Transcription

Alternate meanings: transcription (linguistics) - conversion of spoken words into written language. See Transcript.

Transcription is the process of copying DNA to RNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase (RNAP). Transcription to yield an mRNA is the first step of protein biosynthesis.

Bacterial transcription

A (simple) model for a bacterial gene to be transcribed looks like this :

  upstream        ~17 bp       The gene to transcribe     downstream
5'----------|-35|---------|-10|----------------------|T|------------3'
3'----------|-35|---------|-10|----------------------|T|------------5'
                               |
                               |--------------------->
                                        mRNA

where the region between -35 and -10 base pairs is called promoter, and |T| stands for terminator. The DNA between promoter and terminator is copied to mRNA, which is then translated into protein.

Promoters can differ in strength, that is, how attractive they are for RNAP. The more similar they are to a consensus sequence, the stronger they are. The "ideal" promoter in E. coli looks like this:

5'----TTGACA---|17 bp|----TATAAT---|7bp|---|purines|----3'

Initiation

The RNA polymerase holoenzyme consists of a core, made of four subunits (2&alpha, &beta, &beta'), &omega factor and the &sigma factor. The followings steps occur upon initiation:

The RNAP recognizes the promoter region of the gene and binds to the DNA at that specific location. At this stage, the DNA is still double-stranded and called closed complex.
The DNA is unwound and becomes single-stranded at the initiation site (the -10 promoter region). This is called open complex.
The DNA is melted (the strands are locally separated), the &sigma-factor leaves the holoenzyme, and the transcription process begins. This is the elongation phase.

Elongation

The RNAP runs along the DNA, synthesizing mRNA in the process. In bacteria, the nascending mRNA is processed right away by ribosomes.

Termination

The elongation stops if:

The terminator is reached. The terminator is usually a palindromic DNA sequence that forms a hairpin.
A &rho factor (a protein) binds and runs along the mRNA towards the RNAP. When &rho-factor reaches the RNAP, it causes RNAP to dissociate from the DNA, terminating transcription.
The RNAP comes across a region with repetitious base pairs (for example, TTTTTT). This will terminate transcription.

Eukaryotic transcription

Gene expression in eukaryotes is largely controlled by transcription via transcription factors. As eukaryotes are much more complex than prokaryotes, and have their genetic material stored in the nucleus, the transcription mechanisms are more complicated here. For example, eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases, in contrast to prokaryotes, which only have one.

RNA Polymerase I is located in the nucleolus and transcribes only rRNAs.
RNA Polymerase II is the "standard" RNAP.
RNA Polymerase III transcribes tRNAs and other small RNAs.

Also, eukrayotic RNAPs need specific accessory proteins to become active. The C-terminus of all RNAPs is highly conserved and contains the actual transctiptional mechanism.

Initiation

The core promoter of eukaryotic genes stretches from position -45 to 0. Additionally, there can be an upstream control element present at the -180 to -107 region, which can amplify the RNAP binding by a factor of up to 100. This UCE usually contains a TATA box, a highly conserved DNA sequence that reads

T A T A ^T/_A A

Elongation

Termination

A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription is that the latter have splicing of the primary transcript, modifying the mRNA created during transcription.

See also:

signal transduction

Transcription (linguistics)
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Transcription is the conversion of the spoken word into the written language. This may be the transcription of a complete conversation, e. g., the proceedings of a court hearing, or of a single word.
In the latter case, transcription is the process of matching the sounds of human speech to written symbols using a set of standard rules, so that these sounds can be reproduced later. Usually these rules are organized on a phonetic basis and are specifically constructed in order to be maximally simple. Standard transcription schemes include the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and its ASCII equivalent, SAMPA. One can see numerous examples of transcription on the Common phrases in different languages page (in this particular case, using the standard English spelling rules).

Specialised sense: Transcription from one language to another
In a more specialised sense, a transcription is (a system of) writing the sounds of a word in one language using the script of another language. Any reader of the latter language should be able to pronounce the transcribed word (almost) correctly. As the word may contain sounds that are unknown in the latter language, this goal is not always reached completely.
Transcriptions are used to write for the general public. For example, a newspaper; a general-purpose encyclopedia.
Transcription should be distinguished from transliteration in a narrow sense, q. v. However, transcription is sometimes also called transliteration.
The same words are likely to be transcribed differently under different systems. For example, for two transcription systems for Mandarin Chinese using the Roman alphabet, the PRC capital is: Pei-Ching in Wade Giles and Beijing in Hanyu Pinyin. See also transcription of Chinese, transcription of Russian.
Example:
Russian text Борис Николаевич Ельцин

Typical transliteration Boris Nikolaevič Elcin

English transcription Boris Nikolayevitch Yeltsin

French transcription Boris Nikolaïevitch Ieltsine

German transcription Boris Nikolajewitsch Jelzin

Italian transcription Boris Nikolaevic Eltsin

Dutch transcription Boris Nikolajewitsj Jeltsin
Transcription can be done into a non-alphabetic language too. For example, in a Beijing Newspaper, president Bush's name is transliterated into two Chinese characters that sounds like "Bùshū" (布殊) by using the characters that mean cloth and 'weird.

After transcribing
After transcribing a word from one language to the script of another language:
one or both languages may develop further. The original correspondence between the sounds of the two languages may change, and so the pronunciation of the transcribed word develops in a different direction than the original pronunciation.
the transcribed word may be adopted as a loan word in another language with the same script. This often leads to a different pronunciation and spelling than a direct transcription.

Especially evident is this for Greek loan words and proper names. Greek words are normally first transcribed to Latin (according to their old pronunciations), and then loaned into other languages, and finally the loan word has developed according to the rules of the goal language. For example, Aristotle is the currently used English form of the name of the philosopher whose name in Greek is spelled ̓Aριστoτέλης (Aristotélēs), which was transcribed to Latin Aristóteles, from where it was loaned into other languages and followed their linguistic development. (In "classical" Greek of Aristotle's time, lower-case letters were not used, and the name was spelled ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΗΣ.)
Pliocene comes from the Greek words πλεῖov (pleîon, "more") and καιvóς (kainós, "new"), which were first transcribed (latinised) to plion and caenus and then loaned into other languages. The historising latinisation of <κ> by refers to the times where Latin pronounced <c> as [k] in all contexts.
When this process continues over several languages, it may fail miserably in conveying the original pronunciation. One ancient example is the Sanskrit word dhyāna which transcribed into the Chinese word Ch'an through buddhist scriptures. Ch'an (禪 Zen buddhism) was transcribed from Japanese (ゼン zen) to Zen in English. dhyāna to Zen is quite a change.
Another complex problem is the subsequent change in "preferred" transcription. For instance, the word describing a philosophy or religion in China was popularized in English as Tao and given the termination -ism to produce an English word Taoism. That transcription reflects the Wade-Giles system. More recent Pinyin transliterations produce Dao and Daoism. (See also Daoism versus Taoism.)

Abbreviations & Acronyms: Transcription

Synonyms within Context: Transcription

Modern Usage: Transcription

Commercial Usage: Transcription

Photo Album: Transcription

Sounds Captioned with "Transcription".

Non-Fiction Usage: Transcription

Usage Frequency: Transcription

Expression: Transcription

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Transcription

Modern Translation: Transcription

Language		Translations for "transcription"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Albanian		transkriptim, shtypje (crush, dint, oppression, press, pressure, printing, repression, squeeze, suppression, trituration), kopjim (imitation), hedhje në të pastër. (various references)

Arabic		‏نسخ (copy, countermand, duplication, engross, mimeograph, reduplicate, reproduce, reproduction, supersede, transcribe), ‏لحن مكيف, ‏تملية. (various references)

Bulgarian		транскрипция, копие (assagai, assegai, carbon copy, copy, counterpart, ditto, double, duplicate, imitation, javelin, manifold, print off, repetition, replication, reproduction, shaft, spear, tally, transcript), преписване, препис (copy, tenor, transcript). (various references)

Chinese		副本 (Copy). (various references)

Czech		transkripce, přepis. (various references)

Danish		transkription, transcription, udskrift (listing, print-out). (various references)

Dutch		transcriptie (transliteration), transcript (transcript), overschrijving, afschrift (copy). (various references)

Finnish		translitterointi, transkriptio, kopiointi (copying, duplicating, reproduction). (various references)

French		transcription (transcript). (various references)

German		Abschrift (copy, transcript), umschrift (circumscription, inscription, transliteration), Umschreibung (adaptation, altering, changing, circumlocution, circumscription, description, outline, outlining, paraphrase, paraphrasing, periphrasis, rewriting, transfer, transliteration), Transkription (n., transcript), Kopie (carbon, carbon copy, copy, manifold, photocopy, print, replica, replication, reproduction, transcript). (various references)

Greek		μεταγραφή (registry, transference, transliteration). (various references)

Hebrew		תעתוק�", תעתוק (transliteration), שעתוק (playback, reproduction), כתיב (spelling, writing), �"מלל�". (various references)

Hungarian		áttétel (metastasis, metathesis, transcript, transmission, transposal), rádióközvetítés magnetofonról, hangfelvétel, átmásolás (tracing, transfer), átírás (notation, rewriting, transcript). (various references)

Indonesian		tulisan (discourse, writing). (various references)

Italian		trascrizione (registration, transcript). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		謄写 (copy, mimeograph, photocopy). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		トランスクリプション , しゃじ (apology, copying, shrines and temples, thanks), しょしゃ (copying, handwriting), さいろく (recording, re-recording), とうしゃ (copy, firm, mimeograph, photocopy, projection, shrine, tracing). (various references)

Korean		녹음방송. (various references)

Pig Latin		anscriptiontray

Portuguese		transcrição (rescript). (various references)

Romanian		transcripţie (copy), transcriere (copy), copiere (imitation), copie (copy, counterpart, ditto, duplicate, duplication, imitation, offtake, print, proof, repetition, replica, replication, reproduction, tally, trace, transcript). (various references)

Russian		транскрипция (transliteration). (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		transkripcija (transliteration), prepisivanje. (various references)

Spanish		transcripción (transcript, transliteration). (various references)

Swedish		transkription (transliteration). (various references)

Turkish		transkripsiyon, uyarlama (adaptation, conformation, version), kopya (carbon copy, copy, crib, cribbing, ditto, double, duplicate, duplication, exemplar, facsimile, image, likeness, manifold, printing out, repetition, replica, replication, repro, spit, tracing, transcript, trot), kaydetme (booking, enrollment, registration, write down), kayıt (checkin, condition, enrollment, enrolment, entry, inscription, minutes, record, recording, registration, registry, restriction, stipulation). (various references)

Ukrainian		транскрипція, копія (carbon, copy, counterpart, duplicate, duplication, edition, image, imitation, manifold, picture, pressing, replication, similitude, transcript), переписування (copyism). (various references)

Vietnamese		sự sao lại (duplication, reproduction), sự chép lại (copy). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Derivations & Misspellings: Transcription

Rhyming with "Transcription"

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "transcription" (pronounced tra'nskri"pshun)
9	-n s k r i" p sh u n	conscription, inscription.
8	-s k r i" p sh u n	description, nonprescription, prescription, proscription, subscription.
7	-k r i" p sh u n	encryption.
5	-i" p sh u n	conniption, egyptian.
4	-p sh u n	absorption, adoption, anticorruption, assumption, caption, conception, consumption, contraception, contraption, corruption, deception, disruption, eruption, exception, exemption, gumption, inception, interception, interruption, misconception, misperception, option, overconsumption, perception, preconception, preemption, presumption, reception, redemption, resumption.
3	-sh u n	abbreviation, abdication, abduction, aberration, abolition, abomination, abortion, abrogation, absolution, abstraction, academician, acceleration, accession, acclimation, accommodation, accreditation, accretion, accumulation, accusation, acidification, acquisition, action, activation, adaptation, addiction, addition, adjudication, administration, admiration, admission, admonition, adoration, adulation, advection, advocation, affectation, affection, affiliation, affirmation, affliction, agglomeration, aggravation, aggression, agitation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, alliteration, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, alternation, amalgamation, ambition, amelioration, ammunition, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, antiabortion, anticipation, antidiscrimination, apparition, appellation, application, apportion, appreciation, apprehension, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, ascension, ashen, aspiration, assassination, assertion, assimilation, association, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, beautician, benediction, bifurcation, brutalization, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, carburetion, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, caution, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, circulation, circumspection, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, clinician, coagulation, coalition, codification, coercion, cogeneration, cogitation, cognition, cohabitation, collaboration, collection, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, commission, commotion, communication, communization, compassion, compensation, competition, compilation, completion, complexion, complication, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conceptualization, concession, conciliation, concoction, concussion, condemnation, condensation, condescension, condition, conduction, confabulation, confection, confederation, confession, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, conjunction, connection, connotation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, constitution, constriction, construction, consultation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, contention, continuation, contortion, contraction, contradiction, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conversation, conviction, convocation, convolution, convulsion, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correction, correlation, corroboration, counterrevolution, creation, cremation, criminalization, crucifixion, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, cushion, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, decertification, decimation, declaration, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, deduction, defamation, defection, definition, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deletion, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demolition, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, demotion, denationalization, denomination, dentition, denuclearization, denunciation, depiction, depletion, depopulation, deportation, deposition, depravation, depreciation, depredation, depression, deprivation, deregulation, dereliction, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desertion, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, deviation, devolution, devotion, dictation, diction, dietitian, differentiation, diffraction, digression, dilatation, dilation, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, discoloration, disconnection, discontinuation, discretion, discrimination, discussion, disembarkation, disinclination, disinfection, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disposition, disputation, disqualification, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissemination, dissension, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, dissolution, distillation, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, dysfunction, echolocation, edification, edition, education, ejaculation, ejection, elaboration, elation, election, electrician, electrification, electrocution, elevation, elimination, elocution, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emission, emotion, emulation, emulsion, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, erection, erudition, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, eviction, evocation, evolution, exacerbation, exaction, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, excoriation, excretion, execution, exertion, exfoliation, exhalation, exhibition, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expansion, expatriation, expectation, expedition, experimentation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploitation, exploration, exposition, expression, expropriation, expulsion, extension, extermination, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, extrapolation, fabrication, facilitation, faction, falsification, fascination, fashion, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, fiction, figuration, filtration, fission, fixation, flexion, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formalization, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fraction, fragmentation, freshen, friction, fruition, frustration, fumigation, function, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentian, gentrification, geriatrician, germination, gestation, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hessian, hibernation, homogenization, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, hypertension, hypotension, identification, ignition, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impassion, imperfection, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, imposition, impregnation, impression, improvisation, imputation, inaction, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, incineration, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indiscretion, indoctrination, induction, industrialization, infarction, infatuation, infection, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, inflection, infliction, information, infraction, inhabitation, inhalation, inhibition, initiation, injection, injunction, innovation, inoculation, inquisition, insemination, insertion, insinuation, inspection, inspiration, installation, instigation, institution, institutionalization, instruction, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, insurrection, integration, intensification, interaction, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, intersection, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, introduction, introspection, intuition, inundation, invalidation, invention, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, junction, jurisdiction, justification, juxtaposition, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, lilliputian, limitation, liposuction, liquefaction, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, locomotion, logician, lotion, lubrication, machination, magician, magnetization, magnification, malformation, malfunction, malnutrition, manifestation, manipulation, mansion, marginalization, martian, masturbation, mathematician, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, meditation, menstruation, mention, midsection, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misapprehension, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, miscreation, misidentification, misimpression, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mission, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, mortician, motion, motivation, multiplication, mummification, munition, musician, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nonaggression, nondiscrimination, nonfiction, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, notion, nucleation, nullification, nutrition, obfuscation, objection, obligation, observation, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, occupation, ocean, omission, operation, opposition, oppression, optician, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overexpansion, overpopulation, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, overregulation, oversimplification, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, participation, partition, passion, pasteurization, patrician, pediatrician, penetration, pension, percussion, perfection, perforation, permission, permutation, perpetuation, persecution, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, petition, physician, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politician, politicization, pollination, pollution, pontification, popularization, population, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, precipitation, precondition, predestination, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, prefabrication, preignition, premeditation, premonition, preoccupation, preparation, presentation, preservation, pressurization, presupposition, pretension, prevention, privation, privatization, probation, procession, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, production, profanation, profession, prognostication, progression, prohibition, projection, proliferation, promotion, pronunciation, propagation, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proration, prosecution, prostitution, prostration, protection, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, ration, rationalization, reaction, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reassertion, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, recertification, recession, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recognition, recollection, recommendation, reconciliation, recondition, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, reconstruction, recreation, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, redefinition, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reflection, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regression, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reimposition, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinspection, reintegration, reinterpretation, reintroduction, reinvention, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejection, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remission, remuneration, renationalization, rendition, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, repercussion, repetition, replication, reposition, repossession, representation, repression, reproduction, repudiation, reputation, requisition, reregulation, reservation, resignation, resolution, respiration, restitution, restoration, restriction, resurrection, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanction, sanitation, saponification, satisfaction, saturation, secession, secretion, section, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, sedition, seduction, segmentation, segregation, selection, sensation, separation, sequestration, session, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, solution, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, statistician, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, submission, subordination, subsection, subsidization, substantiation, substation, substitution, subtraction, suburbanization, succession, suction, suffocation, summation, superstation, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, syndication, tabulation, tactician, taxation, technician, telecommunication, temptation, tension, termination, theoretician, titian, titillation, toleration, traction, tradition, transaction, transection, transformation, transgression, transillumination, transition, translation, transmission, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, tuition, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, venetian, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, volition, vulgarization, westernization, workstation.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Domain	Definition
General	Written copy of spoken material. Source: European Union. (references)
Medicine	The process by which the genetic information encoded in the gene, represented as a linear sequence of deoxyribonucleotides, is copied into an exactly complementary sequence of ribonucleotides known as messenger RNA. Source: European Union. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
Entry	Source	Expression	Field
TRANSFAC	English	Transcription factor database	N/A
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Copy	Transcript, transcription; recording, scan.
Imitation	Noun: imitation; copying; Verb: transcription; repetition, duplication, reduplication; quotation; reproduction; mimeograph, xerox, facsimile; reprint, offprint.
Writing	Transcription; (copy); inscription; (record); superscription; (indication); graphology.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Domain	Usage
Screenplays	This record comes to you through the Sales Talk Transcription Company, Incorporated: your speaker, the Mechanical Salesman. (Modern Times; writing credit: Charles Chaplin)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Domain	Title
Books	Medical Transcription Career Handbook, The (reference) Start Your Own Medical Claims and Transcription Business (Start Your Own Business) (reference) The Aamt Book of Style for Medical Transcription (reference) The Independent Medical Transcriptionist: The Comprehensive Guidebook for Career Success in a Medical Transcription Business (reference) (more book examples)

Music	1936 Transcription Sessions, Vol. 1 (reference) 1937-1938 2: Transcription Sessions (reference) Great Pianists of the 20th Century - Earl Wild ~ The Art of the Transcription (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

High Tech	AS-3000 TRANSCRIPTION KIT-FOR DS3000 DS2000 (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Russian text	Борис Николаевич Ельцин
Typical transliteration	Boris Nikolaevič Elcin
English transcription	Boris Nikolayevitch Yeltsin
French transcription	Boris Nikolaïevitch Ieltsine
German transcription	Boris Nikolajewitsch Jelzin
Italian transcription	Boris Nikolaevic Eltsin
Dutch transcription	Boris Nikolajewitsj Jeltsin

Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Regulation of gene expression through promoters and transcription factors. Credit: NIAA.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

Play	Caption
	Bang; type; transcribe; transcription; .
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		The gene for Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TTF-1) has been identified. (references)
		The activated transcription factors turn on genes required for cell growth and proliferation. (references)
		Transcription of viral genes is initiated by association of the L protein with the three nucleocapsid species. (references)
Economic History	India	Note: The above statistics are unofficial estimates and do not include market for call centers and medical transcription. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	100%	720	9,344

Expressions using "transcription": in vitro transcription ♦ phonetic transcription ♦ transcription activator ♦ Transcription Factor AP-1 ♦ Transcription Factors. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
	Beginning with "transcription": transcription-amplification.
	Ending with "transcription": vai-transcription.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Expression	Frequency per Day	Expression	Frequency per Day
medical transcription	1,723	american association of medical transcription	41
transcription	647	transcription machine	39
medical transcription job	433	medical transcription service	38
transcription services	198	at home transcription	37
medical transcription course	144	dna transcription	35
work at home medical transcription	136	transcription service	34
medical transcription services	110	medical transcription from home	30
legal transcription	100	digital transcription	29
medical transcription at home	98	medical transcription equipment	27
medical transcription company	86	guitar transcription	26
medical transcription training	79	online medical transcription	26
transcription job	77	medical transcription online course	26
medical transcription software	71	bass transcription	22
transcription software	62	learn medical transcription	22
school for medical transcription	58	music transcription	21
jazz transcription	52	voice transcription	20
at home medical transcription job	52	transcription job to do at home	20
medical transcription employment	48	legal transcription job	19
transcription equipment	44	drum transcription	18
transcription company	42	medical transcription salary	18
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Derivations
	Words beginning with "transcription": transcriptional, transcriptionally, transcriptionist, transcriptionists, transcriptions. (additional references)
	Words ending with "transcription": mistranscription. (additional references)
	Words containing "transcription": mistranscriptions, posttranscriptional. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Transcription" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: transciption. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "a-c-i-i-n-n-o-p-r-r-s-t-t"
	-2 letters: nonartistic.
	-3 letters: ascription, constraint, inspirator, nitrations, partitions, scriptoria, transcript, transition.
	-4 letters: carrotins, citations, constrain, inactions, incitants, irritants, nitration, nitrators, nonartist, onanistic, opticians, parotitis, partition, patriotic, patristic, portraits, prostatic, protistan, protracts, psoriatic, striation, tractions, transonic, transport, tropistic.
	-5 letters: actinons, airports, airstrip, antiporn, antiriot, aoristic, apricots, artistic, atropins, canonist, cantrips, captions, carotins, carports, carrions, carrotin, citation.
	Words containing the letters "a-c-i-i-n-n-o-p-r-r-s-t-t"
	+1 letter: transcriptions.
	+2 letters: anticorruptions, procrastinating, procrastination, transcriptional.
	+3 letters: mistranscription, procrastinations, transcriptionist.
	+4 letters: mistranscriptions, transcriptionally, transcriptionists.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

Transcription

Definition: Transcription

Transcription

Noun

Specialty Definition: Transcription

Specialty Definition: Transcription

Bacterial transcription

Initiation

Elongation

Eukaryotic transcription

Transcription (linguistics)

Abbreviations & Acronyms: Transcription

Synonyms: Transcription

Synonyms within Context: Transcription

Copy

Imitation

Writing

Crosswords: Transcription

Modern Usage: Transcription

Screenplays

Commercial Usage: Transcription

Books

Music

High Tech

Photo Album: Transcription

Sounds Captioned with "Transcription".

Non-Fiction Usage: Transcription

Usage Frequency: Transcription

Expression: Transcription

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Transcription

Modern Translation: Transcription

Albanian

Arabic

Bulgarian

Chinese

Czech

Danish

Dutch

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Hebrew

Hungarian

Indonesian

Italian

Japanese Kanji

Japanese Katakana

Korean

Pig Latin

Portuguese

Romanian

Russian

Serbo-Croatian

Spanish

Swedish

Turkish

Ukrainian

Vietnamese

Derivations & Misspellings: Transcription

Derivations

Misspellings

Rhyming with "Transcription"

Anagrams: Transcription

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Alternative Orthography: Transcription

54 72 61 6E 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6F 6E

- .-. .- -. ... -.-. .-. .. .--. - .. --- -.

01010100 01110010 01100001 01101110 01110011 01100011 01110010 01101001 01110000 01110100 01101001 01101111 01101110

&#84 &#114 &#97 &#110 &#115 &#99 &#114 &#105 &#112 &#116 &#105 &#111 &#110

0054 0072 0061 006E 0073 0063 0072 0069 0070 0074 0069 006F 006E

54846780856984758286758180

INDEX