Set down in writing in any of various ways; "written evidence". 2. Systematically collected and written down; "written laws". 3. Written as for a film or play or broadcast. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "written" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Screenwriters or script writers are authors who write the screenplays from which films are made. Many of them also work as "script doctors," attempting to change scripts to suit directors or studios; for instance studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak. Script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers; David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others.
Professional screenwriters are unionizedized and are represented by organisations such as the Writers Guild of America.
Some notable screeenwriters:
See also: Lists of authors
- Alan Ball
- Leigh Brackett: The Big Sleep, Rio Bravo, The Empire Strikes Back
- Ray Bradbury: Moby Dick, King of Kings
- Bertrand Blier
- Francis Ford Coppola
- Nora Ephron
- Ben Hecht
- James Kearns
- David Mamet
- Harold Pinter
- Ayn Rand
- Robert Riskin: It Happened One Night, Lost Horizon
- Frederica Sagor Maas
- John Sayles
- Paul Schrader
- Aaron Sorkin: A Few Good Men, The American President, Sports Night, The West Wing
- Tom Stoppard
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Screenwriter."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A writer is a person who, for monetary or personal gain, composes documents. These documents can be fiction or non-fiction, and fall under many subcategories but are usually first thought of as book authors or novelists.
A writer can be nearly anyone, but it is often someone who has chosen to write as a profession. Skilled writers are adept at using language to portray ideas.
A writer may compose in many different forms, including, but not limited to, poetry, prose, music (see: composer), technical writing, journalism and academic papers.
The work done by a writer is frequently considered part of the cultural content of a society, and is seen as an art much like the visual arts (see painting, sculpture, photography), music, craft and performance art (see: drama, theatre, opera, musical).
See also: author, lists of authors, style guide.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Writer."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Writing is the process of recording characters on a medium, with the intention of forming words and other larger language constructs. The instrument or instruments used for recording, and the medium on which the recording is done can be almost infinite, and can be done by any instrument capable of making marks on any surface that will accept them; writing has even been done at nearly the atomic level. Writing can be done even on a grain of rice. The durability is often very good, but very volatile is e.g. writing in the sand; writing on a blackboard is also for short-term use and often erased after some minutes or hours.Writing is also often used to describe the craft of creating a larger work of literature. This is an extension of the original meaning, which would include the act of writing longer texts. (Interestingly, if this is done on a typewriter, the physical act of making the marks on the paper in the typewriter would be called typing, whereas the intellectual activity involved in generating the letters, words and sentences would be called "writing".) Writing in this sense can refer to the production of fiction, non-fiction, poetry and sometimes letters.
Most of time, writing aims to produce works that are target of reading.
Typically, however, one will use a writing utensil (such as a pen or pencil) to write characters on paper; or a computer (or typewriter) to record characters to disk, (electromagnetic tape, CD-ROM, or other computer medium on which information can be recorded). The use of pen and paper has historical primacy, and one could argue that the second is merely analogous to writing. Still, as commonly used, writing refers to recording visual characters on physical or electronic media.
In the western world, this means putting characters together to form words and sentences. In cultures using ideograms, each character used represents a word or concept, and can then be put together with others to form sentences.
Writing is believed to have originated by the simple drawing of ideograms: for example, a drawing of an apple represents an apple, and a drawing of two legs may represent the concept of walking or standing. From this origin, the symbols become more abstract, eventually evolving into symbols which seem unrelated to the original symbol. For example, the letter N in English is actually from an Egyptian hieroglyph representing the same sound, but depicting waves in water - the Egyptian word for water contains only one consonant /n/, and the picture eventually came to represent not only the idea of water, but the sound /n/ as well.
Writing with the intent to communicate has been viewed spontaneously in non-humans. Work with the bonobos Kanzi and Panbanisha in the United States has provided one such example. The examples which occur are very few, but the origin of bonobo "writing" seems to be analogous to the origin of human writing.
An exception to the general rule that writing is an attempt to communicate is the writing in unknown scripts or languages alleged by mediums to be communicated to them by ghosts, spirits, or other, generally supernatural or extraterrestrial entities. This technique is known as automatic writing.
Writing that blends meaning and transcription is called constrained writing.
Sometimes writing is done in invisible ink that can be later decoded, if the message is intended to be secret and only for the recipient or recipients.
Rarely, "writing" is used to refer to the making of marks using various methods, that is not, strictly speaking, writing, as in the "indecipherable writing" (a type of surautomatism) developed by the Romanian surrealists; "indecipherable writing" is actually more akin to what would commonly be described as drawing or painting than writing.
The borderline between prehistory and history is usually taken to be the time from when we have written records. The importance of writing for history and record keeping comes from the fact that it allows information to be stored and communicated across generations, in addition to between individuals (as language enables.)
See also author, communication, linguistics, orthography, pencil, printing, publishing, speech, word processing, writer, boustrophedon text.
Further reading
- A History of Writing: From Hieroglyph to Multimedia , edited by Anne-Marie Christin, Flammarion (in French), hardcover: 408 pages , 2002), ISBN 2080108875
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Writing."
Synonym: WrittenSynonym: scripted (adj). (additional references) |
| Antonyms: spoken (adj), unscripted (adj), unwritten (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Speech | Adjective: speaking; spoken; Verb: oral, lingual, phonetic, not written, unwritten, outspoken; eloquent, elocutionary; oratorical, rhetorical; declamatory; grandiloquent; talkative; Ciceronian, nuncupative, Tullian. |
Writing | Adjective: writing; Verb: written; Verb: in writing, in black and white; under one's hand. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Written |
| English words defined with "written": written account, written communication, written language, written record, written symbol, written text, written word. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "written": upholsterer. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Oh, well, not like me. But look, see those birds? At some point a program was written to govern them (The Matrix Reloaded; writing credit: Andy Wachowski; Larry Wachowski) Right! It's written all over him. (Doctor Zhivago; writing credit: Boris Pasternak; Robert Bolt) What is that you've got written on your helmet (Full Metal Jacket; writing credit: Gustav Hasford; Michael Herr) Is it fate? Is it meant to be? Is it written in the stars that we are destined to fraternize (The Mask; writing credit: Michael Fallon; Mark Verheiden) It's written into my character to do it, so I do it. (The Purple Rose of Cairo; writing credit: Woody Allen.) | |
Lyrics | Don't care what is written in your history (As Long As You Love Me; performing artist: Backstreet Boys) I have the words written on the floor (Stoney end; performing artist: Barbra Streisand) It's written all over your face (New Sensation; performing artist: INXS) Life ain't written in the sand (Miracle; performing artist: Jon Bon Jovi) Even though my name's graffiti written on your kitten (Hip-Hop Hooray; performing artist: Naughty By Nature) | |
Clever | Biographies are but the clothes and buttons of the man. The biography of the man himself cannot be written. (references; author: Mark Twain) A verbal contract isn't worth the paper it's written on. (references; author: unknown) Ink dries, paper burns; but what is written in the soul will last an eternity. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Written on the Wind (1956) The Written Law (1931) Written in the Sand (1912) What I Have Written (1995) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Figure 50. Example of message included in floats invented by Prince Albert I of Monaco. Left: glass tube encasing the message. Right: Message as written in ten languages. The message requested information regarding the circumstances of of discovery of the float. This type of float was used between 1885 and 1887, but floats with this particular message were used in 1886. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Figure 54. A float used by the Oceanographic Society of San Sebastien and deployed from the vessel MAMELENA in 1911 in the vicinity of San Sebastien. Left: float device. Right: included message as written in Spanish, French, and English. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
 | Measured drawing delineated by Frank R. Leslie, July 1938. (Reproduction Number: HABS, MO,97-SAIGEN,6- Sheet 5 of 13) The Bolduc House, now a museum, is one of a few remaining French Colonial buildings in the upper Mississippi Valley. As described in the HABS written historical data pages, it is constructed of poteaux sur sole, vertical posts set on a sill, with the interstices filled with bouzillage, sticks covered with a mud and straw mixture. In addition to its construction, the large overhanging eaves and steep roof are distinct characteristics of the style. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | A now uncommon and romantic building type, the Beebe Windmill provided mechanization to the grinding of grain. This rare survivor teaches us about the evolution of industrial technologies and the ingenuity of early American craftsman who fashioned the moving parts out of the most readily available material at hand, wood. HABS and HAER documentation provides information for the care and maintenance of structures for which the original drawings typically do not survive. The formats of HAER documentation for this windmill include a written history, photographs, and measured drawings. The selected drawings and photographs shown here demonstrate how the nformation in each format can supplement the other. The photographs record information as the camera sees it in a one-point perspective. The drawings illustrate the grain mill and clarify how its parts fit together, what dimensions they are, and how they interact to grind the grain. West elevation. Photograph by Jet Lowe, 1978. (Reproduction Number: HAER, NY,52-BRIG,4-1). Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Drawing made circa 1865. The incomplete Nashville was surrendered to Union forces on 10 May 1865. The original drawing is in color. Written in pencil in its lower left is "Hon. Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, with respectful regards, His Obdt. Servant, Thornton A. Jenkins, Commodore, U.S. Navy.". Credit: NAVY. |  | Cover for sheet music composed and written by Chief Yeoman Daisy May Pratt Erd, USNRF, during World War I. It features the names of 109 U.S. Navy ships, from battleships to tugs and patrol boats. Credit: NAVY. |
 | Man in rowboat with "contents" written on water. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | As it was written. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Anti-Nazi slogan, "We shall force them to their knees," written in German on garden wall, Athens, Greece. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Officer Richard Perry practices basic Spanish phrases using phonetic syllables written on blackboard] / World Telegram & Sun p. Credit: Library of Congress; photo by Dick DeMarsico.. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Grasp for life" by Brendan Paxton Commentary: "The hand comes from the darkness, to snatch any life that it may find. . . WRITTEN PERMISSION IS NEEDED for COMMERCIAL USAGE!." | "Thank you" by Laurent Cottier Commentary: "Fortunately it is written on the road... I failed to die 56 times!!! REMEMBER:IN ENGLAND;THEY DRIVE ON THE LEFT!!!;-)." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Benjamin Jowett | One man is as good as another until he has written a book. |
Hans Christian Anderson | Every man's life is a fairy tale written by God's finger. |
Henry David Thoreau | Books must be read as deliberately and reservedly as they were written. |
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | No literature is complete until the language it was written in is dead. |
Horace | No poems can live long or please that are written by water-drinkers. |
Percy Bysshe Shelley | History is a cyclic poem written by Time upon the memories of man. |
Ralph Waldo Emerson | Men over forty are no judges of a book written in a new spirit. |
Samuel Johnson | What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure. |
William Hazlitt | There are names written in her immortal scroll at which Fame blushes! |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Amendment to US Constitution | 1795-2000 | If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. (reference) |
Marbury v. Madison | 1803 | This doctrine would subvert the very foundation of all written constitutions. (reference) |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | It is well known how the monks wrote silly lives of Catholic Saints over the manuscripts on which the classical works of ancient heathendom had been written. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | A special meeting shall be held if a written request to that effect is made by at least ten members of the Governing Body. (reference) |
Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 | In approaching this problem, we cannot turn the clock back to 1868 when the Amendment was adopted, or even to 1896 when Plessy v. Ferguson was written. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | You might not see one in a hundred with gentleman so plainly written as in Mr. Knightley |
Sylvie and Bruno Concluded | Carroll, Lewis | A written record was found in their house, of the dates of their deaths |
Life, the Universe and Everything | Douglas Adams | Numbers written on restaurant bills within the confines of restaurants do not follow the same mathematical laws as numbers written on any other pieces of paper in any other parts of the Universe |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | They were documents, in short, not official, but of a private nature, or, at least, written in his private capacity, and apparently with his own hand |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | We copy the schedule then written by him. |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | Having written them out he lay back on the lumpy pillow, murmuring them again |
Smoke and Mirrors: Short Fictions and Illusions | Neil Gaiman | Benjamin Lassiter was coming to the unavoidable conclusion that the woman who had written A Walking Tour of the British Coastline, the book he was carrying in his backpack, had never been on a walking tour of any kind, and would probably not recognize the British coastline if it were to dance through her bedroom at the head of a marching band, singing 'I'm the British Coastline' in a loud and cheerful voice while accompanying itself on the kazoo |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | The proposition and demonstration were fairly written on a thin wafer, with ink composed of a cephalic tincture |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | Books must be read as deliberately and reservedly as they were written. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Ask for written instructions. (references) | |
Bring a written list of symptoms to your doctor. (references) | ||
The notes are written in a rather technical language. (references) | ||
Business | In some tenders, only written questions are permitted. (references) | |
It also allows the conclusion of written contracts without paper. (references) | ||
News releases should be written in British English, not American English. (references) | ||
Children | Argentina | However, under the Law of Patronato, those accused of a crime who are between the ages of 16 and 18 are taken before a judge and assumed guilty of the crime, without the benefit of either an oral or written trial. (references) |
Civil Liberties | Singapore | They submitted written apologies for making the film and withdrew it from the Festival. (references) |
Iran | Married women must receive written permission from their husbands before leaving the country. (references) | |
Economic History | New Zealand | It has no written constitution. (references) |
New Zealand | Constitution: No formal, written constitution. (references) | |
United Kingdom | The United Kingdom does not have a written constitution. (references) | |
Human Rights | Syria | Lawyers submit written defense pleas rather than oral presentations. (references) |
Poland | A defendant has the right to appeal within 14 days of the written decision. (references) | |
Morocco | Caids prepare the written summary of an arrest and subsequent interrogation. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Philippines | The law requires a process of informed consultation and written consent by the indigenous group to allow mining on tribal lands. (references) |
Minorities | Russia | Police often failed to record infractions by minorities or issue a written record to the alleged infractors. (references) |
Austria | The leader of the country's Jewish community reported that persons within the community who took a stand against racism and xenophobia were subjected to anonymous verbal and written threats. (references) | |
Political Economy | Bhutan | Programs to build a body of written law and to train lawyers are progressing. (references) |
BOLIVIA | Dollars are a legal means of exchange, and contracts may be written in dollars. (references) | |
Bhutan | There is no written constitution to protect fundamental political and human rights. (references) | |
Political Rights | Hong Kong | The Chief Executive's written consent is required before bills affecting government policy may be introduced. (references) |
Tunisia | Narrowly written criteria in the Electoral Code greatly restrict the eligibility of persons to run for president. (references) | |
Macau | Bills relating to government policies must receive the written approval of the Chief Executive before they are submitted. (references) | |
Trade | France | Language: Labels must be written in French. (references) |
Armenia | Transactions are made on the basis of a written contract between buyer and seller. (references) | |
Poland | Written confirmation is required, stating that the goods will be sent out of Poland on specific dates. (references) | |
Travel | Korea | Every mail shipment must contain a written declaration. (references) |
Czech Rep | Titles are important, in both verbal and written address. (references) | |
Luxembourg | Daily newspapers are written mainly in German with some articles written in French. (references) | |
Women | Gabon | In inheritance cases, the husband's family must issue a written authorization before his widow can inherit property. (references) |
Mozambique | For example, a woman must have the written approval of her husband, father, or closest male relative in order to start a business. (references) | |
Kazakhstan | Police also may not detain a person legally for more than 72 hours if the victim refuses to provide a written complaint and in most cases, women refuse to follow through with charges. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Zimbabwe | As originally written, this act was silent on the right to bargain collectively. (references) |
Central African Republic | The union also must provide 8 days' advance written notification of a planned strike. (references) | |
Belarus | With the written consent of one parent (or legal guardian), a 14-year-old child may conclude a labor contract. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | TENACITY, n. A certain quality of the human hand in its relation to the coin of the realm. It attains its highest development in the hand of authority and is considered a serviceable equipment for a career in politics. The following illustrative lines were written of a Californian gentleman in high political preferment, who has passed to his accounting: Of such tenacity his grip That nothing from his hand can slip. Well-buttered eels you may o'erwhelm In tubs of liquid slippery-elm In vain -- from his detaining pinch They cannot struggle half an inch! 'Tis lucky that he so is planned That breath he draws not with his hand, For if he did, so great his greed He'd draw his last with eager speed. Nay, that were well, you say. Not so He'd draw but never let it go! |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
James Dobson | Well I have some apprehension about it. It all depends on how the legislation is written. If it begins to, you know, intrude on the practice of the faith, then I would be opposed to it. Certainly, Focus on the Family will not take any government money. |
Lynne Cheney | Well, I love writing. And I hadn't written for children for a long time. Back at the very beginnings of my career as a writer I did some children's essays. |
Nancy Sinatra | Written by Lee Hazelwood, arranged by Billy Strange. I personally felt they could have put out the track and they would have had a hit with that, because the track is what sells the song. |
Rush Limbaugh | Williams, semi-guest host on the EIB Network and professor of economics at George Mason University, has written a column that makes a fantastic connection between the misdeeds at Enron and the way the government plays with your Social Security money. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Abraham Lincoln | 1861-1865 | Think, if you can, of a single instance in which a plainly written provision of the Constitution has ever been denied. |
Warren G. Harding | 1921-1923 | When the Governments of the earth shall have established a freedom like our own and shall have sanctioned the pursuit of peace as we have practiced it, I believe the last sorrow and the final sacrifice of international warfare will have been written. |
Dwight Eisenhower | 1953-1961 | Down the long lane of the history yet to be written America knows that this world of ours, ever growing smaller, must avoid becoming a community of dreadful fear and hate, and be, instead, a proud confederation of mutual trust and respect. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | In a separate written message to Congress, I've outlined other domestic initiatives, such as welfare reform, consumer protection, basic education skills, urban policy, reform of our labor laws, and national health care later on this year. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Her many achievements will be appreciated more and more as time goes on and history is written. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Written" is generally used as a lexical verb (past participle) -- approximately 76.65% of the time. "Written" is used about 12,911 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Lexical Verb (past participle) | 76.65% | 9,897 | 948 |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 23.33% | 3,012 | 3,105 |
| Lexical Verb (past tense) | 0.02% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 12,911 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "written": amount written off ♦ be written ♦ hand written ♦ hand written letter ♦ in written ♦ in written form ♦ rhymed inscription written on a christmas present ♦ very well written ♦ written account ♦ written agreement ♦ written also Cymri ♦ written assignment ♦ written communication ♦ written declaration ♦ written document ♦ written down value method ♦ written evidence ♦ written exam ♦ written examination ♦ written exercise ♦ written in ♦ written in full ♦ written language ♦ written law ♦ written laws ♦ written line ♦ written material ♦ written matter ♦ written message ♦ written music ♦ written off ♦ written offer ♦ written paper ♦ written premium ♦ written promise ♦ written proposal of marriage ♦ written question ♦ written record ♦ written settlement ♦ written symbol ♦ written test ♦ written text ♦ written word. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "written": written-by, written-down, written-in, written-in-ten-minutes, written-off, written-on, written-out, written-up. | |
Ending with "written": co-written, ghost-written, half-written, ill-written, part-written, pre-written, re-written, user-written, well-written. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "written"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | skriftelik. (various references) | |
Albanian | i shkruar. (various references) | |
Arabic | كتابي (documentary, graphic, graphical), مكتوب, مخطوط, مؤلف (author, compiler, composer, established, formed, penman, set up, writer). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | написан (black and white), писмен (epistolary, graphic, graphical, writing), писан (destined, many-colored, motley). (various references) | |
Chinese | 筆頭 (ability to write, in written form, writing skill), 書面 (in writing), 成文 (statutory), 写 (Write). (various references) | |
Czech | psaný, písemný. (various references) | |
Danish | skriftlig årsrapport om Unionens fremskridt (yearly written report on the progress achieved by the Union), aktstykke (act, certificate, diploma, document), behørigt begrundet skriftlig bemærkning (stating the full reasons therefor, written statement), behørigt begrundet skriftlig kommentar (stating the full reasons therefor, written statement), beslutningstagning ved skriftlig procedure (decision-making by written procedure), bruttopræmier (written premium), den skriftlige afstemning (written vote), fortegnelse over de retsakter,der er vedtaget ved skriftlig afstemning (summary of acts adopted by a written vote), kant med navn (written selvedge), modtagelse af parternes skriftlige indsigelser (receipt of written rebuttals of the parties), saldoafskrivningsmetoden (declining balance method of depreciation, diminishing instalment system, reducing balance method, reducing instalment method, written down value method), afskrivninger (amortisation, amortization, amount written off, capital consumption allowances, depreciation, depreciation allowances, depreciation of physical fixed assets, provisions for the consumption of fixed capital, write down, write off), skrevet linie (written line), undertegnet accept af forsikringsbeløb (written line), skriftlig advarsel (written warning), skriftlig begrundelse for klagen (written statement setting out the grounds of appeal), skriftlig beslutningsproces (decision-making by written procedure), skriftlig eksamen (written examinations, written papers), skriftlig meddelelse (written message), skriftlig opgave (written examination, written paper), skriftlig proeve (written examination, written examinations, written paper, written papers), skriftligt vidnesbyrd (written testimony), Skriftsprog (written language), typografisk ord (orthographic word, written word), ubesvaret skriftelig forespørgsel (written question to which no answer has been given), skattedokumentation i euro (documentary evidence in euros for tax purposes, written proofs in euros for tax declarations). (various references) | |
Dutch | schriftelijk, schriftelijk, schriftelýk, geschreven. (various references) | |
Esperanto | skriba. (various references) | |
Estonian | seisab (stands/is written). (various references) | |
Farsi | نوشتاری , کتبی . (various references) | |
Finnish | kirjeellinen (by letter), kirjallinen (literary). (various references) | |
French | écrit (writing). (various references) | |
German | schriftlich (by letter, in writen, in writing, in written), geschrieben (edited, prewritten, typed, wrote). (various references) | |
Greek | γραμμένοσ, γραμμένος, γραπτόσ, γραφτόσ. (various references) | |
Hebrew | כתוב (inscribed, passage, text, verse). (various references) | |
Hungarian | megírt, írott. (various references) | |
Indonesian | tertulis. (various references) | |
Italian | scritto (destined, in writing, work, writ, writing). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 誓約 (written vow). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | かきはん (signature or written seal at the end of a document), こくぶん (imperial edict, national literature, written appeal to a superior, written report to the gods), ごくちゅうき (diary written in prison), いちやずくり (built in a night, hastily written, stopgap), いけんしょ (argument, opinion in writing, written opinion), いらいじょう (written request), かんていしょ (expert's written opinion or report), せいぶんほう (written or statutory law), かんそうぶん (written description of one's thoughts), こうじょうがき (verbal note, written statement), かきことば (the written language, the written word), せいし (authentic history, check, chief delegate, control, family name, filature, full name, heir, history, imperial command, inhibition, life and death, looking straight ahead, meditation, oath, paper making or manufacturing, pledge, repose, restraint, senior envoy, silk reeling, sperm, spinning, standing still, stillness, successor, viewing sincerely, vow, written oath), せいもん (glottis, influential family, main entrance, main gate, the man in power, voice print, written oath), せいやく (chemist, conclusion of a contract, condition, constraints, limitation, pharmacy, restriction, written vow), せいやくしょ (covenant, written oath), せいぶん (component, composition, ingredient, the official text, writing, written expression), ちんじゅつしょ (written statement), かんしょ (a book written in Chinese, a Chinese book, government office, hot and cold, sugar cane, summer and winter, sweet potato), けつぎぶん (written resolution), ちょうせんじょう (written challenge), ちょさくぶつ (works, written thing), ちゅうもんしょ (order form, written order), はこがき (autograph or note of authentication written on a box containing an art work), みつもりしょ (written estimate), じょうしんしょ (written report), じめん (appearance of written words, earth's surface, face, ground, impression derived from or appearance of kanji), こうぎぶん (written protest), じがじさん (painting with the eulogy written by the artist, praising one's own wares, self-praise, singing one's own praises), こうもん (anus, back gate, Confucian school, disciple of Confucius, imperial edict, lock gate, school gate, written appeal to a superior, written report to the gods), げんぶんいっち (unification of the written and spoken forms of a language), げきぶん (declaration, manifesto, written appeal), もうしこみしょ (application form, written application), やくじょうしょ (written contract), れいじょう (acknowledgment, daughter, letter of thanks, sacred ground, summons, warrant, written order, young lady, young woman, your daughter), こうじょうしょ (verbal note, written statement), にんめいじょう (written appointment), じづら (appearance of written words, face, impression derived from or appearance of kanji), くずしじ (character written in a cursive style), しょかんたいしょうせつ (novel written in epistolary style), きょうやくしょ (written agreement), しょうたいじょう (written invitation), しゃほん (codex, manuscript, written copy), しつもんしょ (written inquiry), そうたい (character written in "sousho" style, leave early, originally, priestly attire, reciprocity, relative, the form of Buddhist priest, the whole), せいぶんりつ (written or statutory law), きしょうもん (written vow to the gods), しんるいがき (written record of one's relatives), ペーパーテスト (written test), がんじょう (abdication by an emperor in favor of a more virtuous successor, burly, firm, meditative concentration, preceding article or entry, Samadhi, solid, stout, strong, sturdy, written request), がんしょ (beautiful calligraphy, calligrapher, complete book, complete set, first of two books, good book, handling carefully, letter, making best of, previous letter, previous writing, tiding over, using discretion, written application or petition), おみくじ (written oracle). (various references) | |
Korean | 쓰는 (Penned). (various references) | |
Manx | scruit (documentary), screeuit. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ittenwray.(various references) | |
Portuguese | escrito (agreement, written document). (various references) | |
Romanian | scris (alphabet, graphic, graphical, hand, painted, paper work, pen, pen and ink, script, writing), participiu trecut de la write. (various references) | |
Russian | написанный. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | pisan, particip proš. od write, napisan (inscribed), književni (literary). (various references) | |
Somali | qornaa, qoray. (various references) | |
Spanish | escrito (document, in writing, indented, kept, manuscript, paper, said, stated, text, writ, writing). (various references) | |
Swedish | skriftlig. (various references) | |
Tahitian | t‘parau (writer). (various references) | |
Turkish | yazılmış (gram), yazılı (in writing, inscribed, inscriptive, written examination). (various references) | |
Turkmen | eser (composition, thesis, written work). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | рукописний (cursive, manuscript), написаний (on paper, pen and ink), письмовий (black and white, epistolary, graphic), писемний (scriptural). (various references) | |
Welsh | ysgrifenedig. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | John Chapter 19, Verse 22 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Apekriqh o pilatoV o gegrafa gegrafa |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Respondit Pilatus quod scripsi scripsi |
| Old English | 990 | West Saxon | Ða cwæð pilatus; ich wrat þæt ichwrat. |
| Middle English | 1395 |
