I

  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

I

Definition: I

I

Adjective

1. Used of a single unit or thing; not two or more; "`ane' is Scottish".

Noun

1. A nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; used especially in medicine and photography and in dyes; occurs naturally only in combination in small quantities (as in sea water or rocks).

2. The smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number; "he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it"; "they had lunch at one".

3. The 9th letter of the Roman alphabet.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "i" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references)

"I" is a common misspelling or typo for: bomb, bombs.

 

Specialty Definition: I

DomainDefinition

Literature

I This letter represents a finger, and is called in Hebrew yod or jod (a hand).
I per se [I by itself], i.e. without compeer, pre-eminently so.
"If then your I [yes] agreement want,
I to your I [yes] must answer, `No.'
Therefore leave off your spelling plea,
And let your I [yes] be I per se."
I.s. let your yes be yes decidedly.
Wits Interpreter, p. 116.
Many other letters are similarly used; as, A per se. (See A-Per-Se.) Thus in Restituta Eliza is called "The E per ce of all that ere hath been." So again, "C," signifies a crier, from "O yes! O yes!" We have "Villanies discovered by ... the help of a new crier, called O per se [i.e. superior to his predecessors]." 1666.
Shakespeare, in Troilus and Cressida, 1, 2, even uses the phrase "a very man per se" = A 1. Source: Brewer's Dictionary.

Multilingual Slang

Vietnamese (qua). (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Aozora Bunko: I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

See Aozora Bunko

1899)

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Aozora Bunko: I."

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Casualties of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Any tributes to the individuals lost in this tragedy are welcome and encouraged at our memorial site. Some articles originally posted to wikipedia have been moved there - if you are looking for such an article, please check there.

See also Missing Persons, Foreign casualties, and Survivors.

Casualties

Planes - World Trade Center - Pentagon
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

As of October 29, 2003, 2,995 people were presumed dead as a result of all four September 11 attacks. This includes the casualties at the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, on the airplanes and the hijackers.

Planes

265 people killed on four planes; 232 passengers, 25 flight attendants, 8 pilots. (Note that this total includes the 19 hijackers, who reportedly boarded the planes as passengers.)

See also: Memorial wiki tributes to the occupants of each plane

World Trade Center

By October 29, 2003, 2605 people were listed as confirmed dead and 1058 bodies had been identified. (Note: this total does not include the 127 passengers and 20 crew on the two aircraft or the 10 hijackers).

The listing and memorial.

See also:

Missing Persons

The number of missing people grew to estimates as high as over 6000 in the months following the attack, but steadily declined as stories were checked and duplicate entries removed. (See Timeline of WTC missing).

As of August 2002, there were approximately 90 people who were officially missing; that is, their remains had not been identified and no family members had requested a death certificate.

Detailed listing.

Survivors

The great majority of the over 40,000 people working at the World Trade Center at the time of the attack evacuated safely, including 18 who escaped from above the impact zone in the second tower hit. By 9/20/2001 6291 people, including rescue and recovery workers, had been treated for injuries.

Detailed listing.

Pentagon

The Pentagon reports 125 staffers killed or missing, with 121 remains recovered and identified, as of Sept. 11, 2002. At least one person died later as a result of wounds incurred.

The listing and memorial.

Missing Persons

The Pentagon reports 4 staffers missing. One passenger on the airliner which hit the Pentagon was also never identified.

Detailed listing.

Survivors

88 treated at hospital.

Detailed entry.

Victim legends

Due to the very large number of World Trade Center casualties and missing persons, victim legends were a common form of September 11, Terrorist Attack urban legends. These were tales of victims who did not exist, spread by word-of-mouth and the Internet. Official sites, such as http://www.september11victims.com, contain accurate entries and are trusted content. Because Wikipedia, and many other websites allowed freely adding victims, there were no doubt many obvious fake entries. Fake victims added to these lists were often simply missing at the time of the attacks, or actually survivors of the attacks.

See also

September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack - Donations - Assistance - Memorials and Services

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Casualties of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks."

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Complex number

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The complex numbers are an extension of the real numbers, in which all polynomials have roots. The complex numbers contain a number i, the imaginary unit, with i2= -1. Every complex number can be represented in the form x+iy, where x and y are real numbers called the real part and the imaginary part of the complex number respectively.

The sum and product of two complex numbers are:

(a+ib) + (c+id) = (a+c) + i(b+d)
(a+ib) · (c+id) = ac-bd + i (bc+ad)

Complex numbers were first introduced in connection with explicit formulas for the roots of cubic polynomials. In mathematics, the term "complex" when used as an adjective means that the field of complex numbers is the underlying number field considered. For example complex matrix, complex polynomial and complex Lie algebra.

History

The earliest fleeting reference to square roots of negative numbers occurred in the work of the Greek mathematician and inventor Heron of Alexandria in the 1st century AD, when he considered the volume of an impossible frustum of a pyramid. They became more prominent when in the 16th century closed formulas for the roots of third and fourth degree polynomials were discovered by Italian mathematicians (see Tartaglia, Cardano). It was soon realized that these formulas, even if one was only interested in real solutions, sometimes required the manipulation of square roots of negative numbers. This was doubly unsettling since not even negative numbers were considered to be on firm ground at the time. The term "imaginary" for these quantities was coined by René Descartes in the 17th century and was meant to be derogatory. The existence of complex numbers was not completely accepted until the geometrical interpretation (see below) had been described by Caspar Wessel in 1799; it was rediscovered several years later and popularized by Carl Friedrich Gauss. The formally correct definition using pairs of real numbers was given in the 19th century.

Definition

Formally we may define complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers (a, b) together with the operations:

So defined, the complex numbers form a field, the complex number field, denoted by C (or in blackboard bold).

We identify the real number a with the complex number (a, 0), and in this way the field of real numbers R becomes a subfield of C. The imaginary unit i is the complex number (0,1).

C could also be defined as the topological closure of algebraic numbers and the algebraic closure of R.

Geometry

A complex number can also be viewed as a point or a position vector on the two dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. This representation is sometimes called an Argand diagram. In the figure, we have

z = x + iy = r (cos φ + i sin φ).
The latter expression is sometimes shorthanded as r cis φ, where r is called the absolute value of z and φ is called the complex argument of z. By simple trigonometric identities, we see that
r1 cis φ1 · r2 cis φ2 = r1r2 cis (φ1+φ2);
r1 cis φ1 / r2 cis φ2 = r1 / r2 cis (φ1-φ2);
Now the addition of two complex numbers is just the vector addition of two vectors, and the multiplication with a fixed complex number can be seen as a simultaneous rotation and stretching.

Multiplication with i corresponds to a counter clockwise rotation by 90 degrees. The geometric content of the equation i2 = -1 is that a sequence of two 90 degree rotation results in a 180 degree rotation. Even the fact (-1) · (-1) = +1 from arithmetic can be understood geometrically as the combination of two 180 degree turns.

Euler's formula states that ei φ = cisφ. The exponential form gives us a better insight then the shorthand rcisφ, which is almost never used in serious mathematical articles.

Absolute value, conjugation and distance

Recall that the absolute value (or modulus or magnitude) of a complex number z = r eiφ is defined as |z| = r. Algebraically, if z = a + ib, then |z| = &radic(a2 + b2 ).

One can check readily that the absolute value has three important properties:

|z + w| ≤ |z| + |w|
|z w| = |z| |w|
|z / w| = |z| / |w|
for all complex numbers z and w. By defining the distance function d(z, w) = |z - w| we turn the complex numbers into a metric space and we can therefore talk about limits and continuity. The addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of complex numbers are then continuous operations. Unless anything else is said, this is always the metric being used on the complex numbers.

The complex conjugate of the complex number z = a + ib is defined to be a - ib, written as or z*. As seen in the figure, is the "reflection" of z about the real axis. The following can be checked:

if and only if z is real
if z is non-zero
The latter formula is the method of choice to compute the inverse of a complex number if it is given in rectangular coordinates.

The complex argument of z=reiφ is φ. Note that the complex argument is unique up to modulo 2π.

Matrix representation of complex numbers

While usually not useful, alternative representations of complex field can give some insight into their nature. One particularly elegant representation interprets every complex number as 2x2 matrix with real entries which stretches and rotates the points of the plane. Every such matrix has the form

with real numbers a and b. The sum and product of two such matrices is again of this form. Every non-zero such matrix is invertible, and its inverse is again of this form. Therefore, the matrices of this form are a field. In fact, this is exactly the field of complex numbers. Every such matrix can be written as
which suggests that we should identify the real number 1 with the matrix
and the imaginary unit i with

a counter-clockwise rotation by 90 degrees. Note that the square of this latter matrix is indeed equal to -1.

The absolute value of a complex number expressed as a matrix is equal to the square root of the determinant of that matrix. If the matrix is viewed as a transformation of a plane, then the transformation rotates points through an angle equal to the argument of the complex number and scales by a factor equal to the complex number's absolute value. The conjugate of the complex number z corresponds to the transformation which rotates through the same angle as z but in the opposite direction, and scales in the same manner as z; this can be described by the transpose of the matrix corresponding to z.

Some properties

Real vector space

C is a two-dimensional real vector space. Unlike the reals, complex numbers cannot be ordered in any way that is compatible with its arithmetic operations: C cannot be turned into an ordered field.

Solutions of polynomial equations

A root of the polynomial p is a complex number z such that p(z) = 0. A most striking result is that all polynomials of degree n with real or complex coefficients have exactly n complex roots (counting multiple roots according to their multiplicity). This is known as the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, and shows that the complex numbers are an algebraically closed field.

Indeed, the complex number field is the algebraic closure of the real number field. It can be identified as the quotient ring of the polynomial ring R[X] by the ideal generated by the polynomial X2 + 1:

C = R[X] / (X2 + 1).
This is indeed a field because X2 + 1 is irreducible. The image of X in this quotient ring becomes the imaginary unit i.

Complex analysis

The study of functions of a complex variable is known as complex analysis and has enormous practical use in applied mathematics as well as in other branches of mathematics. Often, the most natural proofs for statements in real analysis or even number theory employ techniques from complex analysis (see prime number theorem for an example). Unlike real functions which are commonly represented as two dimensional graphs, complex functions have four dimensional graphs and may usefully be illustrated by color coding a three dimensional graph to suggest four dimensions, or by animating the complex function's dynamic transformation of the complex plane.

Applications

Complex numbers are used in signal analysis and other fields as a convenient description for periodically varying signals. The absolute value |z| is interpreted as the amplitude and the argument arg(z) as the phase of a sine wave of given frequency.

If Fourier analysis is employed to write a given real-valued signal as a sum of periodic functions, these periodic functions are often written as the real part of complex valued functions of the form

f(t) = z eiωt
where ω represents the angular frequency and the complex number z encodes the phase and amplitude as explained above.

In electrical engineering, this is done for varying voltages and currentss. The treatment of resistors, capacitors and inductors can then be unified by introducing imaginary frequency-dependent resistances for the latter two and combining all three in a single complex number called the impedance. (Electrical engineers and some physicists use the letter j for the imaginary unit since i is typically reserved for varying currents.)

The residue theorem of complex analysis is often used in applied fields to compute certain improper integrals.

The complex number field is also of utmost importance in quantum mechanics since the underlying theory is built on (infinite dimensional) Hilbert spaces over C.

In Special and general relativity, some formulas for the metric on spacetime become simpler if one takes the time variable to be imaginary.

In differential equations, it is common to first find all complex roots r of the characteristic equation of a linear differential equation and then attempt to solve the system in terms of base functions of the form f(t) = ert.

See also

quaternions, complex geometry, local fields, phasors, Leonhard Euler, the most remarkable formula in the world, Hypercomplex number, Complex numbers at Wikibooks

Further Reading

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First Epistle to the Corinthians

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The First Epistle to the Corinthians is a book of the Bible in the New Testament. It is a letter from Paul to the people of Corinth, Greece.

It was written from Ephesus (16:8) about the time of the Passover in the third year of the apostle's sojourn there (Acts 19:10; 20:31), and when he had formed the purpose to visit Macedonia, and then return to Corinth (probably AD 57).

The news which had reached him, however, from Corinth frustrated his plan. He had heard of the abuses and contentions that had arisen among them, first from Apollos (Acts 19:1), and then from a letter they had written him on the subject, and also from some of the "household of Chloe," and from Stephanas and his two friends who had visited him (1:11; 16:17). Paul thereupon wrote this letter, for the purpose of checking the factious spirit and correcting the erroneous opinions that had sprung up among them, and remedying the many abuses and disorderly practices that prevailed. Titus and a brother whose name is not given were probably the bearers of the letter (2 Corinthians 2:13; 8:6, 16-18).

The epistle may be divided into four parts:

1. The apostle deals with the subject of the lamentable divisions and party strifes that had arisen among them (chapters 1-4).

2. He next treats of certain cases of immorality that had become notorious among them. They had apparently set at nought the very first principles of morality (5, 6).

3. In the third part he discusses various questions of doctrine and of Christian ethics in reply to certain communications they had made to him. He especially rectifies certain flagrant abuses regarding the celebration of the Lord's supper (7-14).

4. The concluding part (15, 16) contains an elaborate defense of the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead, which had been called in question by some among them, followed by some general instructions, intimations, and greetings.

This epistle "shows the powerful self-control of the apostle in spite of his physical weakness, his distressed circumstances, his incessant troubles, and his emotional nature. It was written, he tells us, in bitter anguish, 'out of much affliction and pressure of heart...and with streaming eyes' (2 Corinthians 2:4); yet he restrained the expression of his feelings, and wrote with a dignity and holy calm which he thought most calculated to win back his erring children. It gives a vivid picture of the early church... It entirely dissipates the dream that the apostolic church was in an exceptional condition of holiness of life or purity of doctrine." The apostle in this epistle unfolds and applies great principles fitted to guide the church of all ages in dealing with the same and kindred evils in whatever form they may appear.

The subscription to this epistle states erroneously in the Authorized Version that it was written at Philippi. This error arose from a mistranslation of verse 16:5, "For I do pass through Macedonia," which was interpreted as meaning, "I am passing through Macedonia." In 16:8 he declares his intention of remaining some time longer in Ephesus. After that, his purpose is to "pass through Macedonia."

Initial text from Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897 -- Please update as needed

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "First Epistle to the Corinthians."

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I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

I is the ninth letter in the Latin alphabet, derived from the Greek iota (Ι, ι). It stood for the vowel /i/, the same as in the Etruscan alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek) /j/ (as English Y in YOKE) was added. In Semitic, /j/ was the usual sound value of Jôd (probably originally a pictogram for an arm with hand), /i/ only in foreign words. In English, I represents different sounds, among them a diphthong that developed from /i:/ as well as short, open /I/ as in BILL. The dot over the lowercase 'i' is called a tittle.

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, \I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

India represents the letter I in the NATO phonetic alphabet.

In context, I is also:

See also: Ì, Í, Î, Ï, Ĭ

Two-letter combinations starting with I:

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "I."

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I PAT

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

I=PAT

Influence (I) on the environment equals the product of population (P), affluence (A) (or per capita income) and technology (T).

This describes how our growing population, affluence, and technological resources contribute toward our environment, both positively and negatively.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "I PAT."

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I²C

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

I2C (for Inter-Integrated Circuit, pronounced I-squared-C) is a serial computer bus by Philips. It is used to connect low-speed peripherals in an embedded system or motherboard.

The original system was created in the early 1980s as a battery control interface, but it was later used as a simple internal bus system for building control electronics with various Philips chips.

I2C uses only two bi-directional pins, clock and data, both running at +5V and pulled high with resistors. The bus operates at 100 kbit/s in standard mode but also includes a 10 kbit/s low-speed mode.

Buses of this type became popular when engineers realized that much of the expense of an integrated circuit results from the size of the package and the number of pins. A large package has more pins, thus more assembly steps when manufactured, more area on a printed circuit board, more weight, and more connections to fail. All of those cost money to make, assemble and test, and can increase operational expenses (fuel), or decrease convenience (weight is critical in cell-phones, for example).

A particular strength of I2C is that a microcontroller can control a network of several chips with just two general-purpose I/O pins and software.

Although much slower than most bus systems, the low expense is excellent for peripherals that have to exist, but need not be fast. The bus is often used for built-in-tests, volume, tone and color balance controls, low-speed analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog controllers, real-time-clocks, small non-volatile memories (used to preserve user-settable options), control of clock-generators (for computers that can vary their clock speeds) and integrated circuits that combine a shift-register and power transistors. Chips can also be added to or removed from the bus while the system is running, which makes I2C useful for hot swappable components.

The basic bus has a seven-bit address space, allowing up to 112 nodes on one bus (16 of the 128 addresses are reserved). In 1992 the first standardized version was released, v1.0. This added a new fast mode at 400 kbit/s and a ten-bit addressing mode to support up to 1024 nodes. v2.0 from 1998 added high-speed mode at 3.4 Mbit/s, while reducing the voltage and current requirements when run in that mode (thus saving power as well as being faster). The latest v.2.1 from 2001 is a minor cleanup of 2.0.

I2C was also used as the basis for ACCESS.bus and VESA's monitor data interface (Display Data Channel or DDC) - both for low-speed control and built-in-test.

External links

I2C Bus / Access Bus

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "IC."

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Ilocos Region

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Ilocos Region of the Philippines, designated as Region I is located in the northwestern part of Luzon. It is bounded by Cordillera Administrative Region and Cagayan Valley to the east, Central Luzon to the south and by the South China Sea to the west.

The region is composed of four provinces, namely: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and Pangasinan. Its administrative center is San Fernando City, La Union. The region is occupied mostly by Ilocanos.

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Ilocos Region (Region I)

Administrative Center: San Fernando City, La Union
Population:
2000 census—4,200,478 (Xth largest).
Density—327 per km² (Xth highest).
Area: 12,840 km² (Xth largest)
Divisions:
Provinces—4.
Component Cities—8.
Municipalities—117.
Barangays—3,265.
Congressional districts—12.
Languages: Iloko, Tagalog, English

People and Culture

[Demographic detail (population, languages, religion, education, etc.), festivals, etc.]

Economy

[...]

Geography

Political

Ilocos Region is composed of 4 provinces and a total of 8 cities.

Provinces

Cities

Physical

Ilocos Region occupies the narrow plain between the Cordillera Central mountain range and the South China Sea. The region also occupies the northern portion of the Central Luzon plain, to the northeast of the Zambales Mountains. Lingayen Gulf is the most notable body of water in the region and it contains a number of islands, including the Hundred Islands National Park. To the north of the region is Luzon Strait.

The Agno river runs through Pangasinan and empties into Lingayen Gulf. The river flow into a broad delta in the vicinity of Lingayen and Dagupan City.

Tourist Attractions

Hundred Islands National Park. Located in the Lingayen Gulf in Pangasinan.

Vigan colonial houses. Vigan City is famous for its cobblestone streets and Spanish-style houses. Many films depicting the Spanish era have been shot here.

History

[...]

External Links

Regions of the Philippines, Luzon: I | II | III | IV-A | IV-B | V | CAR | NCR

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ilocos Region."

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IMAP

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Short for Internet Message Access Protocol (Previously called Interactive Mail Access Protocol). It is used for accessing emails on a remote server while leaving them there instead of deleting them. In this way, users can access email from several different machines, once configured to use the IMAP protocol to access a certain account. (POP clients are typically configured to delete email messages from the server once they are accessed, making it possible to read one's email only on the machine first used to access it).

Unlike POP, IMAP includes functionality for remotely managing messages as well as mailboxes. IMAP has commands that allow clients to create, rename and delete folders on the mail server, as well as commands for moving messages to and from such folders. With IMAP, messages can also have meta-data associated with them. For example, IMAP servers keep track of which messages have or have not been read (such states are called "flags" in IMAP).

Other mail protocols include SMTP and POP.

RFC2060 - describes the IMAP version 4 revision 1

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "IMAP."

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Iodine

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

General
Name, Symbol, NumberIodine, I, 53
Series Halogens
Group, Period, Block17 (VIIA), 5 , p
Density, Hardness 4940 kg/m3, no data
Appearance violet-dark grey,
lustrous
Atomic Properties
Atomic weight 126.90447 amu
Atomic radius (calc.) 140 (115) pm
Covalent radius 133 pm
van der Waals radius 198 pm
Electron configuration [Kr]44d10 5s2 5p5
e- 's per energy level2, 8, 18, 18, 7
Oxidation states (Oxide) ±1,5,7 (strong acid)
Crystal structure Orthorhombic
Physical Properties
State of matter solid (nonmagnetic)
Melting point 386.85 K (236.66 °F)
Boiling point 457.4 K (363.7 °F)
Molar volume 25.72 ×1010-3 m3/mol
Heat of vaporization 20.752 kJ/mol
Heat of fusion 7.824 kJ/mol
Vapor pressure __ Pa at __ K
Speed of sound __ m/s at __ K
Miscellaneous
Electronegativity 2.66 (Pauling scale)
Specific heat capacity 145 J/(kg*K)
Electrical conductivity 8.0 10-8/m ohm
Thermal conductivity 0.449 W/(m*K)
1st ionization potential 1008.4 kJ/mol
2nd ionization potential 1845.9 kJ/mol
3rd ionization potential 3180 kJ/mol
Most Stable Isotopes
isoNAhalf-life DMDE MeVDP
127I100%I is stable with 74 neutrons
129I{syn.}1.57E7yBeta-0.194129Xe
131I{syn.}8.02070 dBeta-0.971131Xe
SI units & STP are used except where noted.

Iodine is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol I and atomic number 53. This is an insoluble element that is required as a trace element for living organisms. Chemically, iodine is the least reactive of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. Iodine is primarily used in medicine, photography and in dyes.

Notable Characteristics

Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid that sublimes at standard temperatures into a blue-violet gas that has an irritating odor. This halogen also forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other member of its series and has some metallic-like properties. Iodine dissolves easily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form purple solutions (It is only slightly soluble in water). The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element.

Applications

In areas where there is little iodine in the diet - typically remote inland areas where no marine foods are eaten - iodine deficiency gives rise to goitre, so called endemic goitre. In many (but not all) such areas, this is now prevented by the addition of small amounts of sodium iodide to table salt - this product is known as iodised salt Other uses:

History

Iodine (Gr iodes meaning violet) was discovered by Barnard Courtois in 1811.

Occurrence

Iodine can be prepared in an ultrapure form through the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. There are also several other methods of isolating this element.

Isotopes

There are thirty isotopes of iodine and only one, I-127, is stable. The artificial radioisotope I-131 (a beta emitter) which has a half-life of 8 days, has been used in treating cancer and other pathologies of the thyroid glands. The most common compounds of iodine are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3).

Iodine has only one stable isotope, I-127. However, radioactive isotopes of iodine have been used extensively. I-129 (half-life 17 million years) is a product of Xe-129 spallation in the atmosphere, but is also the result of U-238 decay. As U-238 is produced during a number of nuclear power- related activities, its presence (as an I-129/I ratio) can indicate the type of activity going on at any one site. For this reason, I-129 was used in rainwater studies following the Chernobyl accident. It also has been used as a ground-water tracer and as an indicator of waste dispersion into the natural environment. Other applications may be hampered by the production of I-129 in the lithosphere through a number of decay mechanisms.

In many ways, I-129 is similar to Cl-36. It is a soluble halogen, fairly non-reactive, exists mainly as a non-sorbing anion, and is produced by cosmogenic, thermonuclear, and in-situ reactions. In hydrologic studies, I-129 concentrations are usually reported as the ratio of I-129 to total I (which is virtually all I-127). As is the case with Cl-36/Cl, I-129/I ratios in nature are quite small, 10-14 to 10-10 (peak thermonuclear I-129/I during the 1960s and 1970s reached about 10-7). I-129 differs from Cl-36 in that its half-life is longer (1.6 vs 0.3 million years), it is highly biophilic, and occurs in multiple ionic forms (commonly, I- and iodate) which have different chemical behaviors.

Precautions

Direct contact with skin can cause lesions so care needs to be taken in handling iodine. Iodine vapor is very irritating to eyes and mucous membranes. The maximum allowable concentration of iodine in air should not exceed 1 mg/m³ (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour).

External Links

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IOP

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

IOP is an abbriviation for several computer (microprocessor) terms:

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Irrational number

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In mathematics, an irrational number is any real number that is not a rational number, i.e., one that cannot be written as a fraction a / b with a and b integers and b not zero. The irrational numbers are precisely those numbers whose decimal expansion never ends and never enters a periodic pattern. "Almost all" real numbers are irrational, in a sense which is defined more precisely below.

Some irrational numbers are algebraic numbers such as 21/2 (the square root of two) and 31/3 (the cube root of 3); others are transcendental numbers such as &pi and e.

Irrationality of certain logarithms

Perhaps the numbers most easily proved to be irrational are logarithms like log23. The argument by reductio ad absurdum is as follows:

Irrationality of the square root of 2

The discovery of irrational number is usually attributed attributed to Pythagoras or one of his followers, who produced a (most likely geometrical) proof of the irrationality of the square root of 2.

One proof of this irrationality is the following reductio ad absurdum. The proposition is proved by assuming the opposite and showing that that is false, which in mathematics means that the proposition must be true.

  1. Assume tha √2 is a rational number. Meaning that there exists an integer a and b so that a / b = √2.
  2. Then √2 can be written as an irreducible fraction (the fraction is shortened as much as possible) a / b such that a and b are coprime integers and (a / b)2 = 2.
  3. It follows that a2 / b2 = 2 and a2 = 2 b2.
  4. Therefore a2 is even because it is equal to 2 b2 which is obviously even.
  5. It follows that a must be even. (Odd numbers have odd squares and even numbers have even squares.)
  6. Because a is even, there exists a k that fullfills: a = 2k.
  7. We insert the last equation of (3) in (6): 2b2 = (2k)2 is equivalent to 2b2 = 4k2 is equivalent to b2 = 2k2.
  8. Because 2k2 is even it follows that b2 is also even which means that b is even because only even numbers have even squares.
  9. By (5) and (8) a and b are both even, which contradicts that a / b is irreducible as stated in (2).

Since we have found a contradiction the assumption (1) that √2 is a rational number must be false. The opposite is proven. √2 is irrational.

This proof can be generalized to show that any root of any natural number is either a natural number or irrational.

A different proof

Another reductio ad absurdum showing that √2 is irrational is less well-known and has sufficient charm that it is worth including here. It proceeds by observing that if √2=m/n then √2=(2n−m)/(m−n), so that a fraction in lowest terms is reduced to yet lower terms. That is a contradiction if n and m are positive integers, so the assumption that √2 is rational must be false. It is possible to construct from an isosceles right triangle whose leg and hypotenuse have respective lengths n and m, by a classic straightedge-and-compass construction, a smaller isosceles right triangle whose leg and hypotenuse have respective lengths m−n and 2n−m. That construction proves the irrationality of √2 by the kind of method that was employed by ancient Greek geometers.

Other irrational numbers

All transcendental numbers are irrational, and the article on transcendental numbers lists several examples. er is irrational if r ≠ 0 is rational; πn is irrational for positive integers n.

Another way to construct irrational numbers is as zeros of polynomials: start with a polynomial equation

p(x) = an xn + an-1 xn−1 + ... + a1 x + a0 = 0
where the coefficients ai are integers. Suppose you know that there exists some real number x with p(x) = 0 (for instance because of the intermediate value theorem). The only possible rational roots of this polynomial equation are of the form r/s where r is a divisor of a0 and s is a divisor of an; there are only finitely many such candidates which you can all check by hand. If neither of them is a root of p, then x must be irrational. For example, this technique can be used to show that x = (21/2 + 1)1/3 is irrational: we have (x3 − 1)2 = 2 and hence x6 − 2x3 − 1 = 0, and this latter polynomial doesn't have any rational roots (the only candidates to check are ±1).

Because the algebraic numbers form a field, many irrational numbers can be constructed by combining transcendental and algebraic numbers. For example 3π+2, π + √2 and e√3 are irrational (and even transcendental).

Irrational numbers and decimal expansions

It is often erroneously assumed that mathematicians define "irrational number" in terms of decimal expansions, calling a number irrational if its decimal expansion neither repeats nor terminates. No mathematician takes that to be the definition, since the choice of base 10 would be arbitrary and since the standard definition is simpler and more well-motivated. Nonetheless it is true that a number is of the form n/m where n and m are integers, if and only if its decimal expansion repeats or terminates. When the long division algorithm that everyone learns in grammar school is applied to the division of n by m, only m remainders are possible. If 0 appears as a remainder, the decimal expansion terminates. If 0 never occurs, then the algorithm can run at most m − 1 steps without using any remainder more than once. After that, a remainder must recur, and then the decimal expansion repeats! Conversely, suppose we are faced with a repeating decimal, for example:

Since the length of the repitend is 3, multiply by 103:

and then subtract A from both sides:

Then

(The "135" above can be found quickly via the Euclid's algorithm.)

Numbers not known to be irrational

It is not known whether π + e or π − e are irrational or not. In fact, there is no pair of non-zero integers m and n for which it is known whether mπ + ne is irrational or not. It is not known whether 2e, πe, π√2 or the Euler-Mascheroni gamma constant γ are irrational.

The set of all irrational numbers

The set of all irrational numbers is uncountable (since the rationals are countable and the reals are uncountable). Using the absolute value to measure distances, the irrational numbers become a metric space which is not complete. However, this metric space is homeomorphic to the complete metric space of all sequences of positive integers; the homeomorphism is given by the infinite continued fraction expansion. This shows that the Baire category theorem applies to the space of irrational numbers.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Irrational number."

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List of airports: I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of airports: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

I

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List of Biblical names starting with I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of Biblical names
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - Y - Z

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List of books by title: I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of books in alphabetical order by title:

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

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List of cities in Germany starting with IJ

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of cities in Germany: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

TownPopulationDistrictBundesland
Idar-Oberstein42,100BirkenfeldRhineland-Palatinate
Ingolstadt113,500--Bavaria
Iserlohn99,474Märkischer KreisNorth Rhine-Westphalia
Itzehoe34,100SteinburgSchleswig-Holstein
Jagstzell2,443OstalbkreisBaden-Württemberg
Jena101,100--Thuringia
Jever13,600FrieslandLower Saxony

A "--" in the district column means, that the town is a district-free town, i.e. it is by itself a district.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of cities in Germany starting with IJ."

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List of colleges and universities starting with I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z
  1. ICI University
  2. IJselland Polytechnic
  3. Idaho State University
  4. Illinois Benedictine College
  5. Illinois College
  6. Illinois Institute of Technology
  7. Illinois State University
  8. Illinois Wesleyan University
  9. Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (London, UK)
  10. Imperial Valley College
  11. Incarnate Word College
  12. Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta
  13. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
  14. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
  15. Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
  16. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
  17. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpu
  18. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
  19. Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
  20. Indiana Institute of Technology
  21. Indiana State University
  22. Indiana University
  23. Indiana University Kokomo
  24. Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis
  25. Indiana University South Bend
  26. Indiana University Southeast
  27. Indiana University of Pennsylvania
  28. Indiana University, Bloomington
  29. Indiana Wesleyan University
  30. Ingenieurschule HTL Chu
  31. Inha University
  32. Institut d'Informatique d'Entreprise
  33. Institut des Sciences de l'Ingenieur de Montpellier
  34. Institut f. Semantische Informationsverarbeitung
  35. Institut fur Lasertechnik
  36. Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer
  37. Institut Jozef Stefan
  38. Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
  39. Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules
  40. Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Lyon
  41. Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse
  42. Institut National des Télécommunications
  43. Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble
  44. Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse
  45. Institut Superieur d'Informatique et d'Automatique
  46. Institut Superieur de Technologie
  47. Institut Superieur de Gestion
  48. Institut Superieure D'Electronique du Nord
  49. Institut Teknologi Bandung
  50. Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Sceaux
  51. Institut Universitari de l'Audiovisual
  52. Institute for Mathematical Sciences
  53. Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
  54. Institute of Historical Research
  55. Institute of Industrial Science
  56. Institute of Paper Science and Technology
  57. Institute of Technology, Benaras Hindu University
  58. Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technology
  59. Instituto Centroamericano de Adminstracion de Empresas
  60. Instituto Militar de Engenharia
  61. Instituto Peruano de Administracion de Empresas
  62. Instituto Politecnico Nacional
  63. Instituto Politecnico do Porto
  64. Instituto Superior de Ciencias do Trabalho e da Empresa
  65. Instituto Superior de Transportes
  66. Instituto Tecnologico de Merida
  67. Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de Mexico
  68. Instituto Tecnologico de Costa Rica
  69. Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey
  70. Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Chihuahua
  71. Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Chihuahua
  72. Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Guaymas
  73. Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Sonora Norte
  74. Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente
  75. Instituto de Ciencias de la Educacion
  76. Inter American University
  77. Intercultural Open University
  78. International American University
  79. International College Penang
  80. International Islamic University Malaysia
  81. International Islamic University, Malaysia
  82. International Reform University
  83. International School for Advanced Studies
  84. International University Bremen
  85. International University College
  86. International University of Japan
  87. Interstaatliche Ingenieurschule Neu-Technikum Buchs (NTB)
  88. Interstate Institute of Technology St. Gallen
  89. Iona College
  90. Iowa State University (Ames, Iowa, USA)
  91. Istanbul Technical University
  92. Istituto Universitario di Architettura (Venezia)
  93. Istituto di Teologia Ecumenico-Patristica Greco-Bizantina «San Nicola»
  94. Itasca Community College
  95. Ithaca College
  96. Ivanovo State Power University
  97. Ivy Tech State College

See also : Colleges and universities

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of colleges and universities starting with I."

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List of Japanese authors:I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of Japanese authors

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List of people by name: I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of people by name: I."

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List of people by name: Ia

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: Ib

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: Ic

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: Id

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: Ie-If

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

Ie

If

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of people by name: Ie-If."

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List of people by name: Ig

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: Ih

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: Ii-Ik

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

Ii

Ij

Ik

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List of people by name: Il

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: Im

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: In

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: Io

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: Ip-Iq

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

Ip

Iq

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of people by name: Ip-Iq."

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List of people by name: Ir

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: Is

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: It

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: Iu-Iv

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

Iu

Iv

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List of people by name: Iw

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

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List of people by name: Ix-Iz

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Ia - Ib - Ic - Id - Ie-If - Ig - Ih - Ii-Ik - Il - Im - In - Io - Ip-Iq - Ir - Is - It - Iu-Iv - Iw - Ix-Iz

Ix

Iy

Iz

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List of rare diseases starting with I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This list of rare diseases was originally taken from the NIH public domain resource at http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp .

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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List of songs by name: I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of songs by name: 0 - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

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Poker jargon starting with I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Poker jargon:

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

; ice
A cold deck.

; idiot end, ignorant end
Bottom end.

; immortal
Unbeatable; often said of a hand that a player knows cannot be beaten under the circumstances of play. See also "lock", "nuts".

; implied odds
Similar to pot odds, but including future bets one can reasonably expect to win. I only had 3-to-1 pot odds for a 5-to-1 draw, but I knew if I made it I'd get two extra bets from Jim, so I called for the implied odds.

; improve
To achieve a better hand than one currently holds by adding or exchanging cards as provided in the rules of the game being played. I didn't think Paula was bluffing, so I decided not to call unless I improved on the draw.

; inside, inside straight
A draw to a straight with a single missing rank in the interior, for example, 8-9-J-Q, seeking a 10. Sometimes used to describe a one-end straight, which is mathematically equivalent. Also "belly buster", "gutshot". Compare "bobtail", "open-ender".

; insurance
A "business" deal in which players agree to split or reduce a pot (roughly in proportion to the chances of each of them winning) with more cards to come rather than playing out the hand, or else a deal where one player makes a side bet against himself with a third party to hedge against a large loss. This is usually done when one player is all in.

; in the bushes, in the weeds
A player sandbagging is said to be "in the bushes" during the time he is quietly checking and calling while others bet aggressively. He will eventually "decloak".

; in the middle
  1. In a game with multiple blinds, an incoming player may sometimes be allowed to post the blinds "in the middle" (that is, out of their normal order) rather than having to wait for them to pass.
  2. A player being whipsawed is said to be "in the middle".

; in turn
A player, or an action, is said to be in turn if that player is expected to act next under the rules. Jerry said "check" while he was in turn, so he's not allowed to raise.

; irregular declaration
An action taken by a player in turn that is not a straightforward declaration of intent, but that is reasonably interpreted as an action by other players, such as rapping the table to signify "check", or pointing a thumb up to signify "raise". House rules or dealer discretion may determine when such actions are meaningful and/or binding.

; irregularity
An of a number of abnormal conditions in play, such as unexpectedly exposed cards, that may call for corrective action. See irregularities.

; isolation
To play aggressively in order to drive out all but one specific opponent who you believe to be weak. I reraised to isolate Diane because she's been playing junk all day.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Poker jargon starting with I."

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Pronoun

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A pronoun is a word that usually takes the place of a noun previously mentioned.

Introduction

Pronouns are one of the basic parts of speech, along with nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. A pronoun is the part of speech that substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and designates persons or things asked for, previously specified, or understood from the context.

For an example, take this sentence: "I give his coat to her, and she takes it." The English pronoun for "me myself" is "I". The pronoun for any male person with whom I am not speaking is "he". The pronoun for any female person with whom I am not speaking is "she". The pronoun for any one inanimate object is "it".

For another example, take these sentences: "We give you a coat," "They give me a coat." The pronoun for referring to multiple people including myself is "we". The pronoun for addressing multiple individuals is "you", but is more accurately expressed by "you all", as "you" can stand for either one or multiple people, while "you all" leaves no doubt. The pronoun used when referring to a group of people or things is "they".

Pronouns are unusual in English in that, unlike the nouns they replace, they are inflected, i.e. there are different versions of the word depending on the function it is serving in the sentence: so when a speaker uses "I" when he or she is the subject of the sentence (Nominative case), "me" when he or she is the object of the sentence (Accusative case), "my" when he or she owns something (Genitive case), and "me" when the pronoun stands on its own (Disjunctive pronoun, as in "Who's there?" "It's only me"). In other languages too, pronouns are more inflected than nouns - German is an example.

The remainder of this article explains the different kinds of pronoun in more detail.

Personal pronouns in English

A Personal pronoun refer to people or things. The English personal pronouns are: First person is the speaker(s), Second is the person spoken to and third is someone else. Reflexive is when the doer of the action is the same as what the action was done to. Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership of something.

SingularPlural
1st nomIwe
2nd nom.thou(1), youyou, ye, y'all(4), youse(4), you-uns(4), you-guys5
3rd nom.he, she, it, they(3)they
1st accmeus
2nd acc.thee(1), youyou, ye(2)
3rd acc.him, her, it, them(3)them
1st genmyour
2nd gen.thy(1), youryour
3rd gen.his, her, its, their(3)their
1st nounmineours
2nd nounthine(1), yoursyours
3rd nounhis, hers, its, theirs(3)theirs
1st refl.myselfourselves
2nd refl.thyself(1), yourself(6)yourselves(6)
3rd refl.himself, herself, itself, themself(3)themselves

  1. Sometime between 1600 and 1800, the forms of Thou began to pass out of common usage in most places, except in poetry, archaic-style literature, and descriptions of other languages' pronouns. Thou refers to either a close friend or one person. Thou still exists in northern England and Scotland, and in some Christian religious communities.
  2. In Scotland, Ye is the plural you. In older times and in some other places, Ye is the accusative singular you.
  3. Though using They as a singular pronoun when sex is not known or is not important is often condemned by traditionalists, its often found in informal speech. It is actually a revival of an earlier usage and may one day become standard usage because it is so common, and avoids ugly constructions like "he or she".
  4. Y'all, Youse and You-uns are often used in colloquial speech as a plural you. Saying you was and You were to distinguish the same thing is also done.
  5. You-guys is the new plural you. It seems to have originated in Canada.
  6. The only common distinction between singular and plural you is in the reflexive and emphatic forms.

The Disjunctive pronoun

The disjunctive pronoun is the form used when the pronoun stands on its own, or with only the verb "to be": for example in answer to the question "Who wrote this page?". Disjunctive pronouns in English have caused some dispute. The natural answer for most English speakers in this context would be "me", parallel to the French "moi". Unfortunately, some grammarians have argued, and persuaded parts of the educational system, that the correct answer should be "I" (perhaps under the mistaken belief that English requires the subject and copula of the verb "to be" to agree; while this is true in Latin, it is untrue in other languages, e.g. French). This leads to affected sounding usages like, "It is I!".

Pronouns not found in English

Other languages may have more personal pronouns. Some languages have three different pronouns instead of "We": one meaning "Me and you", one meaning "Me and them" and one meaning "Me, you and them". Slavic languages have two different 3rd person Genitive pronouns (example from Serbian language:)

Table of correlatives

Most of these other pronouns can be arranged in a table of correlatives like the one conceived by L. L. Zamenhof. Many languages form these pronouns in a similar way, so it might be just as valid for, say, another language. For English, the Table of Correlatives looks like this:

QueryThisThatSomeNoEvery
Adjectivewhichthisthatsomenoevery
Personwhothisthatsomeoneno oneeveryone
Thingwhatthisthatsomethingnothingeverything
Placewhereheretheresomewherenowhereeverywhere
Timewhennowthensometimeneveralways
Wayhowthussomehow
Reasonwhy

In one of the most salient features of Indo-European languages, pronouns are ambiguous. Is 'Who' relative or interrogative? Is it true that 'that' is a relative or demonstrative? Which kind is 'which?'

Most other language families don't have this ambiguity.

French language Pronouns

Personal pronouns:
SingularPlural
1st nom.jenous
1st acc.menous
1st dat.menous
1st disj.moinous
2nd nom.tuvous
2nd acc.tevous
2nd dat.tevous
2nd disj.toivous
3rd nom.ilelleilselles
3rd acc.lelalesles
3rd dat.luiluileurleur
3rd disj.luielleeuxelles

The French possessive pronouns (mon, ma, mes, ton, ta, tes, son, sa, ses, notre, notre, nos, votre, votre, vos, leur, leur, leurs) are technically adjectives because they decline into masculine, feminine and plural forms and further agree with their heads (not their antecedents).

Pronouns for respect

Many languages contain different pronouns used to show varying levels of respect. See T-V distinction.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Pronoun."

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Super Bowl I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Super Bowl I took place on January 15, 1967 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California.

The end result was Green Bay Packers 35, Kansas City Chiefs 10.

The game

Scoring by quarter
TeamQuarter
1234
Kansas City01000
Green Bay77147

See Also

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World War I

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

simple:World War I

World War I or the First World War, 1914 - 1918, was the first war that involved nations spanning more than half the globe, hence world war.

It was commonly called The Great War or sometimes "the war to end wars" until World War II started, although the name "First World War" was coined as early as 1920 by Lt-Col à Court Repington in The First World War 1914-18.

Some scholars write of the First World War as merely the first phase of a 30-year-long war spanning the period 1914 - 1945.

Haut-Rhin, France 1917

Diplomatic origins

Though triggered by the assassination (June 28, 1914) of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria in Sarajevo, Bosnia at the hands of a pro-Serbian nationalist assassin (a Bosnian Serb student named Gavrilo Princip), the war's origins lie in the complex relations of the European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 had brought not only the establishment of a powerful and dynamic German Empire , but also a legacy of animosity between France and Germany following the latter's annexation of the formerly French territory of Alsace-Lorraine. Under the political direction of her first Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, Germany secured her new position in Europe by an alliance with Austria-Hungary and a diplomatic understanding with Russia.

The accession (1888) of Emperor Wilhelm II brought to the German throne a young ruler determined to direct policy himself, despite his rash diplomatic judgment. After the 1890 elections, in which the centre and left parties made major gains, and due in part to his disaffection at inheriting the Chancellor who had guided his grandfather for most of his career, Wilhelm engineered Bismarck's resignation.

Much of the fallen Chancellor's work was undone in the following decades, as Wilhelm failed to renew the arrangement with Russia, presenting republican France with the opportunity to conclude (1891-94) a full alliance with the Russian Empire. Worse was to follow, as Wilhelm undertook (1897-1900) the creation of a German navy capable of threatening Britain's century-old naval mastery, prompting the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale of 1904 and its expansion (1907) to include Russia.

Rivalry among the powers was exacerbated from the 1880s by the scramble for colonies which brought much of Africa and Asia under European rule in the following quarter-century. Even the once hesitantly imperialistic Bismarck became an advocate of overseas Empire, adding to Anglo-German tension as German acquisitions in Africa and the Pacific threatened to impinge upon British strategic and commercial interests. Wilhelm's support for Moroccan independence from France, Britain's new strategic partner, provoked the Tangier Crisis of 1905. During the Second Moroccan or Agadir Crisis (1911), a German naval presence in Morocco tested the Anglo-French coalition once again.

A key ingredient in the emerging diplomatic powder-keg was the growth of powerful nationalist aspirations among the Balkan states, which each looked to Germany, Austria-Hungary or Russia for support. The rise of anti-Austrian circles in Serbia following a 1903 palace coup contributed to a further crisis in 1908 over Austria's unilateral annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, German pressure forcing a humiliating climbdown on the part of a Russia weakened (1905) by defeat at the hands of Japan and subsequent revolutionary disorder

Alarm at Russia's unexpectedly rapid recovery after 1909 fuelled feeling among German ruling circles in favour of a pre-emptive war to break alleged Entente "encirclement" before Russian rearmament could tip the strategic balance decisively against Germany and Austria-Hungary. By 1913 both France and Germany were planning to extend military service, while Britain had entered into a naval convention and military discussions with France during the previous year.

The outbreak

Austrian regional security concerns grew with the near-doubling of neighbouring Serbia's territory as a result of the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. Many in the Austrian leadership, not least Emperor Franz Joseph, and Conrad von Hötzendorf, worried about Serbian nationalist agitation in the southern provinces of the Empire; they were still haunted by the memories of the Piedmontese inspired campaigns against the Austrian Italian provinces in 1859. Just as France had backed Piedmont in the campaign culminating in the Battle of Solferino, they worried that Russia would back Serbia to annex Slavic areas of Austria. The feeling was that it was better to destroy Serbia before they were given the opportunity to launch a campaign.

Some members of the Austrian government also felt that a campaign in Serbia would be the perfect remedy to the internal political problems of the Empire. Many of them were frustrated by the power of the Hungarian government in the Empire. In 1914 the government of the Austro-Hungarian Empire had a "dualistic" structure. Austria and Hungary had essentially seperate governments under one monarch. The Austrian government retained control over foreign policy, but was still dependent on the Hungarians for such things as budgetary approval. Often the Hungarian leadership, under István Tisza refused Austrian requests for things such as increased military spending. In hopes of ending the political grid-lock that this caused, many hoped to form a federation, or at least trialistic monarchy. The solution was seen in increasing the numbers of Slavs in the Empire.

Franz Ferdinand's assassination in June 1914 provided the opportunity sought by some Austrian leaders for a reckoning with the smaller Slav kingdom. The Sarajevo conspirators were alleged by the Austro-Hungarian authorities to have been armed by the shadowy Black Hand, a pan-Serb nationalist grouping with links to Serbian ruling circles.

With German backing, Austria-Hungary, acting primarily under the influence of Foreign Affairs Minister Leopold von Berchtold, sent an effectively unfulfillable 15-point ultimatum to Serbia (July 23, 1914), to be accepted within 48 hours. The Serbian government agreed to all but one of the demands. Austria-Hungary nonetheless broke off diplomatic relations (July 25) and declared war (July 28) through a telegram sent to the Serbian government.

The Russian government, which had pledged in 1909 to uphold Serbian independence in return for Serbia's acceptance of the Bosnia annexation, mobilized its military reserves on July 30 following a breakdown in crucial telegram communications between Wilhelm and Nicholas II, who was under pressure by his military staff to prepare for war. Germany demanded (July 31) that Russia stand down her forces, but the Russian government persisted, as demobilization would have made it impossible to re-activate its military schedule in the short term. Germany declared war against Russia on (August 1) and, two days later, against the latter's ally France.

The outbreak of the conflict is often attributed to the alliances established over the previous decades - Germany-Austria-Italy vs. France-Russia; Britain and Serbia being aligned with the latter. In fact none of the alliances was activated in the initial outbreak, though Russian general mobilization and Germany's declaration of war against France were motivated by fear of the opposing alliance being brought into play.

Britain's declaration of war against Germany (August 4) was officially the result not of her understandings with France and Russia (Britain was technically allied to neither power), but of Germany's invasion of Belgium, whose independence Britain had guaranteed to uphold (1839), and which stood astride the planned German route for invasion of Russia's ally France.

The first battles

Germany's plan (named the Schlieffen plan) to deal with the Franco-Russian alliance involved delivering a knock-out blow to the French and then turning to deal with the more slowly mobilized Russian army. Rather than attack France directly, it was deemed prudent to attack France from the north. To do so, the German army had to march through Belgium. Germany demanded this free passage from the Belgian government, promising that Belgium would be Germany's firm ally if this was agreed to. When Belgium refused, Germany invaded and began marching through Belgium anyway, after first invading and securing tiny Luxembourg. It soon encountered resistance before the forts of the Belgian city of Liège. Britain sent an army to France, which advanced into Belgium.

The delays brought about by the resistance of the Belgians, French and British forces and the unexpectedly rapid mobilization of the Russians upset the German plans. Russia attacked in East Prussia, diverting German forces intended for the Western Front. Germany defeated Russia at the Battle of Tannenburg, but this diversion allowed French and British forces to finally halt the German advance on Paris at the First Battle of the Marne (September 1914) as the Central Powers (the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires) were forced into fighting a war on two fronts.

The spread of war

1914:

1915:

1916

1917:

Entry of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in October - November 1914, threatening Russia's Caucasian territories and Britain's communications with India and the East via the Suez canal. British action opened another front in the South with the Gallipoli (1915) and Mesopotamia campaigns, though initially the Turks were successful in repelling enemy incursion. But in Mesopotamia, after the disastrous Siege of Kut (1915-16), the British reorganized and captured Baghdad in March 1917. Further to the west in Palestine, initial British failures were overcome with Jerusalem being captured in December 1917 and the Egyptian Expeditionary Force under Edmund Allenby going on to break the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo (September 1918).

Italian Participation

Italy, since 1882 notionally allied to the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires but with her own designs against Austrian territory in South Tyrol, Istria and Dalmatia, and a secret 1902 understanding with France effectively nullifying her alliance commitments, joined the Allies in May 1915, declaring war against Germany fifteen months later. Italian action along the Austrian border pinned down large numbers of enemy troops, though the crushing German-Austrian victory of Caporetto (October 1917) temporarily eliminated Italy as a major threat.

The Fall of Serbia

After repulsing three Austrian invasions in August-December 1914, Serbia fell to combined German, Austrian and Bulgarian invasion in October 1915. Serbian troops continued to hold out in Albania and Greece, where a Franco-British force had landed to offer assistance and to pressure the Greek government into war against the Central Powers.

Early stages: from romanticism to the trenches

Louvain, Belgium, 1915
The perception of war in 1914 was almost romantic, and its declaration was met with great enthusiasm by many people. The common view was that it would be a short war of manoeuvre with a few sharp actions (to "teach the enemy a lesson") and would end with a victorious entry into the capital (the enemy capital, naturally) then home for a victory parade or two and back to "normal" life. There were some pessimists (like Lord Kitchener) who predicted the war would be a long haul, but "everyone knew" the War would be "Over by Christmas...."

Recruitment to the British army during WW I

The Trenching Begins

After their initial success on the Marne, Entente and German forces began a series of outflanking manoeuvres to try to force the other to retreat, in the so-called Race to the Sea. France and Britain soon found themselves facing entrenched German positions from Lorraine to Belgium's Flemish coast. The sides took set positions, the French and British seeking to take the offensive while the Germans sought to defend the territories they had occupied. One consequence of this was that the German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy: the Anglo-French trenches were only intended to be 'temporary' before their forces broke through the German defences. Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next four years, though protracted German action at Verdun (1916) and Allied failure the following spring brought the French army to the brink of collapse as mass desertions undermined the front line.
In the trenches

Around 800,000 soldiers from Britain and the Empire were on the Western Front at any one time, 1,000 battalions each occupying a sector of the line from Belgium to the Arne and operating a month-long four stage system, unless an offensive was underway. The front contained over 6,000 miles of trenches. Each battalion held its sector for around a week before moving back to support lines and then the reserve lines before a week out-of-line, often in the Poperinge or Amiens areas.

The Somme and Passchendaele

Both the Battle of the Somme and the Battle of Passchendaele (1917) also on the Western Front resulted in enormous loss of life on both sides but minimal progress in the war. It is interesting to note that, when the British attacked on the first day of the battle of the Somme, and lost massive amounts of men to a continuous hail of machine-gun fire, they did succeed in gaining some ground. This caused the German command to order its soldiers to re-take this ground, which resulted in similar losses for the Germans. Hence, instead of a lopsided engagement, with only British soldiers attacking, which would have resulted in large amounts of casualties only for the British, the volume of attacks was rather evenly distributed, which caused even distribution of the casualties.

Poison Gas

Not even an initially devastating array of new weapons achieved the required victory: poison gas (first used by the Germans on Russian soldiers without much success in battle of Bolimow on January 1, 1915; more often quoted as first use is the attack on Canadian soldiers at Ypres on April 22, 1915); liquid fire, introduced by the Germans at Hooge on July 30, 1915); and armoured tanks (first used by the British on the Somme on September 15, 1916) each produced initial panic among the enemy, but failed to deliver a lasting breakthrough.

Use of poison gas in World War I

Aircraft and U-Boats


Nieuport Fighter Aisne, France 1917
Military aviation achieved rapid progress, from the development of (initially primitive) forward-firing aerial machine-guns by the German air force in the autumn of 1915 to the deployment of bombers against London (July 1917): more dramatic still, at least for Britain, was the use of German submarines (U-boats, from the German Unterseeboote) against Allied merchant shipping in proscribed waters from February 1915. Germany's decision to lift restrictions on submarine activity (February 1, 1917) was instrumental in bringing the United States into the war on the side of the Allies (April 6). The sinking of the passenger liner Lusitania was a particularly controversial "kill" for the U-boats.

The Eastern Front and Russia

While the Western Front had reached stalemate in the trenches, the war continued to the east.

German Victories in the East

The Russian initial plans for war had called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and German East Prussia. Although Russia's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful, they were driven back from East Prussia by the victories of the German generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914. Russia's less-developed economic and military organisation soon proved unequal to the combined might of the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. In the spring of 1915 the Russians were driven back in Galicia, and in May the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland's southern fringes, capturing Warsaw on August 5 and forcing the Russians to withdraw from all of Poland.

Russia unsettled

Dissatisfaction with the Russian government's conduct of the war grew despite the success of the June 1916 Brusilov offensive in eastern Galicia against the Austrians, when Russian success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces in support of the victorious sector commander. Allied fortunes revived only temporarily with Romania's entry into the war on August 27: German forces came to the aid of embattled Austrian units in Transylvania, and Bucharest fell to the Central Powers on December 6. Meanwhile, internal unrest grew in Russia, as the Tsar remained out of touch at the front, while the Empress's increasingly incompetent rule drew protests from all segments of Russian political life, resulting in the murder of Alexandra's favourite Rasputin by conservative noblemen at the end of 1916.

The Russian Revolution

In March 1917, demonstrations in St. Petersburg culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak centrist provisional government, which shared power with the socialists of the Petrograd Soviet. This division of power led to confusion and chaos, both on the front and at home, and the army became progressively less able to effectively resist the Germans. Meanwhile, the war, and the government, became more and more unpopular, and the discontent was strategically used by the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, in order to gain power.

The triumph of the Bolsheviks in November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with the Germans. At first, the Bolsheviks refused to agree to the harsh German terms, but when the Germans resumed the war and marched with impunity across the Ukraine, the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 3, 1918, which took Russia out of the war and ceded vast territories including Finland, the Baltic provinces, Poland and the Ukraine to the Central Powers.

Turning of the tide

1917 finally saw the entry of the United States into the war. And with Russia's defeat on the Eastern Front, the Germans were free to deliver troops to the west. With both German reinforcements and new American troops pouring into the Western Front, the final outcome of the war was to be decided in that front.

Entry of the United States

Early in 1917 Germany resumed its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. This, combined with public indignation over the Zimmerman Telegram, led to a final break of relations with the Central Powers. President Woodrow Wilson requested that the United States Congress declare war, which it did on April 6, 1917. (Only one member of Congress, Jeanette Rankin of Montana, voted against the war).

The United States Army and the National Guard had mobilized in 1916 to pursue the Mexican "bandit" Pancho Villa, which helped speed up the mobilization. The United States Navy was able to send a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet, and a number of destroyers to Queenstown, Ireland, to help guard convoys. However, it would be some time before the United States forces would be able to contribute significant manpower to the Western and Italian fronts.

The British and French insisted that the United States emphasize sending infantry to reinforce the line. Throughout the war, the American forces were short of their own artillery, aviation, and engineering units. However, General John J. Pershing, American Expeditionary Force commander, resisted breaking up American units and using them as reinforcements for British and French units, as suggested by the Allies.

German Offensive of 1918

The entry of the U.S. into the war the previous year had made the eventual arrival of U.S. troops certain, while Russia's withdrawal and the Italian disaster at Caporetto allowed the transfer of German troops to the West. Four successive German offensives followed, that of May 27 yielding gains before Paris comparable to the first advance.

On March 21 1918 Germany launched a major offensive, "Operation Michael", against British and Commonwealth forces. The German army developed new tactics involving stormtroopers, infantry trained in Hutier tactics (after Oskar von Hutier) to infiltrate and take trenches.

The Allies reacted by appointing French Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch to coordinate all Allied activity in France, and then as generalissimo of all Allied forces everywhere.

The German offensive moved forward 60 km and pressed the British lines so much that the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) commander, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, issued a General Order on April 11 stating "With our backs to the wall and believing in the justice of our cause each one of us must fight on to the end." However, by then, the German offensive had stalled because of logistical problems. Counterattacks by Canadian and ANZAC forces pushed the Germans back.

Allied victory

The American Expeditionary Force, under General John Pershing, entered the battle lines in significant numbers in April 1918. At the Battle of Belleau Wood, from June 1 to June 30, 1918, the Second Division, including the United States Marine Corps, helped clear out the German offensive threatening Paris.

On July 18, 1918, at the Battle of Chateau-Thierry, French and American forces went on the offensive.

The British Army, using a large number of tanks, attacked at Amiens on August 8 causing such surprise and confusion that German commander-in-chief, General Ludendorff, said it was "the blackest day of the German army."

On September 12 the First United States Army, which had recently been organized from the American Expeditionary Force, eliminated the Saint-Mihiel salient, which the Germans had occupied since 1914. This salient threatened the Paris-Nancy railroad line. American forces were short of artillery support, which was provided by the French and British. This also was the first use of the U.S. Tank Corps, led by Lieutenant Colonel George S. Patton. Four days later, the salient was cleared out.

On September 26 American forces began the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, which continued until the end of the war. A key German observation post on Hill 305 in Montfaucon d'Argonne was captured on September 27. Approximately 18,000 Americans fell during this offensive. This was the first offensive conducted by the United States as an independent army. General Pershing's general thrust was the Rhine River, which he expected to breach early in 1919.

On October 24 the Italian Army, with very limited American assistance, began the Vittorio Veneto offensive against the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which lasted until November 4.

End of the War

Bulgaria was the first of the Central Powers to sign an armistice (September 29, 1918, followed by Turkey (October 30) Germany requested a cease-fire on October 3, 1918, followed by Austria-Hungary. The fighting ended with an armistice agreed on November 11 at Compiègne. Austria and Hungary had signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the Habsburg monarchy.

When Wilhelm II. ordered the German High Seas Fleet to sortie against the Allied navies, they mutinied in Wilhelmshaven starting October 29, 1918. On November 9, a German Republic was proclaimed, marking the end of the 1871 German Empire. The Kaiser fled the next day the Netherlands, which granted him political asylum. See Weimar Republic for details.

Allied Soldiers Killed:

Central Powers Soldiers Killed:

Civilians Killed:

Distinguishing features of the War

The First World War was different from prior military conflicts: it was a meeting of 20th century technology with 19th century mentality and tactics. This time, millions of soldiers fought on all sides and the casualties were enormous, mostly because of the more efficient weapons (like artillery and machine guns) that were used in large quantities against old tactics. Although the First World War led to the development of air forces, tanks, and new tactics (like the Rolling barrage and Crossfire), much of the action took place in the trenches, where thousands died for each square metre of land gained. The First World War also saw the use of chemical warfare, and aerial bombardment, both of which had been outlawed under the 1909 Hague Convention. The effects of gas warfare were to prove long-lasting, both on the bodies of its victims (many of whom, having survived the war, continued to suffer in later life) and on the minds of a later generation of war leaders (Second World War) who, having seen the effects of gas warfare in the Great War, were reluctant to use it for fear that the enemy would retaliate and might have better weaponry.

Weaponry

Notable infantry weaponry of World War 1 included the Maxim machine gun. British forces used the Lewis gun and Webley. American forces used the Browning Automatic Rifle and M1911. German forces used the Karabiner 98k and Luger. French forces used the Chauchat.

A deadly war

Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred in this war. See Ypres, Vimy Ridge, Marne, Cambrai, Somme, Verdun, Gallipoli. See Wars of the 20th Century for various totals given for the number that died in this war. For instance, is it proper to consider the Influenza pandemic (see below) as part of the overall death count for the war, given the important part the War played in its transmission?

Aftermath

See Aftermath of World War I, Paris Peace Conference of 1919

Revolutions

Perhaps the single most important event precipitated by the privations of the war was the Russian Revolution. Socialist and explicitly Communist uprisings also occurred in many other European countries from 1917 onwards, notably in Germany and Hungary.

As a result of the Bolsheviks' failure to cede territory, German and Austrian forces defeated the Russian armies, and the new communist government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. In that treaty, Russia renounced all claims to Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (specifically, the formerly Russian-controlled Congress Poland of 1815) and Ukraine, and it was left to Germany and Austria-Hungary "to determine the future status of these territories in agreement with their population."

Influenza pandemic

A separate, but related event was the great influenza pandemic. A new strain of Influenza, originating in the U.S.A (but misleadingly known as "Spanish Flu") was accidentally carried to Europe with the American forces. The disease spread rapidly through the both the continental U.S. and Europe, reaching, eventually, around the globe. The exact number of deaths is unknown, but in excess of 20 million people worldwide is not considered an overestimate. See also: Spanish Flu

Social trauma: The experiences of the war lead to a sort of collective national trauma afterwards for all the participating countries. The optimism of 1900 was entirely gone and those who fought in the war became what is known as "the Lost Generation" because they never fully recovered from their experiences. This was especially acute in France where a huge number of their young men were killed or injured during the conflict. For the next few years the nation became obsessive in its mourning and thousands of memorials were erected, one for each village in France.

Geopolitical consequences

Nearly 15 percent of the land area of the German Empire was ceded at Allied insistence to various countries. The largest confiscated part of Germany was restored toPoland, that claimed most of areas of Poland before partitions 1772-1795. Those provinces were in 1871 incorporated into Germany; the part of it was sometimes referred as the "Polish Corridor" because of its position between East Prussia and the rest of Germany. Poland also tried successfully to restore former Polish provinces from Russia. Britain and France occupied the vast majority of former German and Ottoman colonies as "League of Nations mandates".

Russia also lost all non-Russian provinces. They were transferred to separate Soviet Republic, Ukraine, Transakaukazia, Central Asia. The countries of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia were created to accommodate ethnic groups. Also, land was taken for addition to Poland, and Romania.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire was broken into many pieces. The new republics of Austria and Hungary were established, disavowing any continuity with the empire. Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia formed the new Czechoslovakia. Galicia was transferred to Poland and South Tyrol and Trieste went to Italy. Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, and Vojvodina were joined with Serbia and Montenegro to form the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later Yugoslavia. Transylvania became part of Romania.

Because of the intermixed population and partly because of the interests of great powers, the new borders did not always follow ethnic divisions. The new states of eastern Europe nearly all had large national minorities. Hundreds of thousands of Germans continued to live in the newly created countries. A quarter of ethnic Hungarians found themselves living outside of Hungary.

Less concrete changes include the growing assertiveness of Commonwealth nations. Battles such as Gallipoli for Australia and New Zealand, and Vimy Ridge for Canada led to increased national pride and a greater reluctance to remain subordinate to Britain, leading to the growth of diplomatic autonomy in the 1920s.

Also extremely important was the participation of French colonial troops from Indochina, North Africa, and Madagascar without whom France might well have fallen. When these soldiers returned to their homelands and continued to be treated as second class citizens, many became the nucleus of pro-independence groups.

Memorials:

Many towns in the participating countries have a war memorial dedicated to local residents who lost their lives.

Remains of ammunition

Throughout the areas where trenches and fighting lines were located, such as the Champagne region of France, quantities of unexploded shells and other ammunition have remained, some of which remains dangerous and continues to cause injuries and occasional fatalities into the 21st century. Some are still found nowadays, for instance by farmers plowing their fields. Some of this ammunition contains chemical toxic products such as mustard gas. Cleanup of major battlefields is a continuing task with no end in sight for decades more. Squads remove, defuse or destroy hundreds of tonnes of unexploded ammunition every year in France.

Tombs of the Unknown Soldier:

Resources

For more details on the subject, consult these histories:

(list of histories here)

The first major television documentary on the history of the war was the BBC's The Great War (1964), made in association with CBC, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and The Imperial War Museum. The series consists of 26 forty-minute episodes featuring extensive use of archive footage gathered from around the world and eyewitness interviews. Although some of the programme's conclusions have been disputed by historians it still makes compelling and often moving viewing.

See also:

External links

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: I

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
EntrySourceExpressionField

I

DanishSaarheling = FMedicine

I

DutchIntensiteitPhysics

I

EnglishCurrentN/A

I

FrenchIsotropiqueMedicine

I

GermanInstruktionComputing

I

ItalianDivisione InformaticaPublic Administration, Post & Telecom

I

LatinIodiumChemistry

I

PortugueseIodoChemistry

I

SpanishIntensidad de la corriente eléctricaMeteorology & Standards
C I CDutchControle en Informatie CentrumN/A
A IEnglishAbstracting and indexingN/A
IGF IItalianInsulin like growth factorMedicine

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Synonyms: I

Synonyms: ane (adj), ace (n), atomic number 53 (n), iodin (n), iodine (n), one (n), single (n), unity (n). (additional references)

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Crosswords: I

English words defined with "i": Charles I ♦ Elizabeth I ♦ Frederick William I ♦ I beg to, I pray, I.Q. ♦ James I. (references)
Specialty definitions using "i": A E I, Active Language I, afskrivninger pÃ¥ i franchise givne aktiver, Annex I Parties ♦ BOILERMAKER HELPER I, BOOK-SEWING-MACHINE OPERATOR I ♦ Class I differential, Class I equivalency, Class I land, Class I Railroad, Clinical Trials, Phase I, Complement Factor I, counter model,type I ♦ DATACODE I, DRUCO I ♦ Fortran I ♦ Genes, MHC Class I, GEORGE I ♦ Haco I, Heads I Win, Tails you Lose, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I ♦ I didn't change anything!, I Feel You, I see no X here., I.O.U, Interferon Type I, Recombinant ♦ LOUIS I ♦ Malocclusion, Angle Class I, Misfortune will never Leave Me till I Leave It, ♦ NICOL I ♦ PACT I, phase I trial, Phase I, II, III, PRINT I ♦ Scratchpad I, SIMULA I, SLITTING-MACHINE-OPERATOR HELPER I, stage I laryngeal cancer, STEAM-PRESS TENDER I ♦ type I error. (references)
Etymologies containing "i": Have. (references)
Non-English Usage: "I" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

Albanian (of, to her, to him), Catalan (and), Croatian (and), Czech (also, and), Danish (for, in, inside, into, on, per, this, thou, within, ye, you, you formal, you formal plural), German (i, manducating, ugh, yuk), Icelandic (a, in, inside, into, on, per, within), Irish (a, always, ever, in, inside, into, on, within), Italian (the), Latin (1, iodine), Norwegian (a, for, in, inside, into, on, per, within), Papiamen (and), Polish (and), Portuguese (electric current intensity, iodine), Romanian (ah), Scottish (her, it, it feminine, she), Serbo-Croatian (and, so), Somali (me), Sranan (thou, ye, you), Swedish (a, among, at, for, i, in, inside, into, of, on, over, per, through, to, unto, with, within, ye), Tahitian (in, in / to, when), Vietnamese (iota), Welsh (for, I, in order to, inside, into, me, per, to, within), Wolof (of).

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Modern Usage: I

DomainUsage

Screenplays

If I must suffer, humanity will suffer with me. (Batman & Robin; writing credit: Akiva Goldsman)

I quit (American Beauty; writing credit: Alan Ball)

I bet he hasn't even got a wife (A Hard Day's Night; writing credit: Alun Owen)

I do. (Indecent Proposal; writing credit: Amy Holden Jones)

I haven't tears enough for what you've done to me. (Interview With the Vampire; writing credit: Anne Rice)

Lyrics

Then I saw you starin' at me (I Do (Wanna Get Close To You); performing artist: 3LW)

I'VE BEEN WATCHIN YOU AND I KNOW YOU LIKE TO PARTY BABY (I Know Where It's At; performing artist: All Saints)

I see the questions in your eyes (I Swear; performing artist: All-4-One)

Of you thinkin' that I had been untrue (How Much I Feel; performing artist: Ambrosia)

If I can choose a place to go it gotta be far away (If I Could Go; performing artist: Angie Martinez)

Clever

Kids are wonderful, but I like mine barbecued. (references; author: Bob Hope)

I can live for a month on a day's compliments. (references; author: Mark Twain)

I am not afraid of death, I just don't want to be there when it happens. (references; author: Woody Allen)

Tragedy is if I cut my finger, comedy is if I walk into an open sewer and die. (references; author: Mel Brooks)

I didn't like the play, but then I saw it under adverse conditions - the curtain was up. (references; author: Groucho Marx)

Tongue Twisters

I bought a box of biscuits, a box of mixed biscuits, and a biscuit mixer. (references; author: unknown)

I cannot bear to see a bear bear down upon a hare. When bare of hair he strips the hare, right there I cry, "Forbear! (references; author: unknown)

I correctly recollect Rebecca MacGregor's reckoning. (references; author: unknown)

I miss my Swiss Miss. My Swiss Miss misses me. (references; author: unknown)

I need not your needles, they're needless to me; for kneading of noodles, 'twere needless, you see; but did my neat knickers but need to be kneed, I then should have need of your needles indeed. (references; author: unknown)

Movie/TV Titles

I Love You (2003)

Natten i ventesalen (1974)

Mechtat i zhit (1974)

Graceless Go I (1974)

Gotika i renesansa Jadrana (1974)

Song Titles

I Guess The Lord Must Be In New York City (performing artist: Richard Barone)

I Do Adore Her (performing artist: Harry Belafonte)

And When I Die (performing artist: Sweat and Tears Blood)

First I Was A Hippie (performing artist: The Bobs)

Hi Hi, I Love Ya (performing artist: Tom Chapin)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: I

DomainTitle

References

  • Affarsstrategerna i Sverige AB: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • Glenrand M I B Limited: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • Isaacs I C & Company, Inc.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • Group I Software, Inc.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • I B Daiwa Corp.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

    (more reference examples)

  

Books

  • If I Live to Be 100: Lessons from the Centenarians (reference)

  • Tell Me What to Eat If I Have Acid Reflux: Nutrition You Can Live With (Tell Me What to Eat) (reference)

  • How I Was Adopted: Samantha's Story (reference)

  • I Acted from Principle: The Civil War Diary of Dr. William M. McPheeters, Confederate Surgeon in the Trans-Mississippi (The Civil War in the West) (reference)

  • How Can I Ever Afford Children?: Money Skills for New and Experienced Parents (Wiley Personal Finance Solutions) (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Periodicals

  • A I P P I : Journal Of The Japanese Group Of Aippi (reference)

  • Aktualnye Problemy Aviatsionnykh I Aerokosmicheskikh Sistem Protsessy Modeli Eksperimen (reference)

  • Akusherstvo I Ginekologiia (reference)

  • Alberta Gazette - Parts I & Ii (reference)

  • Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia (reference)

    (more periodical examples)

  

Theater & Movies

  • 10 Things I Hate About You (reference)

  • Star Trek - The Original Series, Vol. 8, Episode 16: The Menagerie, Parts I and II (reference)

  • Mystery Science Theater 3000 - I Accuse My Parents (reference)

  • Where Did I Come From? A Facts of Life Teaching Aid (reference)

  • Me, My ADD Coach & I (reference)

    (more DVD examples; more video examples)

  

Music

  

High Tech

  

Consumer Goods

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: I

Photos:
I

More pictures...

Illustrations:
I

More pictures...

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Photo Album: I

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

Shown are electron micrographs of the family of retroviruses that reproduce in t-lymphocytes. Retroviruses, which cause a variety of naturally occurring cancers in many animal species, also cause cancers in human beings. The first two human retroviruses to be discovered and characterized, human t-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II), have been associated with the human cancers known, respectively, as adult t-cell leukemia and hairy cell leukemia. HTLV-III is the AIDS virus, now called HIV-I. Epidemiologic studies have shown that HTLV-I infection and t-cell malignancy both cluster in certain geographic areas and in certain populations, and suggest that transmission occurs in the household, through sexual contacts, and perhaps at birth. See artwork: GR-30. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.

The abdomen consists of ten segments, of which I through VIII, along with X are well defined. Credit: CDC.

Lunar Orbiter I Launch. Credit: NASA.

Explorer I Architects. Credit: NASA.

One dog I didn't try to pet Drying fish, fish nets, and an underutilized husky. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.

Gilbert T. Rude During World War I as a naval officer. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.

I wish folks would keep their pets on leashes! A very large alligator causes the average pedestrian to consider a detour. Credit: America's Coastlines.

Leading marks over Nahwitti Bar. Western entrance to Goletas Channel. In: Pacific Coast Pilot Alaska Part I 1883. P. 16. Library call number VK943 .N3 1883. Credit: America's Coastlines.

Boy, does it get foggy around here. I think I saw a cruise ship out there somewhere!. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.

A salty dog if I ever saw one plays the harmonica on a warm Kodiak day. Credit: Fisheries.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: I
 

"I can swim!" by Milca Mulders
Commentary: "My little boy in the swimming pool: he is absolutely crazy about water!."		"Mountain I" by I-Face
Commentary: "A nice view over the Mountains ..."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Sounds Captioned with "I".

PlayCaptionPlayCaption
Suspense; anxiety; apprehension; chiller; cliff-hanger; expectancy; expectation; grabber; hesitancy; hesitation; impatience; indecision; indecisiveness; insecurity; irresolution; page-turner; perplexity; potboiler; tension; thriller; uncertainty; tense; i.Abominable; amoral; atrocious; base; contemptible; corrupt; debased; degenerate; depraved; devilish; dissolute; egregious; evil; fiendish; flagitious; foul; gross; guilty; heartless; heinous; immoral; impious; impish; incorrigible; indecent; iniquitous; i.
Cackle; chortle; chuckle; guffaw; hee-haw; snicker; snigger; tehee; titter; twitter; absurd; asinine; brainless; cockamamie; crazy; crazy; daffy; daft; dingy; dippy; doltish; dotty; fantastic; fatuous; feebleminded; half-baked; half-witted; harebrained; i.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Familiar Quotations: I

AuthorQuotation

Captain William Driver

I name thee Old Glory.

Cervantes

I begin to smell a rat.

Cogito

I rebel, therefore I am.

Emily Dickinson

I dwell in Possibility.

Henry David Thoreau

I say, break the law.

Rene Descartes

I think therefore I am.

Ronald Reagan

Honey, I forgot to duck.

Thomas Middleton

As true as I live.

Virgil

Arms and the man I sing.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Historic Usage: I

AuthorDateQuotation

John Locke

1690

To another I deliver lool. (Second Treatise of Government)

US Constitution

1791

Clause 8: Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." Section. (reference)

Marbury v. Madison

1803

It is in these words: "I do solemnly swear that I will administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich; and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge all the duties incumbent on me as _____, according to the best of my abilities and understanding, agreeably to the constitution, and laws of the United States." (reference)

The Emancipation Proclamation

1862

And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God. (Abraham Lincoln)

Treaty of Versailles

1919

The transit of vessels, passengers and goods on these waterways shall be effected in accordance with the general conditions prescribed for transit in Section I above. (reference)

Winston S. Churchill

1946

I will not lose faith now. ("Iron Curtain" Speech)

John F. Kennedy

1961

I do not shrink from this responsibility--I welcome it. (reference)

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

1963

I have a dream today. (Delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1907)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Use in Literature: I

TitleAuthorQuote

Winnie the Pooh

A.A. Milne

Promise me, Pooh, that you won't forget me ever, because if I thought you would, I wouldn't leave

The Little Prince

Antoine de Saint-Exupery

Children, I say plainly, "watch out for the baobabs!

Emma

Austen, Jane

I behaved shamefully

Sylvie and Bruno

Carroll, Lewis

I returned the book, looking, I suppose, a little blank, as the lady laughed merrily at my discomfiture

A Christmas Carol

Dickens, Charles

I have come to dinner

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Douglas Adams

Why am I here

Scarlet Letter

Hawthorne, Nathaniel

Yet, if death be in this cup, I bid thee think again, ere thou beholdest me quaff it.

Les Miserables

Hugo, Victor

It is your soul that I am buying for you.

Cymon and Iphigenia

John Dryden

Old as I am, for ladies' love unfit, The power of beauty I remember yet.

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

Joyce, James

I meant about the.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Non-Fiction Usage: I

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

I am often constipated. (references)

I never cook when alone. (references)

I bought everything in sight. (references)

Business

In what follows, I will describe the seven-stage methodology used in performing this analysis. (references)

In other words, I assume that the structure of the variance in the industry's financials remains stable. (references)

Modernization of corridors I and II have already begun and it is the largest investment ever made by Czech Railways. (references)

Civil Liberties

Zimbabwe

Several days before the explosion, Minister Moyo told Sandra Nyaira, a political reporter for the Daily News, that "The Daily News is not going to survive as long as I am alive. (references)

Italy

However, Parliament has not yet repealed the XIII transitory provision of the 1947 Constitution, which forbids male heirs of the former king, Umberto I of Savoy, from entering the country. (references)

Russia

Journalists at Kommersant and Argumenty i fakty, two credible newspapers with fairly independent editorial stances, reported that criticizing the Kremlin had resulted in their being barred from the Kremlin pool, a limited group of journalists accredited by the Presidential press service for events in the Kremlin. (references)

Economic History

Greece

Greece entered World War I in 1917 on the side of the Allies. (references)

France

World War I (1914-18) brought great losses of troops and materiel. (references)

Bahrain

Phase I was built in mid-1999 on a reclaimed area of 500,000 sq. Meters. (references)

Human Rights

Colombia

Two other members of paramilitary groups implicated in both Trujillo I and Trujillo II remain at large. (references)

India

Yunus told the court, "My head was put underneath water, and I was assaulted with whips and lathis (canes). (references)

Colombia

Prosecutors also have an outstanding warrant for the detention of one other paramilitary member in the Trujillo I case. (references)

Political Economy

BOLIVIA

In 1998 and 2001, Bolivia entered into the Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) I and II programs respectively. (references)

Eritrea

Besides development assistance, the U.S. provided Eritrea with humanitarian assistance following the displacement of several hundred thousand people following the fighting in May/June 2000. In year 2001, the U.S. Government provided Eritrea with credit in the amount of $10 million dollars under PL-480 title I agreement for the purchase of grain from U.S. markets. (references)

Spain

Spain has been a parliamentary democracy since its modern constitution came into effect in 1978, after the death of Dictator General Francisco Franco in 1975. King Juan Carlos I is the head of state, while President José María Aznar of the center-right Popular Party has been head of the government since May 1996. President Aznar and his party were re-elected with an absolute majority in March 2000. The bicameral legislature, or "Cortes," consists of the lower chamber or "Congress of Deputies"-popularly elected at the provincial level-and the upper chamber or Senate, which combines both directly elected seats and seats filled by voting in regional parliaments. (references)

Trade

Qatar

Only one U.S. firm, involved in the Phase I development of the North Field project, bought the OPIC insurance for risk of convertibility and war. (references)

Mexico

Mexico is not subject to any special U.S. export control regimes, and is designated as a Category I country (the least restrictive) for receipt of U.S. high technology products. (references)

Philippines

Products under Category I may be subject to random examination at any time during the validity of the registration and the cost of laboratory analysis shall be charged to the importer. (references)

Travel

Korea

Whereas an American may think in individual terms, (i.e., what is in my best interest?), the Korean oftentimes thinks in-group terms, (i.e. what is in the best interest of the group and how can I help to maintain harmony within the group?) For this reason, the majority of Koreans are intensely patriotic, calling Korea by the term, "oo-ri-na-ra," ("our" country). (references)

Lexicography

Devil's Dictionary

INFERIAE,n. [Latin] Among the Greeks and Romans, sacrifices for propitation of the Dii Manes, or souls of the dead heroes; for the pious ancients could not invent enough gods to satisfy their spiritual needs, and had to have a number of makeshift deities, or, as a sailor might say, jury-gods, which they made out of the most unpromising materials. It was while sacrificing a bullock to the spirit of Agamemnon that Laiaides, a priest of Aulis, was favored with an audience of that illustrious warrior's shade, who prophetically recounted to him the birth of Christ and the triumph of Christianity, giving him also a rapid but tolerably complete review of events down to the reign of Saint Louis. The narrative ended abruptly at the point, owing to the inconsiderate crowing of a cock, which compelled the ghosted King of Men to scamper back to Hades. There is a fine mediaeval flavor to this story, and as it has not been traced back further than Pere Brateille, a pious but obscure writer at the court of Saint Louis, we shall probably not err on the side of presumption in considering it apocryphal, though Monsignor Capel's judgment of the matter might be different; and to that I bow -- wow.

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Spoken Usage: I

SpeakerPhrase(s)

Cast of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show"

Well then you're in for a little surprise, because if you push me, then I just might have to push back. Hard.

Dennis Miller

Hey, if I wanted to read a book, I'd buy one on tape.

Gerald Ford

Some call me an elder statesman. I don't know. I don't mind telling you that I'm not ready to quit yet!

Lynn Chapman

The Army sent a chaplain and a casualty officer to the house. I answered the door and they were there.

Phyllis Diller

Short of breathness. Short breath. I am short of breath. But right now, I'm fine because I'm looking at you.

Rush Limbaugh

Folks, I have been unemployed eight times.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Speeches: I

SpeakerTermPhrase(s)

George Washington

1789-1797Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend.

Abraham Lincoln

1861-1865This, I think, can not be perfectly cured, and it would be worse in both cases 'after' the separation of the sections than before.

Harry S. Truman

1945-1953I accept it with a deep resolve to do all that I can for the welfare of this Nation and for the peace of the world.

Dwight Eisenhower

1953-1961Like every other citizen, I wish the new President, and all who will labor with him, Godspeed.

John F. Kennedy

1961-1963Nevertheless our unity of purpose and will has been, I believe, immeasurably strengthened.

Richard Nixon

1969-1974President I realize that it is difficult to communicate meaningfully across the gulf of four years of war.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989So far I have concentrated largely on domestic matter.

George Bush

1989-1993Revel in the life that I have died to give you.

Bill Clinton

1993-2001One, I want you to help us to do three things.

George W. Bush

2001-2005Pakistan is now cracking down on terror, and I admire the strong leadership of President Musharraf.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Usage Frequency: I

"I" is generally used as a pronoun (personal) -- approximately 97.71% of the time. "I" is used about 904,364 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words		Rank in English
Pronoun (personal)97.71%883,66211
Cardinal Number0.94%8,5001,135
Alphabetical Symbol0.87%7,8321,235
Unclassified Items0.35%3,1323,001
Noun (proper)0.14%1,2346,330
                    Total100.00%904,364N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Derived & Related Names: I

The following table summarizes names derived from the word "i".
 
NameGenderLanguageMeaning
HosannahN/AN/A

Save I pray thee

HosannaN/ABiblical

Save I pray thee

JahdoN/ABiblical

I alone

MyraN/ABiblical

I flow

MayraN/AEnglish

I flow

OsanneN/AFrench

Save I pray thee

OzanneN/AFrench

Save I pray thee

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

 

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Usage in Company Names: I

CountryNameCountryName
Denmark

Lokalbanken i Nordsjaelland A/S

Italy

I Grandi Viaggi SPA

Japan

I B Daiwa Corp.

Poland

Towarzystwo Ubezpieczen i Reasekuracji "Warta" S.A.

South Africa

Glenrand M I B Limited

South Korea

N I Tech Company Ltd

Sweden

Affarsstrategerna i Sverige AB

United Kingdom

I Feel Good (Holdings) Plc

USA

CMC Securities Corporation I

 (more examples...)  

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expressions: I

Expressions using "i": a fat lot i care ♦ active Language I ♦ afskrivninger pÃ¥ i franchise givne aktiver ♦ all i can possibly do ♦ all i care ♦ all i care! ♦ all i know ♦ all i possess ♦ am i intruding? ♦ Angiotensin I ♦ Annexin I ♦ Artaxerxes I ♦ as best i can ♦ as far as i am aware ♦ as far as i am concerned ♦ as far as i can judge ♦ as far as i can remember ♦ as far as i can see ♦ as far as i concerned ♦ as far as i know ♦ as far as i recollect ♦ as i am an honest man ♦ as i live! ♦ as i see it ♦ as i think ♦ as long as i live ♦ as near as i can judge ♦ as nearly as i can tell ♦ as soon as i can ♦ as true as i live! ♦ as true as i stand here! ♦ Automatic Road Analyzer Con l'A.R.A.N.è possibile definire,per ogni tipo di strada una scala di regolarità a cui riferirsi sia nell'accettare i nuovi lavori che nel decidere il momento in cui effettuare gli interventi di manutenzione. ♦ Bosna i Hercegovina ♦ but I didn't believe it ♦ calculus I ♦ can i buy ..? ♦ can i have ..? ♦ can i have an apple? ♦ can i help you? ♦ can i make an appointment? ♦ can i open the window? ♦ can i see a doctor? ♦ can i take your order? ♦ can i try it on? ♦ Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase I Deficiency Disease ♦ Catherine I ♦ cellules du type I de Golgi ♦ Charles I ♦ class I bike path ♦ class I equipment ♦ class I protein ♦ Claudius I ♦ Clovis I ♦ Coat Protein Complex I ♦ Complement Factor I ♦ Constantine I ♦ counter model,type I ♦ Cushing syndrome I ♦ damned if i know ♦ Darius I ♦ DATACODE I ♦ Demetrius I ♦ Deoxyribonuclease I ♦ Dipeptidyl Peptidase I ♦ DNA Polymerase I ♦ do i remember him! ♦ do i take myself understood? ♦ DRUCO I ♦ E351i, E351 i ♦ E420 i ♦ Edmund I ♦ Edward I ♦ Elizabeth I ♦ Eosine I Bluish ♦ Ethelred I ♦ explicitly encouraged and I hope you'll find it of some value. ♦ factor I ♦ Farouk I ♦ farthing i ♦ Faruk I ♦ Ferdinand I ♦ first i must tell you ♦ for all i care ♦ for all i know ♦ for aught i care ♦ for aught i care! ♦ for aught i know ♦ forholdet mellem energien i hver informationsbit og støjspektraltætheden,normalt udtrykt i dB ♦ Fortran I ♦ Francis Joseph I ♦ Franz Josef I ♦ Frederick I ♦ Frederick William I ♦ george i ♦ give me time and i will do it ♦ Glycogen Storage Disease Type I ♦ gravida I ♦ Gregory I ♦ gustavus I ♦ had i only known! ♦ halt or i shoot!. Additional references.

Hyphenated Usage

Beginning with "i": i-a, i-abct, I-ad, I-ahrax, i-albumin, i-am-about-to-explode-in-front-of-your-very-eyes, I-am-morpurgo, i-am-not-really-dead-but-just-popped-out-for-a-packet-of-fags, I-am-the-greatest, I-APL, i-ay, I-b, i-band, i-bands, I-beam, i-believe, i-binding, i-c, i-calmodulin, i-can-do-anything-i-want-any-time-i-want-and-make-you-like-it, i-care, I-CASE, i-c-e, i-ching, I-Comm, I-control, i-cut, I-D, i-data, i-deas, i-deserve-it-all, i-digested, I-din, i-direction, i-disks, I-don't-give-a-damn, i-don't-know-any-different, i-don't-know-how-many-years, I-don't-know-what-all, i-e, I-egf, I-explore, i-f, i-forcibly-converted-the-world, i-girder, i-glutamate, i-go, i-going, i-have, i-his, i-hold-all-the-aces, i-hypersensitive, i-i, i-ifn, i-ii, i-i-i, I-iia, I-iie, i-iii, I-i-is, I-instruments, i-interpretation, I-iv, I-iv-ii-iii, I-iv-iii-ii, I-j, i-jibw, I-kappa B, I-kiribati, i-knew-the-great-man-personally, i-know-it-all, i-labelled, i-level, I-linie, I-Link, i-linked, i-listed, i-l-i-v-e, I-logix, I-love-her, i-measure, i-mediated, i-menus, i-metaiodobenzylguanidine, I-mibg, i-mode, i-n, i-narrators, i-ness, i-never, i-not, i-now, I-o, I-only-paint, I-OOA, I-Pay, I-picture, i-pou, i-powered, I-preserve, I-preserves, I-pursue, I-pursues, I-r-a, i-radioimmunoassay, i-real, i-restricted, i-s, i-said, i-saw-it-all, I-scream, i-show, I-spy, i-style, i-surface, I-sus, i-t, i-the, i-think, i-thou, i-threes, i-told-so-you-so, i-told-you-so, i-too, i-treated, I-tron, I-type, I-V, i-vi, i-view-you, I-vi-ii-v, I-v-iv-iii, i-wannabe-loved, i-want-you-back, I-War, i-was, i-wb, i-will-do-anything-for-you, i-x, i-xiv, I-y, i-you, i-zing, I-zingari.

Ending with "i": but-i, Cle-i, g-i, igf-i, i-i, jamaat-i, jamiat-i, pepsinogen-i, saw-i, Tdf-i, think-i, t-i, ultrasparc-i.

Containing "i": Diwan-i-am, d-i-y, d-i-yer, d-i-yers, Hezb-i-wahdat, Karl-i-bond, Koh-i-noor, Mazar-i-sharif.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: I

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day		ExpressionFrequency
per Day

i won

7,980

i believe

579

i friend

5,076

i spy

574

i love you

3,014

i miss you

573

all i have

1,603

buffys i i michelle

555

i love lucy

1,384

i i t wasn wish

539

all i can do

1,177

i will survive

533

i can only imagine

1,163

boy chase i must not

508

what i want you to know

1,044

now thats what i call music

501

i ching

1,008

i sold my house.com

498

i dream of jeannie

1,001

i wish

490

i 9 form

999

i hope you dance

469

belong i somewhere

879

i lord

462

i mesh

869

i 9

461

breakers d i line square

802

i love you poem

459

bank i m

740

i q test

438

i m glad

692

when i m gone

404

m i

672

i hate everything

402

i love movie

631

i lyrics survive will

402

i bond

599

drove i night

393

10 things i hate about you

599

i do

388
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: I

Language Translations for "i"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Afrikaans

  

ek (me). (various references)

   

Albanian

  

sipas mendimit tim (as I think, in my opinion), me sa e di unë (for aught I know). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏لو كنت في محلك (if I were you), ‏لو كنت أعلم (if I had known), ‏غير مطلع (not I). (various references)

   

Basque

  

dudana (that I have), ditudala (that I have them), ahal izan (be able to, be allowed to, can I, may I). (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

както си мисля (as I think). (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

老漢 (old man), 鄙人 (your humble servant), 予 (to give), 朕 (subtle, we), 本人 (in person, oneself, personal), 我 (me, myself), 吾 (my), 余 (after, extra, me, remaining, surplus), 俺 . (various references)

   

Czech

  

pro mne za mne (for all I care), pokud vím (as far as I know), podle mého názoru (as I see it, in my opinion, to my mind), mohu vám pomoct? (can I help you?), mohu si vzít jablko? (can I have an apple?), máte vybráno? (can I take your order?), kde budu přesedat? (where do I change?), ach tak (oh I see), až budu v dùchodu (when I am retired). (various references)

   

Danish

  

I antigen (antigen I), ichthyosis gravis (harlequin foetus, ichthyosis congenita, ichthyosis congenita gravis RIECKE, type I), GD I (DG I, External economic relations), fistel i dura mater med venøs drænage (type I dural fistula), Flerårigt EF-program vedrørende dataudveksling mellem administrationerne (Multiannual Community programme to support the implementation of trans-European networks for the i nterchange of d ata between a dministrations, Multiannual Community programme to support the implementation of trans-European networks for the interchange of data between administrations), forsoegene er udfoert med et Leitz-tyndalloscop, et Sartorius HS-konimeter, en Casella standard model termovaegt, et Gothe filter og et BAT-1-apparat (the Casella standard model, the devices tested were the Leitz tyndalloscope, the Gothe filter and the BAT I apparatus, the Sartorius HS-konimeter), økonomiske Forbindelser med tredjelande (DG I, External economic relations), gargoylismus (dysostosis multiplex, Hurler disease, Hurler syndrome, Hurler's disease, Hurler's syndrome, lipochondrodystrophy, mucopolysaccharidosis I), førstegangsfødende (para I, primipara, primiparous woman), Gensidigt informationssystem om den sociale sikring i Fællesskabet (Mutual information system on social protection in the Community-C ommunity i nformation s ystem on s ocial p rotection), Golgiceller (axiramificate cells, Golgi cells, Golgi cells type I, inner cells), gruppe I (group I, stage I), harlekinfoster (harlequin foetus, ichthyosis congenita, ichthyosis congenita gravis RIECKE, type I), fraktur af dens axis type I (type I odontoid fracture), Cohn fraktion I (Cohn fraction I), achondrogenesis type 1 (type I achondrogenesis), arbejdsstederne er blevet inddelt i klasserne 1 og 2 m.h.t. stoevbelastning (the workings were classified as of dustiness category I or II), calciumjodat,hexahidrat (anhydrous, calcium iodate, hexahydrate, Iodine-I, potassium iodide, sodium iodide), calciumjodat,vandfrit (anhydrous, calcium iodate, hexahydrate, Iodine-I, potassium iodide, sodium iodide), calculus (calculus I), fejl af type I (alpha-error, error of first kind, error of the first kind, rejection error, type I error, type one error), Cinerin I (Cinerin I), fejl af 1.orden (alpha-error, error of first kind, error of the first kind, rejection error, type I error, type one error), Cushing's syndrom (Cushing syndrome I, Cushing's syndrome), E2 (anhydrous, calcium iodate, hexahydrate, Iodine-I, potassium iodide, sodium iodide), Europæisk integration som universitetsfag (European Integration in University Studies(1990-93), JEAN MONNET PROJECT I), Fællesskabets handlingsprogram til fordel for handicappede (Community action programme for disabled people.(H andicapped people in the E C l iving i ndependently in an o pen s ociety), HELIOS), Fællesskabsaktion vedrørende anvendelse af informationsteknologi og telekommunikation i sundhedssektoren-avanceret informatik på det medicinske område-sonderende aktion (Community action in the field of information technology and telecommunications applied to health care-A dvanced i nformatics in m edicine-Exploratory action), Fællesskabsinitiativ,der skal forberede virksomheder til det indre marked (Community initiative concerning the preparation of businesses for the Single Market(P reparation of R egional I ndustry for the S ingle Ma rket), PRISMA), cerebro-medullær malformation Arnold Chiari type I (Chiari I herniation, Chiari I malformation, Chiari malformation type I), natriumjodid (anhydrous, calcium iodate, hexahydrate, Iodine-I, potassium iodide, sodium iodide), udbyttebeviser udstedt af aktie-eller anpartsselskaber er vaerdipapirer,hvis nominelle paalydende er blevet tilbagebetalt,og hvis ihaendehavere bevarer deres status af medejere af selskabet.Disse vaerdipapirer giver ret til andel i det overskud,der er til (these are shares whose capital has been repaid but which are retained by the holders who continue to be joint owners and to be entitled to a share in the profits left after dividends have been paid on the remaining registered capital and also to a share i), type-I fordeling (type I distribution), type I-prøve (type I test), type I supraleder (type I superconductor), type I stikprøveudvælgelse (type I sampling), type I og II-sandsynligheder (type I and II probabilities), tællermodel,type I (counter model, type I), stadium I (group I, stage I), sprog I (language I, mother tongue), seismisk klasse I struktur (class I seismic structure), Programmet for faglig bistand til Samfundet af Uafhængige Stater (Programme for t echnical a ssistance to the C ommonwealth of I ndependent S tates, TACIS), Program for De Europæiske Fællesskaber på området for informationsteknologi og telekommunikation i forbindelse med vejtransport (Community programme in the field of road transport informatics and telecommunications(D edicated R oad I nfrastructure for V ehicle Safety in E urope)), Hodgkins sygdom stadium I (stage I Hodgkin's disease), Langtidsprogram for anvendelsen af telematik til fællesskabsinformationssystemer vedrørende indførsel og udførsel samt forvaltning af og den finansielle kontrol med markedsordningerne for landbrugsvarer (CADDIA, Long-term programme for the use of telematics for Community information systems concerned with imports/exports and the management and financial control of agricultural market organizations-(C ooperation in a utomation of d ata and d ocumentation for i mpo), Undervisning om europæisk integration på universitetet (European Integration in University Studies(1990-93), JEAN MONNET PROJECT I), Jod-I (anhydrous, calcium iodate, hexahydrate, Iodine-I, potassium iodide, sodium iodide), kaliumjodid (anhydrous, calcium iodate, hexahydrate, Iodine-I, potassium iodide, sodium iodide), kardiomyopeksi ad modum Beck (Beck I operation), keratoma diffusum congenitum (harlequin foetus, ichthyosis congenita, ichthyosis congenita gravis RIECKE, type I), primipara (para I, primipara, primiparous woman). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

internationale verdragen van Bern van 7 februari 1970 betreffende het goederenvervoer per spoor(CIM)en betreffende het vervoer van reizigers en bagage per spoor(CIV),met additioneel protocol alsmede protocollen I en II van 9 november 1973 van de diplomati (Berne International Conventions of 7 February 1970 on the carriage of goods by rail(CIM)and the carriage of passengers and luggage by rail(CIV), with Additional Protocol and Protocols I and II of 9 November 1973 of the Diplomatic Conference for the implementation of the Conventions), I-antigeen (antigen I), Hurler-syndroom (Hurler disease, Hurler syndrome, Hurler's disease, Hurler's syndrome, lipochondrodystrophy, mucopolysaccharidosis I), E2 (anhydrous, calcium iodate, hexahydrate, Iodine-I, potassium iodide, sodium iodide), ectodermosis erosiva pluriorificialis (Fuchs syndrome I), Eerste wereldoorlog (World War I), fase-I klinische trial (clinical trial phase I), fout van de eerste soort (alpha-error, error of first kind, error of the first kind, rejection error, type I error, type one error), fractie I van Cohn (Cohn fraction I), achondrogenese type I (type I achondrogenesis), groep I (group I, stage I), de werkpunten werden ingedeeld in de stofbelastingscategorieën klasse I respectievelijk klasse II (the workings were classified as of dustiness category I or II), Jodium-I (anhydrous, calcium iodate, hexahydrate, Iodine-I, potassium iodide, sodium iodide), Jood-I (anhydrous, calcium iodate, hexahydrate, Iodine-I, potassium iodide, sodium iodide), joodkalium (anhydrous, calcium iodate, hexahydrate, Iodine-I, potassium iodide, sodium iodide), kaliumjodide (anhydrous, calcium iodate, hexahydrate, Iodine-I, potassium iodide, sodium iodide), klasse I (class I), fractuur Le Fort I (Le Fort I fracture, LeFort type 1 fracture), Cinerine I (Cinerin I), adjudant-chef (Chief Master Sergeant, sergeant major, Warrant Officer, warrant officer I), Afdeling Leerlingwezen I (Apprenticeship System I Division), alpha-fout (alpha-error, error of first kind, error of the first kind, rejection error, type I error, type one error), Als je begrijpt wat ik bedoel (If you know what I mean), basophilismus pituitarius (Cushing syndrome I, Cushing's syndrome), Buitenlandse economische betrekkingen (DG I, External economic relations), calciumjodaat,hexahydraat (anhydrous, calcium iodate, hexahydrate, Iodine-I, potassium iodide, sodium iodide), DG I (DG I, External economic relations), Chiari type 1 malformatie (Chiari I herniation, Chiari I malformation, Chiari malformation type I), densfractuur type 1 volgens Anderson en D'Alonso (type I odontoid fracture), Communautair actieprogramma voor gehandicapten (Community action programme for disabled people.(H andicapped people in the E C l iving i ndependently in an o pen s ociety), HELIOS), Communautair initiatief om het bedrijfsleven voor te bereiden op de eenwording van de Europese markt (Community initiative concerning the preparation of businesses for the Single Market(P reparation of R egional I ndustry for the S ingle Ma rket), PRISMA), Communautair programma op het gebied van informatica en telecommunicatie voor het wegvervoer (Community programme in the field of road transport informatics and telecommunications(D edicated R oad I nfrastructure for V ehicle Safety in E urope)), Communautaire meerjarige actie betreffende de totstandbrenging van transeuropese telematicanetwerken ten behoeve van de uitwisseling van gegevens tussen overheidsdiensten (Multiannual Community programme to support the implementation of trans-European networks for the i nterchange of d ata between a dministrations, Multiannual Community programme to support the implementation of trans-European networks for the interchange of data between administrations), De Europese integratie in de universitaire opleiding (European Integration in University Studies(1990-93), JEAN MONNET PROJECT I), de proeven werden uitgevoerd met de tyndalloscoop van Leitz, de conimeter van Sartorius, de thermische precipitator standaardmodel Casella, het filterapparaat van Gothe en het B. A. T. - apparaat (the Casella standard model, the devices tested were the Leitz tyndalloscope, the Gothe filter and the BAT I apparatus, the Sartorius HS-konimeter), cellen van Golgi (Golgi cells, Golgi cells type I), tellermodel van type I (counter model, type I), klasse I-apparatuur (class I equipment), Programma voor technische bijstand aan het Gemenebest van Onafhankelijke Staten (Programme for t echnical a ssistance to the C ommonwealth of I ndependent S tates, TACIS), stadium I (group I, stage I), stadium I van de ziekte van Hodgkin (stage I Hodgkin's disease), steekproefname van type I (type I sampling), syndroom van Cushing (Cushing syndrome I, Cushing's syndrome), Programma op lange termijn inzake het gebruik van telematica voor de communautaire informatiesystemen betreffende in-en uitvoer en het beheer en de financiële controle van landbouwmarktordeningen (CADDIA, Long-term programme for the use of telematics for Community information systems concerned with imports/exports and the management and financial control of agricultural market organizations-(C ooperation in a utomation of d ata and d ocumentation for i mpo), taal I (language I, mother tongue), proef van type I (type I test), type I durale fistel (type I dural fistula), type I supergeleider (type I superconductor), type-I-fout (alpha-error, error of first kind, error of the first kind, rejection error, type I error, type one error), verdeling van type I (type I distribution), waarschijnlijkheid van twee steekproeven (type I and II probabilities). (various references)

   

Faeroese

  

eg. (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

من(درحال مفعولی meگفته میشود), نهمین حرف الفبای انگلیسی . (various references)

   

Finnish

  

minä (the ego). (various references)

   

Flemish

  

ik. (various references)

   

French

  

je, moi, j'. (various references)

   

French Canadian

  

puis-je (can I), pourrais-je (could I). (various references)

   

Frisian

  

ikke. (various references)

   

Galician

  

eu. (various references)

   

German

  

ich (ego, me, myself, self). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

εγώ (ego, me). (various references)

   

Guarani

  

che (me, my). (various references)

   

Haitian Creole

  

m (me, my). (various references)

   

Hawaiian

  

unë. (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

אני. (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

én (ego, me, much less could I go). (various references)

   

Icelandic

  

ég. (various references)

   

Indonesian

  

saya (me). (various references)

   

Irish

  

mé (me). (various references)

   

Italian

  

io (ego, me). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

拙者 . (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

おれ, ないこう (coastwise service, inner harbour, internal or domestic discord, internal terms, introvert, lumen, quarreling among companions, settling in internal organs), ぐせい, しょうしょく (a humbleservant, light eating, one who generally eats little, spare diet), ぼく (choosing, divining, fixing, manservant, predicting, settling, telling a fortune), せっしゃ (close-up photography), わたくし (myself, private affairs), わたし (delivery, ferry, myself, private affairs), あたし, わがはい, わらわ, だいこう (acting as agent, lecturing, substitute). (various references)

   

Korean 

  

나 지불하십시요 (I-Pay). (various references)

   

Luganda

  

njogereramu (I speak some), mbadde (I had), naakulaba (I will seeyou), nagenze (I went), ndowooza (I think), neetonze (I have apologized), ngenda (I will go), nina (I have), banzaala (I was born), njagala (I like, wanted), sitegedde (I didn't understand), nkomawo (I return at), nkutegeera (I understand you), nsanyuse (am glad, I am happy), nsiibye (I have been), ntegedde (I have understood), nze (I am me), simanyi (I don't know), nja (I will). (various references)

   

Luxembourgish

  

mir (we), mech (me, myself), ech (you). (various references)

   

Malagasy

  

aho. (various references)

   

Malay

  

aku. (various references)

   

Manx

  

mish (myself, myself emph, yours affectionately), mee (me, month; loin). (various references)

   

Norwegian

  

jeg. (various references)

   

Occitan

  

poder (be able, be allowed, can I, may I). (various references)

   

Papiamen

  

mi (my), ami. (various references)

   

Pidgin English

  

a (a). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

iay.(various references)

   

Polish

  

ja. (various references)

   

Portuguese

  

eu (ego, self). (various references)

   

Quechua

  

noqa. (various references)

   

Romanian

  

eu (myself). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

эго (ego), я;у меня;мне, я (me). (various references)

   

Scottish

  

mi (me). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

slovo engleske abecede (x), ja (ego, self-hood). (various references)

   

Slovene

  

jaz, ja (yes). (various references)

   

Somali

  

waan (I am), baan, ayaan, aan (doesn't (make), that I). (various references)

   

Sotho

  

nna, ke (is, it is, she is), ho (it, that, the, to). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

yo (me, self). (various references)

   

Sranan

  

mi. (various references)

   

Swahili

  

mimi (me). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

jag (me, self). (various references)

   

Tagalog

  

kong (mine, my), ko (my), akong, ako (me), aking (my). (various references)

   

Thai

  

เสียงสระในภาษาอังกฤษ. (various references)

   

Tswana

  

kene, ke (it is), ka (at, be, by, more, on, on the, that). (various references)

   

Turkish

  

ben (beauty spot, ego, mole, myself, nevus). (various references)

   

Turkmen 

  

men (me). (various references)

   

Ukrainian

  

уперше чую (well I never, you never did), уперше бачу (well I never), цікаво знати (I wonder), та ну (I say, indeed), ось тобі на (well I never), оце так (blimey, phew, well I never), не знаю (I wonder), мені абсолютно байдуже (I don't care a whit), придумав (I have it), послухайте (I say, look here, say, see here). (various references)

   

Welsh

  

i (for, in order to, inside, into, me, per, to, within), myfi (me, myself), mi (me), fi (me). (various references)

   

Wolof

  

naa (I am, it), maa. (various references)

   

Xhosa

  

ndithemba (I hope), andisithethi (I do not speak), andivisisi (I do not under-stand well), ndasebenza (I worked), ndicela (May I please), ndicinga (I think), ndifika (I arrive), ndikwazi (I can, I know), ndilahlekile (I am lost), ndilale (I slept), ndineminyaka (I have years), ndingaze (I can), andikadibani (I haven't meet), ndithanda (I like), ndizosuka (I will leave), ndiyabulela (I am thanking you, I thank you), ndiyacela (I am asking), ndiyakuva (I hear you), ndiyaphila (Hallo, I am fine/well, I am well/fine), ndiyathemba (I hope), ndiyavisisa (I hear clearly), ndiyavuya (I am glad, I am happy/glad, I'm glad/happy), ndiyaxolisa (I am sorry/ I apologise), ndiye (I went), ndizalwe (I was born), ndizobuya (I will come back), ndinqwenela (I wish). (various references)

   

Zulu

  

ngi-, mina. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: I

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Latin500 BCE-Modern

ego. (various references)

Avestan200-600

azem, nâ, nå, nê. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Bible Trace: I

LanguageDateSourceMatthew Chapter 11, Verse 22
Greek (transliterated)250 BCSeptuagintPlhn legw umin turw kai sidwni anektoteron estai en hmera krisewV h umin
Latin405VulgateVerumtamen dico vobis Tyro et Sidoni remissius erit in die iudicii quam vobis
Old English990West SaxonÞeah ic segge ync tyre & sydoniebyoð for-gyfendlicur on domes daig þanneeow.
Middle English1395WyclifNetheles Y seie to you, it schal be lesse peyne to Tire and Sidon in the dai of doom, than to you.
Renaissance English1526TyndaleNeverthelesse I say to you: it shall be esier for Tyre and Sidon at the day of iudgemet then for you.
Jacobean English1611King JamesBut I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment, than for you.
Victorian English1833WebsterBut I say to you, It shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment, than for you.
Basic English1964OgdenBut I say to you, It will be better for Tyre and Sidon in the day of judging, than for you.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Matched Bible Translations: I

LanguageMatthew Chapter 11, Verse 22
CebuanoApan sultihan ko kamo, nga sa adlaw sa hukom, maarang-arang pa unya alang sa Tiro ug sa Sidon kay kaninyo.
CroatianAli kažem vam: Tiru i Sidonu bit æe na Dan sudnji lakše negoli vama."
DanishMen jeg siger eder: Det skal gå Tyrus og Sidon tåleligere på Dommens Dag end eder.
DutchDoch Ik zeg u: Het zal Tyrus en Sidon verdragelijker zijn in den dag des oordeels, dan ulieden.
FinnishMutta minä sanon teille: Tyyron ja Siidonin on tuomiopäivänä oleva helpompi kuin teidän.
FrenchC`est pourquoi je vous le dis: au jour du jugement, Tyr et Sidon seront traitées moins rigoureusement que vous.
GermanDoch ich sage euch: Es wird Tyrus und Sidon erträglicher gehen am Jüngsten Gericht als euch.
Haitian CreoleSe poutèt sa m'ap di nou: Jou jijman an, y'a peni nou pi rèd pase moun lavil Tir ak moun lavil Sidon yo.
HungarianDe mondom néktek: Tirusnak és Sidonnak könnyebb dolga lesz az ítélet napján, hogynem néktek.
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hariIngatlah, pada Hari Kiamat, orang-orang Tirus dan Sidon akan lebih mudah diampuni Allah daripada kalian!
Indonesian-Terjemahan LamaTetapi Aku berkata kepadamu: Bahwa pada hari kiamat terlebih ringan siksa Tsur dan Sidon daripada siksa kamu.
ItalianEbbene io ve lo dico: Tiro e Sidone nel giorno del giudizio avranno una sorte meno dura della vostra.
LatvianBet es jums saku: Tirai un Sidonai tiesas dienâ tiks vieglâk piedots nekâ jums.
Manx GaelicAgh ta mee gra riu, Dy bee kerraghey s'eddrym er ny choyrt er Tyre as Sidon ec laa ny briwnys, na vees er ny choyrt erriuish.
MaoriKo taku kupu ia tenei ki a koutou, Erangi to Taira raua ko Hairona e mama i te ra whakawa i to korua.
NorwegianDog, jeg sier eder: Det skal gå Tyrus og Sidon tåleligere på dommens dag enn eder.
RumanianDe aceea vq spun cq, kn ziua judecqyii, va fi mai uwor pentru Tir wi Sidon deckt pentru voi.
RussianОП ЗПЧПТА ЧБН: фЙТХ Й уЙДПОХ ПФТБДОЕЕ ВХДЕФ Ч ДЕОШ УХДБ, ОЕЦЕМЙ ЧБН.
ShuarTura Wisha Tájarme, nekapsatin tsawant jeamtai Yus atumin Tí asuttiamattarme. Tirunmaya shuaran nankaamas tura Setunnumia shuaran nankaamas asuttiamattarme.'
SwahiliHata hivyo nawaambieni, Siku ya hukumu, ninyi mtapata adhabu kubwa kuliko Tiro na Sidoni.
SwedishMen jag säger eder: För Tyrus och Sidon skall det på domens dag bliva drägligare än för eder.
UmaJadi', bona ni'inca: hi Eo Kiama mpai', meliu-pi pehuku' -na Alata'ala hi koi' ngkai pehuku' -na hi to Tirus pai' to Sidon.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Misspellings: I

Misspellings

"I" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: iq, iu. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Anagrams: I

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

 Words containing the letters "i"
 

+1 letter: ai, bi, hi, id, if, in, is, it, li, mi, pi, si, ti, xi.

 

+2 letters: aid, ail, aim, ain, air, ais, ait, ami, ani, bib, bid, big, bin, bio, bis, bit, biz, chi, cig, cis, dib, did, die, dig, dim, din, dip, dis, dit, dui, fib, fid, fie, fig, fil, fin, fir, fit, fix, fiz, ghi, gib, gid, gie, gig, gin, gip, git, hic, hid, hie, him, hin, hip, his, hit, ice, ich, ick, icy, ids, iff, ifs, ilk, ill, imp, ink, inn, ins, ion, ire, irk, ism, its, ivy, jib, jig, jin, khi, kid, kif, kin, kip, kir, kit, koi, lei, lib, lid, lie, lin, lip, lis, lit, mib, mid, mig, mil, mim, mir, mis, mix, nib, nil, nim, nip, nit, nix, obi, oil, phi, pia, pic, pie, pig, pin, pip, pis, pit, piu, pix, poi, psi, rei, ria, rib, rid, rif, rig, rim, rin, rip, sei, sib, sic, sim, sin, sip, sir, sis, sit, six, ski, sri, tic, tie, til, tin, tip, tis, tui, via, vie, vig, vim, vis, wig, win, wis, wit, wiz, xis, yid, yin, yip, zig, zin, zip, zit.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern 		5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Images: Digital Art 		9. Sounds
10. Quotations: Familiar
11. Quotations: Historic
12. Quotations: Fiction 		13. Quotations: Non-fiction
14. Quotations: Spoken
15. Quotations: Speeches
16. Usage Frequency 		17. Names: Derived from
18. Names: Company Usage
19. Expressions
20. Expressions: Internet 		21. Translations: Modern
22. Translations: Ancient
23. Bible Trace
24. Abbreviations 		25. Acronyms
26. Derivations
27. Anagrams
28. Bibliography


  

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