Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Papal |
PapalAdjective1. Proceeding from or ordered by or subject to a pope or the papacy regarded as the successor of the Apostles; "papal dispensation". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "papal" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
Etymology: Papal \Pa"pal\, adjective. [French expression, from the Latin expression papa bishop. See Papacy.]. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, "States of the Church") comprised those territories over which the Pope was the ruler in a civil as well as a spiritual sense. This governing power is commonly called the temporal power of the Pope.
Origins
Originally the term covered only those lands that made up the Patrimonium Sancti Petri (literally: St. Peter's patrimony), the private property of the Church. But from 754 Church control became more explicit, especially over the Duchy of Rome. After gaining territories and taking contested lands, the Church held them to avoid having to rely on external support that could limit the Pope's actions.
The Roman Catholic Church had been allowed to hold and transfer property only since 321. The private property grew greatly through the donations of the pious and the wealthy; the Lateran Palace was the first significant donation, a gift of Emperor Constantine I. Other donations soon followed, mainly in Italy around Syracuse, Palermo, Ravenna, and Genoa and also around Rome, but also on Sicily, in France, Africa, and in the East among other areas. Large gifts became less common after the 600s because economic and political conditions had changed. The Pope had become the largest landowner in Italy, a privilege that brought with it certain political issues and pressures.
Existence
The Papacy became a supporter of the Byzantine rulers over the Lombards, but also moved to protect the population of its territories, raising a Roman militia. The popular support for the Papacy in Italy enabled various Popes to defy the will of the emperor in Constantinople, marked in 715 by the election of Pope Gregory II. Nevertheless the Pope and the Exarch still strove to control the rising power of Lombardy in Italy, however the Papacy was taking a ever larger role in defending Rome, usually through diplomacy, threats and bribery. The Papacy's efforts served to focus Lombard aggrandizement on the Exarch and Ravenna.
When the Exarchate finally fell in 751, the Lombard threat to the Pope was neutralized by the support of Pepin the Short, who sent armies into Italy in 754 and 756. Pepin won back the conquered territories but gifted them all to Pope Stephen II rather than between the Pope and the Emperor. In 781 Charlemagne codified the regions over which the Pope would be temporal sovereign, the Duchy of Rome was key but the territory was expanded to include Ravenna, the Pentapolis, parts of the Duchy of Benevento, Tuscany, Corsica, Lombardy etc. and a number of Italian cities. The security of the states was initially guaranteed by the Frankish empire, a condition that was sometimes exploited.
During the Renaissance the papal territory expanded greatly, notably under Pope Innocent III and Pope Julius II. The Pope became one of Italy's most important secular rulers as well as the head of the Church. Much of the territory was only nominally controlled by the Pope, and most of the papal states were ruled by minor princes. Control was always contested, indeed it took until the 16th Century for the Pope to have any genuine control over all his territories, at which point the Pope's temporal power started to decline. Because of the weak control of the area the Papal States became one of the most lawless and poorest parts of Italy.
Condemned as Despotism
Despite endless invasions, intrigues and internal politicking the Papal States survived into the 19th Century (in 1860 the territory covered 41,500 km²). The rise of Italian nationalism was the key factor. So also widespread allegations of human rights abuses against individual Jews and their community, with the Papal States being compared in public debates by leaders such as future British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone to oriental despotism.
Rome: From Papal States to Italian Capital
The Papal states took a severe blow in the revolutions of 1848-49, in which Pope Pius IX was temporarily overthrown and a Roman Republic declared. The final end did not come until their unilateral annexation (often described in Italian history books as a 'liberation') by Victor Emmanuel in 1870, (see Pope Pius IX). The Papacy did not accept the loss. The Pope, whose previous residence, the Quirinal Palace had become the royal palace of the Kings of Italy, withdrew in protest into the Vatican, where he lived as a self-proclaimed 'prisoner', refusing to leave or to set foot in St. Peter's Square, and ordering Catholics on pain of excommunication not to participate in elections in the new Italian state.
However the new Italian control of Rome did not wither, nor did the Catholic world come to the Pope's aid, as Pius IX expected. By the 1920s, the papacy abandoned its demand for a return of the Papal States and signed the Lateran Treaty (or Concordat with Rome) of 1929, which created the Holy See and Vatican City.
An example of the contested ownership of the Papal states can be seen in the following. Ancona was a Papal state 1137-1149, 1355-1797, 1802-1805, and 1814-1860. Bologna was a Papal state 1274-1401, 1403-1411, 1412-1416, 1420-1428, 1429-1438, 1506-1511, 1512-1796, and 1814-1859. Rimini was a Papal state 754-758, 769-774, 777-1063, 1122-1157, 1209-1275, 1278-1288, under Papal influence from 1290, under direct control 1331-1334, 1509-1522, returned to the Papacy in 1528, under Papal control 1528-1796, 1796-1797, 1814-1815, 1815-1831, 1831-1848, 1849-1860
See also: Donation of Constantine, Italian unification
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Papal States."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Pope (Bishop of Rome or Vicar of Jesus Christ) is the bishop and patriarch of Rome, the supreme spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Rite Catholic churches, which collectively comprise the Catholic -- that is, Universal -- Church. In addition to his spiritual role, the Pope is also sovereign of the independent state of Vatican City, entirely surrounded by Rome. Prior to 1870, the Pope as a secular leader ruled over a large section of the centre of Italy known as the Papal States. His office and jurisdiction is known as the Papacy or Holy See.
Among the honours belonging to the Pope are the style "Your Holiness" and "the Holy Father", and the titles "Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the State of the Vatican City".
The Pope resides in the Palace of the Vatican, within Vatican City, and according to tradition the Pope has resided in Rome since the first century AD. Still, according to the Latin formula ubi Papa, ubi Curia, the Pope's seat of power is by default the place of government of the Church. As such, between 1309 to 1378 the seat of the Pope was not in Rome but in Avignon, a period often called the Babylonian Captivity, as an allusion to the Biblical exile of Israel. (see Avignon Papacy)
It is the orthodox belief of the Catholic Church that Jesus founded the Church (a word which means the community of disciples) on St. Peter when he said, "Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jona! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven. And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." (Matthew 16:18). This passage is significant because in the original Greek text, and the Aramaic in which Jesus would have said it, the words for Peter and rock would be identical, and the literal translation would be "You are a rock and on this rock..."
Further, it is Catholic doctrine that Jesus gave Peter the "keys of the Kingdom of Heaven" (Matthew 16:19: "And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven." See also Luke 22:31: "Simon, Simon, behold, Satan has demanded permission to sift you like wheat; but I have prayed for you, that your faith may not fail; and you, when once you have turned again, strengthen your brothers").
Peter is considered by Catholics to be the first visible head of the Christian church and the first pope. His authority, and by extension that of his lawful successors, is universal and immediate, with power to "bind and loose", and to govern the Universal Church (the community of all believers). He is the leader of the College of Bishops, and is responsible for guiding them just as they are responsible for guiding their own flocks.
The First Vatican Council (1869-1870) defined the dogma of papal infallibility whereby the pope, when he speaks ex cathedra, does not have the possibility of error on any matter of faith or morals. There are rigourous requirements for such a statement, and there are only a very few. Ordinarily, the Pope exercises infallibility through the College of Bishops and in union with Ecumenical Councils of the Universal Church.
The term antipope refers to individuals whom some have claimed to be popes, but who were not canonically or lawfully elected. Their stories often reflect tumultuous periods in church history; only one antipope has been canonised, or declared a saint.
Death and Election
Currently when the pope dies the rule of the papacy passes to the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, a cardinal appointed by the Pope. The Camerlengo removes the Ring of the Fisherman from the pope's right hand; it is later broken at the meeting to decide the new pope. The body rests in state for a number of days before being placed in a special coffin and interred in the crypt in some leading church or cathedral. All twentieth century popes have been buried in St. Peter's Basilica. It is expected however that when the current pope, John Paul II dies, he will be buried in his native Poland. There follows a nine day period of mourning, novemdialis.
Currently the pope is elected for life by a vote of those cardinals who are under the age of 80. Initially the pope was chosen by those senior clergy residing near Rome. In 1059 the election was restricted to cardinals and in 1179 the individual votes of all electors were equalised. However the potential choice is considerable, almost anyone —even lay persons— can be elected, although Urban VI was the last non-Cardinal elected. If a lay person or other non-bishop is elected, then the Dean of the College of Cardinals ordains him a bishop before he assumes office.
In France the Second Council of Lyons opened on May 7, 1274 to regulate the election of the pope. Two additional conditions were introduced; the cardinals had to meet within ten days of the pope's death, and they had to remain in seclusion until a new pope was chosen. This was prompted by the three year wait to replace Clement IV who died in 1268. By the mid 1500s the electoral process was roughly equivalent to the current one. The time between the death and the election has been changed; it must occur within twenty days, but must begin not less than fifteen days after the death.
The actual vote used to take place by one of three methods: acclamation, committee or plenary vote. The simplest was a unanimous voice vote called acclamation (last occurred in 1621). There was also an option of the selection of a smaller committee to make a decision. The third-most common is by a plenary vote of all cardinals entitled to vote, by means of a ballot. However in a major revision of the code of procedure, Pope John II abolished the option of selection by committee or by acclamation. Thus all subsequent popes can only be elected by full vote of the College of Cardinals.
The meeting of cardinals, the conclave, is called by the Sacred College of Cardinals and almost always takes place in the Vatican, in the Sistine Chapel. The conclave is so named because once the twenty-day limit is reached all the present eligible electors are theoretically locked away from the rest of the world (cum clavi). By lot three cardinals are assigned to collect the votes of non-attendees (through illness), three more are assigned to count the votes and a further three to review the count. The ballot papers (usually marked "Eligo in summum Pontificem Rev.mum D. Meum D. Card...") are distributed; each cardinal writes his choice upon the paper, pledges aloud he is electing "one whom under God I think ought to be elected" and deposits his ballot into a container. If there is no overall winner the cardinals vote again immediately, and then possibly again and again until there is a clear choice. Until 1996 the required majority was two-thirds; now if the meeting is still deadlocked after twelve days a simple majority rule can be invoked. To communicate some of the process to the waiting world the ballots, once counted, are burned: black smoke (sfumata, created using straw) indicates the vote was not decisive, and white smoke indicates a new pope has been chosen.
When the pope has been chosen he is asked by the Dean of the College of Cardinals to confirm his acceptance, and then the name he chooses is announced. Since 535, up to and including Pope John Paul II, the pope has had the opportunity to be called by a name other than that given at birth and the practice has become standard. The selection is then announced from a balcony over St. Peter's Square, initially with the words "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum. Habemus Papam."
The election process was last altered in 1996 by John Paul II in Universi Dominici Gregis.
The Latin term sede vacante (empty seat) is normally applied to the period between the death of one pope and the election of his successor. This term has been adapted to identify a group of modern schismatics. See sedevacantism.
The Title
The word pope (post-classical Latin papa, father), is an ecclesiastical title now used to designate the head of the Roman Catholic Church and several Patriarchs of eastern Orthodoxy, such as the Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and the head of the Coptic Orthodox Church. In the 4th and 5th centuries it was frequently used in the west of any bishop, but in the Catholic church it gradually came to be reserved to the bishop of Rome, becoming his official title. In the East, on the other hand, the Patriarch of Alexandria uses it as as his historical title.As a popular term it was applied to priests, and at the present day, in the Greek Church and in Russia all the priests are called pappas, which is also translated "pope". Even in the case of the sovereign pontiff the word pope is officially only used as a less solemn style: though the ordinary signature and heading of briefs is, e.g. "Pius PP. X", the signature of bulls is Pius episcopus ecclesiae catholicae (Bishop of the Catholic Church), and the heading, Pius episcopus, servus servorum Dei (Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God), this latter formula going back to the time of Saint Gregory the Great. Other styles met with in official documents are Pontifex Maximus (Greatest Pontiff), Summus pontifex (Highest Pontiff), Romanus pontifex (Roman Pontiff), Sanctissimus (Most Holy), Sanctissimus pater (Most Holy Father), Sanctissimus dominus noster (Our Most Holy lord), Sanctitas sua (His Holiness), Beatissimus pater (Most Blessed Father), Beatitude sue (His Beatitude); while the pope is addressed in speaking as Sanctitas vestra (Your Holiness), or Beatissime pater (Most Blessed Father). In the middle ages is also found Dominus apostolicus (Apostolic Lord) (cf. still, in the litanies of the saints), or simply Apostolicus (The Apostolic).
See also:
- List of Popes
- List of 10 longest-reigning Popes
- List of 10 shortest-reigning Popes
- Conclave
- Papacy
- Papal States
- Papal Tiara
- Pope Joan
External link
- The official site of the Holy See
- The official site of the Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria
- The official site of the Greek Orthodox Pope of Alexandria
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Pope."
Synonym: PapalSynonym: apostolic (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Churchdom | Adjective: ecclesiastical, ecclesiological; clerical, sacerdotal, priestly, prelatical, pastoral, ministerial, capitular, theocratic; hierarchical, archiepiscopal; episcopal, episcopalian; canonical; monastic, monachal; monkish; abbatial, abbatical; Anglican; pontifical, papal, apostolic, Roman, Popish; ultramontane, priest-ridden. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | Papal Cab (2002) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Theater & Movies | |
Music |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Apollo 11 Astronauts Receive a Papal Audience by Pope Paul VI. Credit: NASA. |  | School children in front of St. James Cathedral receiving the blessing of the Papal Legate, Cardinal Vannutelli, Sept. 9, 1910--21st International Eucharistic Congress, Montreal, Canada. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | To one of his relatives, Monsignore of the Papal Embassy at Paris, who bore the same name as his own, Della Genga |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Civil Liberties | Korea | Hundreds of religious figures have visited the country in recent years, including papal representatives and religious delegations from South Korea, the U.S., and other countries. (references) |
Kuwait | The Papal Nuncio resides in Kuwait City and also represents Vatican interests in the other Gulf States and Yemen. (references) | |
China | Newly nominated bishops seeking unofficial Papal approval frequently find themselves at odds with other church leaders, who are sympathetic to the central Government, and who insist that consecrations of new bishops be conducted by more senior bishops not recognized by the Vatican. (references) | |
Economic History | The Holy See | In 1860, after prolonged civil and regional unrest, Victor Immanuel's army seized the Papal States, leaving only Rome and surrounding coastal regions under papal control. (references) |
The Holy See | In the middle of the 19th century, the Popes held sway over the Papal States, including a broad band of territory across central Italy. (references) | |
The Holy See | The United States maintained consular relations with the Papal States from 1797 to 1870 and diplomatic relations with the Pope, in his capacity as head of the Papal States, from 1848 to 1868. These relations lapsed with the loss of all papal territories in 1870. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Papal" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 98.10% of the time. "Papal" is used about 840 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 98.1% | 824 | 8,492 |
| Noun (proper) | 1.9% | 16 | 87,710 |
| Total | 100.00% | 840 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "papal": papal bull of excommunication ♦ papal chancery ♦ papal cross ♦ papal crown ♦ papal decrees ♦ papal infallibility ♦ papal nuncio ♦ papal office ♦ papal states. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "papal": papal-oriented. | |
Ending with "papal": anglo-papal, anti-papal. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
papal porn | 27 | mass papal | 3 |
papal blessing | 24 | medal papal | 3 |
papal | 21 | crucifix papal | 3 |
papal encyclicals | 17 | papal prophecy | 3 |
bull papal | 13 | papal succession | 3 |
papal audience | 10 | blessing marriage papal | 2 |
papal history | 9 | papal visit | 2 |
papal state | 8 | authority papal | 2 |
document papal | 8 | papal flag | 2 |
papal infallibility | 8 | infalibility papal | 2 |
benediction papal | 5 | loli papal | 2 |
nuncio papal | 5 | papal sex | 2 |
election papal | 5 | arms coat papal | 2 |
cross papal | 5 | palace papal | 2 |
papal tiara | 4 | decree papal | 2 |
croatia papal visit | 4 | papal sin | 2 |
escudo papal | 4 | papal picture | 2 |
coin papal | 3 | bula papal | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "papal"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | papnor (apostolic, apostolical, pontifical), i papës. (various references) | |
Arabic | بابوي (pontifical). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | папски (pontifical). (various references) | |
Czech | papežský (pontifical, popish). (various references) | |
Farsi | پاپی (Insistent). (various references) | |
Finnish | paavillinen (pontifical, popish). (various references) | |
French | pontifical, papal. (various references) | |
German | päpstlich (pontifical, pontifically, popish). (various references) | |
Greek | παπικόσ (pontifical, popish). (various references) | |
Hebrew | אפיפיורי (pontifical, popish). (various references) | |
Hungarian | pápai (apostolic, pontifical, tiara). (various references) | |
Italian | pontificio (pontifical), papale. (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 免罪 (acquittal, papal indulgence, pardon), 不謬性 (papal infallibility). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ふびゅうせい (papal infallibility), め"ざい (acquittal, papal indulgence, pardon). (various references) | |
Manx | paabagh (papist, papistic, papistical, pontifical, popish). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | apalpay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | pontifical (pontifical), papal, relativo ao papa. (various references) | |
Romanian | papal (apostolic, apostolical, popish), romano-catolic (Latin, papist, papistic). (various references) | |
Russian | папский (apostolic, apostolical, papain). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | papski (papistic, pontifical, popish). (various references) | |
Spanish | papal. (various references) | |
Swedish | påvlig (apostolic, apostolical, pontifical). (various references) | |
Turkish | papaya ait (pontifical). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | папський (apostolic, apostolical, babylonian, pontifical, popish). (various references) | |
Welsh | pabaidd (popish). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Medieval Latin | 700-1500 | papalis. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "papal": papally. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "papal": antipapal, nonpapal. (additional references) | |
| |
"Papal" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: aapam, Apal, Apoal, appalo, appaul, appblk, appla, Appold, mapal, paal, Paap, Pacal, Pacplas, palap, Palpa, pamal, Papai, Papale, papar, Papay, papel, papi, papill, Papio, papl, papo, papu, paral, pasal, Paspalj, pawa, Peepul, penpal, Pepel, pepla, Picpoul, pinpal, pipal, Pipil, Pipoli, plagal, popall, popalub, Popel, popelo, Poppel, popul, ppel. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "papal" (pronounced pā"pul) |
| 4 | -ā" p u l | staple, maple. |
| 3 | -p u l | ample, Appel, apple, archetypal, businesspeople, carpal, chapel, congresspeople, couple, craftspeople, cripple, crumple, decouple, dimple, disciple, episcopal, example, fipple, gospel, grapple, hopple, spokespeople, steeple, subprincipal, supple, temple, laypeople, metacarpal, multiple, municipal, newspeople, nipple, oedipal, opal, people, pimple, pineapple, Popple, principal, principle, pupil, purple, quadruple, quintuple, ripple, rumple, salespeople, sample, scalpel, scruple, Semple, simple, tipple, topple, townspeople, trample, triple, uncouple. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: appal. | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-l-p-p" | |
-1 letter: palp, papa. | |
-2 letters: aal, ala, alp, lap, pal, pap. | |
-3 letters: aa, al, la, pa. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-l-p-p" | |
+1 letter: appall, appals, appeal, palpal, papula. | |
+2 letters: appalls, apparel, appeals, applaud, palpate, papally, papilla, papulae, papular, papyral. | |
+3 letters: appalled, apparels, appealed, appealer, applauds, applause, approval, claptrap, haplopia, lagnappe, malaprop, mappable, mayapple, nonpapal, palpable, palpably, palpated, palpates, palpator, palpebra, papillae, papillar, puparial. | |
+4 letters: antipapal, appalling, appareled, appealers, appealing, appellant, appellate, applauded, applauder, applauses, applecart, applejack, appliance, applicant, appraisal, approvals, claptraps, flappable, haplopias, lagnappes, lagniappe, malaprops, mayapples, palpating, palpation, palpators, palpebrae, palpebral, palpebras, palpitant, palpitate, papillary, papillate, papilloma, phalarope, propylaea, slaphappy, sopapilla, wallpaper. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Fiction | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Usage Frequency 11. Expressions 12. Expressions: Internet | 13. Translations: Modern 14. Translations: Ancient 15. Derivations 16. Rhymes | 17. Anagrams 18. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
