Webster's Online Dictionary
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Definition: Jesus

Part of Speech Definition
Noun 1. A teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29).[Wordnet]
2. The Savior; the name of the Son of God as announced by the angel to his parents; the personal name of Our Lord, in distinction from Christ, his official appellation.[Websters].

Sources: WordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

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"Jesus" is a common misspelling or typo for: jests.

Date "Jesus" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1120. (references)

Common Expressions: Jesus

Expressions Definition
Agrapha of Jesus The logia agrapha (Greek for "unwritten words") refers to the sayings of Jesus Christ that are not found found in the canonical Gospels of the Bible but are found in other New Testament or early Christian writings. (references)
Alexander De Jesus Alexander De Jesus (born February 2, 1983) is a Puerto Rican boxer who is a native of San Juan, Puerto Rico. (references)
Ana de Jesus de Bragança Ana de Jesus Maria of Braganza (Mafra, October 23 1806-Rome, June 22 1857) was a Portuguese infanta and last daughter of King John VI of Portugal and his wife Carlota Joaquina of Borbón. (references)
Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus The Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus is the oldest Spanish-speaking Oneness Pentecostal denomination in the United States. It was founded in 1925 and incorporated in California on March 15, 1930. The first Bishop President elected was Francisco Llorente, who was baptized by Juan Navarro, a participant in the Azusa Street Revival. Its predominant ministry has been to Spanish-speaking immigrants to the United States. (references)
Aquarian Gospel of Jesus Christ An account of Jesus's life, written by Levi H. Dowling, who claimed to have transcribed it from the akashic records. (references)
Aramaic of Jesus It is generally accepted that Aramaic was the mother tongue of Jesus. This article explores the use of Aramaic in the New Testament, as attributed to Jesus and others. (references)
Are You There God? It's me, Jesus Are You There God? It's me, Jesus is episode 316 of the Comedy Central series South Park. It originally aired December 29, 1999 and featured the then-nearing end of the second millennium. (references)
Baptism of Jesus The Baptism of Jesus is the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. The event is an important moment in the New Testament and is the foundation of the Christian baptism rituals. (references)
Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ The Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ World-Wide, Inc. is an organization of African-American Pentecostal churches. (references)
Bom Jesus Basilica The Bom Jesus Basilica is in Goa, India. The basilica holds the mortal remains of St Francis Xavier. It is just 2km from the city of Panjim. The church is located in Old Goa, which was the capital of Goa in the early days of Portuguese rule. (references)
------------------ 101 common expressions abridged ---------------

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Expressions: Jesus

Expressions Domain Definition
9 inches of throbbing purple Jesus Slang Adjective. Source: Linguistic 101 students at the University of Oregon. Definition: To hurt someone (used in male to male disagreements only) with the imaginary power of your dick. Context: A declared statement, put in any sentence when two (friends) are arguing, as a somewhat comical means to an end. Social Source: Excessive Carousers . Source: Compiled by The University of Oregon. (additional references)
Jesus Christ Bible "The life and character of Jesus Christ," says Dr. Schaff, "is the holy of holies in the history of the world." 1. NAME. --The name Jesus signifies savior. It is the Greek form of JEHOSHUA (Joshua). The name Christ signifies anointed. Jesus was both priest and king. Among the Jews priests were anointed, as their inauguration to their office. (1 Chronicles 16:22) In the New Testament the name Christ is used as equivalent to the Hebrew Messiah (anointed), (John 1:41) the name given to the long-promised Prophet and King whom the Jews had been taught by their prophets to expect. (Matthew 11:3; Acts 19:4) The use of this name, as applied to the Lord, has always a reference to the promises of the prophets. The name of Jesus is the proper name of our Lord, and that of Christ is added to identify him with the promised Messiah. Other names are sometimes added to the names Jesus Christ, thus, "Lord," "a king," "King of Israel," "Emmanuel," "Son of David," "chosen of God." II. BIRTH. --Jesus Christ was born of the Virgin Mary, God being his father, at Bethlehem of Judea, six miles south of Jerusalem. The date of his birth was most probably in December, B.C. 5, four years before the era from which we count our years. That era was not used till several hundred years after Christ. The calculations were made by a learned monk, Dionysius Exiguus, in the sixth century, who made an error of four years; so that to get the exact date from the birth of Christ we must add four years to our usual dates; i.e. A.D. 1882 is really 1886 years since the birth of Christ. It is also more than likely that our usual date for Christmas, December 25, is not far from the real date of Christ�s birth. Since the 25th of December comes when the longest night gives way to the returning sun on his triumphant march, it makes an appropriate anniversary to make the birth of him who appeared in the darkest night of error and sin as the true Light of the world. At the time of Christ�s birth Augustus Caesar was emperor of Rome, and Herod the Great king of Judea, but subject of Rome. God�s providence had prepared the world for the coming of Christ, and this was the fittest time in all its history. 2. All the world was subject to one government, so that the apostles could travel everywhere: the door of every land was open for the gospel. 3. The world was at peace, so that the gospel could have free course. 4. The Greek language was spoken everywhere with their other languages. 5. The Jews were scattered everywhere with synagogues and Bibles. III. EARLY LIFE. --Jesus, having a manger at Bethlehem for his cradle, received a visit of adoration from the three wise men of the East. At forty days old he was taken to the temple at Jerusalem; and returning to Bethlehem, was soon taken to Egypt to escape Herod�s massacre of the infants there. After a few months stay there, Herod having died in April, B.C. 4, the family returned to their Nazareth home, where Jesus lived till he was about thirty years old, subject to his parent, and increasing "in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and man." The only incident recorded of his early life is his going up to Jerusalem to attend the Passover when he was twelve years old, and his conversation with the learned men in the temple. But we can understand the childhood and youth of Jesus better when we remember the surrounding influences amid which he grew. 6. The natural scenery was rugged and mountainous, but full of beauty. He breathed the pure air. He lived in a village, not in a city. 7. The Roman dominion was irksome and galling. The people of God were subject to a foreign yoke. The taxes were heavy. Roman soldiers, laws, money, every reminded them of their subjection, when they ought to be free and themselves the rulers of the world. When Jesus was ten years old, there was a great insurrection, (Acts 5:37) in Galilee. He who was to be King of the Jews heard and felt all this. 8. The Jewish hopes of a Redeemer, of throwing off their bondage, of becoming the glorious nation promised in the prophet, were in the very air he breathed. The conversation at home and in the streets was full of them. 9. Within his view, and his boyish excursions, were many remarkable historic places, --rivers, hills, cities, plains, --that would keep in mind the history of his people and God�s dealings with them. 10. His school training. Mr. Deutsch, in the Quarterly Review, says, "Eighty years before Christ, schools flourished throughout the length and the breadth of the land: education had been made compulsory. While there is not a single term for �school� to be found before the captivity, there were by that time about a dozen in common usage. Here are a few of the innumerable popular sayings of the period: �Jerusalem was destroyed because the instruction of the young was neglected.� �The world is only saved by the breath of the school-children.� �Even for the rebuilding of the temple the schools must not be interrupted.�" 11. His home training. According to Ellicott, the stages of Jewish childhood were marked as follows: "At three the boy was weaned, and word for the first time the fringed or tasseled garment prescribed by (Numbers 15:38-41) and Deuteronomy 22:12 His education began at first under the mother�s care. At five he was to learn the law, at first by extracts written on scrolls of the more important passages, the Shema or creed of (2:4) the Hallel or festival psalms, Psalm 114, 118, 136, and by catechetical teaching in school. At twelve he became more directly responsible for his obedience of the law; and on the day when he attained the age of thirteen, put on for the first time the phylacteries which were worn at the recital of his daily prayer." In addition to this, Jesus no doubt learned the carpenter�s trade of his reputed father Joseph, and, as Joseph probably died before Jesus began his public ministry, he may have contributed to the support of his mother. (IV. PUBLIC MINISTRY. --All the leading events recorded of Jesus� life are given at the end of this volume in the Chronological Chart and in the Chronological Table of the life of Christ; so that here will be given only a general survey. Jesus began to enter upon his ministry when he was "about thirty years old;" that is, he was not very far from thirty, older or younger. He is regarded as nearly thirty-one by Andrews (in the tables of chronology referred to above) and by most others. Having been baptized by John early in the winter of 26-27, he spent the larger portion of his year in Judea and about the lower Jordan, till in December he went northward to Galilee through Samaria. The next year and a half, from December, A.D. 27, to October or November, A.D. 29, was spent in Galilee and northern Palestine, chiefly in the vicinity of the Sea of Galilee. In November, 29, Jesus made his final departure from Galilee, and the rest of his ministry was in Judea and Perea, beyond Jordan, till his crucifixion, April 7, A.D. 30. After three days he proved his divinity by rising from the dead; and after appearing on eleven different occasions to his disciples during forty days, he finally ascended to heaven, where he is the living, ever present, all-powerful Savior of his people. Jesus Christ, being both human and divine, is fitted to be the true Savior of men. In this, as in every action and character, he is shown to be "the wisdom and power of God unto salvation." As human, he reaches down to our natures, sympathizes with us, shows us that God knows all our feelings and weaknesses and sorrows and sins, brings God near to us, who otherwise could not realize the Infinite and Eternal as a father and friend. He is divine, in order that he may be an all-powerful, all-loving Savior, able and willing to defend us from every enemy, to subdue all temptations, to deliver from all sin, and to bring each of his people, and the whole Church, into complete and final victory. Jesus Christ is the center of the world�s history, as he is the center of the Bible. --ED.). (references)
Jesus Christ MultiLingual Slang Lituanaian (Yeso Christo). (references)
Jesus Paper Literature Paper of very large size, chiefly used for engravings. Originally it was stamped with the initials I.H.S. (q.v.). Source: Brewer's Dictionary.
Jesus the son of Sirach Bible See Ecclesiasticus. (references)
Sweet Jesus Health Heroin. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Extended Definition: Jesus

Jesus

Jesus of Nazareth

6th-century mosaic of Jesus at Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna. Though depictions of Jesus are culturally important, no undisputed record of Jesus' appearance is known to exist.
Born 7–2 BC/BCE
Bethlehem, Judea (traditional)
Died 26–36 AD/CE
Calvary, Judea. (According to the New Testament, he rose on the third day after his death.)
Cause of death Crucifixion (Muslim scholars dispute the Gospel claim that Jesus was crucified)
Resting place Traditionally and temporarily, a garden tomb located in what is now the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[1]
Ethnicity Jewish
Occupation Carpenter, itinerant preacher, Rabbi
Home town Nazareth, Galilee, current Israel

Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC/BCE — 26–36 AD/CE),[2][3] also known as Jesus Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and is revered by most Christian churches as the Son of God and the fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecy of the Messiah. The Nicene Creed, the dominant confession of Christianity since the 4th century, states that Jesus is not only human but divine, " being of one substance with the Father" and, as such, a person of the Trinity. Islam considers Jesus a prophet, and he is an important figure in several other religions. Judaism rejects the claim that Jesus is the Messiah foretold in the Hebrew Bible.

The principal sources of information regarding Jesus' life and teachings are the four canonical gospels, especially the Synoptics,[4] though some scholars argue that other texts (such as the Gospel of Thomas) are as relevant as the canonical gospels to the historical Jesus.[5] Most critical scholars in the fields of history and biblical studies believe that some parts of the ancient texts on Jesus are useful for reconstructing his life,[6][7][8][9] agreeing that Jesus was a Galilean Jew who was regarded as a teacher and healer. They also generally accept that he was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman Prefect of Judaea Pontius Pilate, on the charge of sedition against the Roman Empire.[10][11] Aside from these few conclusions, academic studies remain inconclusive about the chronology, the central message of Jesus' preaching, his social class, cultural environment, and religious orientation.[12] Scholars offer competing descriptions of Jesus as the awaited Messiah,[13] as a self-described Messiah, as the leader of an apocalyptic movement, as an itinerant sage, as a charismatic healer, and as the founder of an independent religious movement.

Christian views of Jesus (see also Christology) center on the belief that Jesus is divine, is the Messiah whose coming was prophesied in the Old Testament, and that he was resurrected after his crucifixion. Christians predominantly believe that Jesus is the "Son of God" (generally meaning that he is God the Son, the second person in the Trinity), who came to provide salvation and reconciliation with God by his death for their sins. Other Christian beliefs include Jesus' virgin birth, performance of miracles, ascension into Heaven, and a future Second Coming. While the doctrine of the Trinity is widely accepted by Christians, a small minority instead hold various nontrinitarian beliefs concerning the divinity of Jesus.[14]

In Islam, Jesus (Arabic: عيسى‎, commonly transliterated as Isa) is considered one of God's important prophets,[15][16] a bringer of scripture, and a worker of miracles. Jesus is also called "Messiah", but Islam does not teach that he was divine. Islam denies the death and resurrection of Jesus, believing instead that he ascended bodily to heaven.[17]

Etymology

Main articles: Yeshua and Yeshua (name)

“Jesus” is a transliteration, occurring in a number of languages and based on the Latin Iesus, of the Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs), itself a Hellenisation of the Hebrew יהושע (Yehoshua) or Hebrew-Aramaic ישוע (Yeshua), meaning “YHWH rescues”. "YHWH" is the name of God in the Hebrew tradition, often rendered as "the LORD" in English.

“Christ” is a title derived from the Greek Χριστός (Christós), meaning the “Anointed One”, a translation of the Hebrew-derived “Messiah” (Hebrew: מֹשִׁיַּח, Standard Mošíaḥ Tiberian Māšîªḥ).[18] A "Messiah" is a divine king, and Christians identify Jesus as the one foretold by Hebrew prophets.

Chronology

Main article: Chronology of Jesus

Scholars do not know the exact year or date of Jesus' birth or death. The Gospel of Matthew places Jesus' birth under the reign of Herod the Great, who died in 4 BC/BCE,[19] and the Gospel of Luke describes the birth as taking place during the first census of the Roman provinces of Syria and Iudaea in 6 AD/CE.[20] Scholars generally assume a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC/BCE.[21] Due to a fourth century arrangement to offset the pagan Roman Saturnalia festival, the birth of Jesus is celebrated on December 25. Since the thirteenth century, the celebration of Christmas ("Christ's Mass") has become an important Christian tradition.[22] The common Western standard for numbering years, in which the current year is 2009, is based on an early medieval attempt to count the years from Jesus' birth.

Jesus' ministry followed that of John the Baptist.[23] The Gospels, Josephus,[24] and Tacitus name Pontius Pilate as the Roman prefect who had Jesus crucified, and Pilate was prefect of Judea between 26 and 36 AD/CE.[25]Most Christians commemorate Jesus' crucifixion on Good Friday and celebrate his resurrection on Easter Sunday.

Life and teachings, as told in the Gospels

Main article: New Testament view on Jesus' life

The Bible's four canonical gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, are the principal sources for the Christian biography of Jesus' life as the miraculous Son of God. Critical scholars find valuable historical information about Jesus' life and ministry in the synoptic gospels but more or less discount much of the miraculous and theological content. According to the two-source hypothesis, Mark defined the sequence of events from Jesus' baptism to the empty tomb and included parables of the Kingdom of God. Separately, Matthew and Luke combined Mark's plot with Jesus' teachings from the hypothetical Q source. Finally, John represents a later tradition from Asia Minor (Anatolia), followed at last by Mark's traditional ending.

The Gospels (especially Matthew) present Jesus' birth, life, death, and resurrection as fulfillments of prophecies found in the Hebrew Bible. See, for example, the virgin birth, the flight into Egypt, Immanuel (Isaiah 7:14), and the suffering servant.[26]

Character of Jesus

Each gospel portrays Jesus' life and its meaning differently.[27][28] The gospel of John is not a biography of Jesus but a theological presentation of him as the divine Logos.[29] To combine these four stories into one story is tantamount to creating a fifth story, one different from each original.[28]

Mark presents Jesus as a heroic, charismatic man of action and mighty deeds.[27] Matthew portrays him especially as the fulfillment of Hebrew prophecy and as a greater Moses.[27] Luke emphasizes Jesus' miraculous powers and his support for the poor and for women.[27] John views Jesus' earthly life as a manifestation of the eternal Word.[27]

Major events in Jesus' life from the Gospels
  • Nativity of Jesus
  • Baptism
  • Temptation
  • Ministry
  • Commissioning Apostles and Disciples
  • Sermon on the Mount
  • Miracles
  • Rejection
  • Transfiguration
  • Giving the Evangelical councils
  • Entering Jerusalem
  • Cursing the Fig Tree
  • The Temple Incident
  • Giving the Great Commandment
  • Second Coming Prophecy
  • Promising a Paraclete
  • Anointing
  • Last Supper
  • The Passion:
    • Arrest
    • Sanhedrin Trial
    • Before Pilate
    • Crucifixion
  • Entombment
  • Empty Tomb
  • Resurrection appearances
    • Giving the Great Commission
  • Ascension

Logos

The Gospel of John opens with a hymn identifying Jesus as the divine Logos, or Word, that formed the universe (John 1:1-5;9-14).[30] Jesus' earthly life was the Logos incarnate (John 1:14).[30]

Genealogy and family

Main articles: Genealogy of Jesus, Desposyni, and Jesus bloodline
Jesus and Mary: Black Madonna of Częstochowa

Of the four gospels, only Matthew[31] and Luke[32] give accounts of Jesus' genealogy. The accounts in the two gospels are substantially different,[33] and contemporary scholars generally view the genealogies as theological constructs.[34] More specifically, some have suggested that Matthew wants to underscore birth of a messianic child of royal lineage (mentioning Solomon) whereas Luke's genealogy is priestly (mentioning Levi).[35] Both accounts trace his line back to King David and from there to Abraham. These lists are identical between Abraham and David, but they differ between David and Joseph. Matthew starts with Solomon and proceeds through the kings of Judah to the last king, Jeconiah. After Jeconiah, the line of kings terminated when Babylon conquered Judah. Thus, Matthew shows Jesus as a descendant of the kings of Israel. Luke's genealogy is longer than Matthew's; it goes back to Adam and provides more names between David and Jesus.

Joseph, husband of Mary, appears in descriptions of Jesus' childhood. No mention, however, is made of Joseph during the ministry of Jesus.

The New Testament books of Matthew, Mark, and Galatians tell of Jesus' relatives, including words sometimes translated as "brothers" and "sisters".[36][37] Luke also mentions that Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist, was a "cousin" or "relative" of Mary (Luke 1:36), which would make John a distant cousin of Jesus.

Nativity and early life

Main articles: Annunciation, Nativity of Jesus, and Child Jesus
Adoration of the Shepherds, Gerard van Honthorst, 17th century

According to Matthew and Luke, Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea to Mary, a virgin, by a miracle of the Holy Spirit.

In Luke, the angel Gabriel visits Mary to tell her that she was chosen to bear the Son of God (Luke 1:26–38). An order of Caesar Augustus had forced Mary and Joseph to leave their homes in Nazareth and come to the home of Joseph's ancestors, the house of David, for the Census of Quirinius. After Jesus' birth, the couple was forced to use a manger in place of a crib because of a shortage of accommodation (Luke 2:1–7). An angel announced Jesus' birth to shepherds who left their flocks to see the newborn child and who subsequently publicized what they had witnessed throughout the area (see The First Noël).

In Matthew, the "Wise Men" or "Magi" bring gifts to the infant Jesus after following a star which they believe was a sign that the King of the Jews had been born (Matthew 2:1–12). King Herod hears of Jesus' birth from the Wise Men and tries to kill him by massacring all the male children in Bethlehem under the age of two (the "massacre of the innocents").[38] The family flees to Egypt and remains there until Herod's death, whereupon they settle in Nazareth to avoid living under the authority of Herod's son and successor Archelaus (Matthew 2:19–23).

Jesus' childhood home is identified as the town of Nazareth in Galilee. Except for Matthew's "flight into Egypt", and a short trip to Tyre and Sidon (in what is now Lebanon), the Gospels place all other events in Jesus' life in ancient Israel.[39]

Baptism of Christ (ortodox icon)

Only Luke tells that Jesus was found teaching in the temple by his parents after being lost. The Finding in the Temple (Luke 2:41–52) is the only event between Jesus' infancy and baptism mentioned in any of the canonical Gospels, however infancy gospels were popular in antiquity. According to Luke, Jesus was "about thirty years of age" when he was baptized (Luke 3:23). In Mark, Jesus is called a carpenter. Matthew says he was a carpenter's son, however, the Greek word used in the Gospel is "tekton" meaning "builder", which suggests he could have been an artisan of some type as well.(Mark 6:3, Matthew 13:55).

Baptism and Temptation

Main articles: Baptism of Jesus, Temptation of Jesus, and John the Baptist

All three synoptic Gospels describe the Baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist, an event which Biblical scholars describe as the beginning of Jesus' public ministry. According to these accounts, Jesus came to the Jordan River where John the Baptist had been preaching and baptizing people in the crowd. After Jesus was baptized and rose from the water, Mark states Jesus "saw the heavens parting and the Spirit descending upon Him like a dove. Then a voice came from heaven saying: 'You are My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased'" (Mark 1:10–11).

Temptation of Christ, Ary Scheffer, 19th c.

Mark starts his narration with Jesus' baptism, specifying that it is a token of repentance and for forgiveness of sins.[27] Matthew omits this reference, emphasizing Jesus' superiority to John.[27][40] Matthew describes John as initially hesitant to comply with Jesus' request for John to baptize him, stating that it was Jesus who should baptize him. Jesus persisted, "It is proper for us to do this to fulfill all righteousness" (Matthew 3:15). In Matthew, God's public dedication informs the reader that Jesus has become God's anointed ("Christ").[27]

Following his baptism, Jesus was led into the desert by God where he fasted for forty days and forty nights (Matthew 4:1–2). During this time, the devil appeared to him and tempted Jesus three times. Each time, Jesus refused temptation with a quotation of scripture from the Book of Deuteronomy. The devil departed and angels came and brought nourishment to Jesus (Matthew 4:1–11, Mark 1:12–13, Luke 4:1–13).

The Gospel of John does not describe Jesus' baptism, or the subsequent Temptation, but it does attest that Jesus is the very one about whom John had been preaching — the Son of God. The Baptist twice declares Jesus to be the Lamb of God, a term found nowhere else in the Gospels. John also emphasizes Jesus' superiority over John.[27] John doesn't record Jesus' temptation in the wilderness. In John, Jesus leads a program of baptism in Judea, and his disciples baptize more people than John (John 3:22-23, John 4:1-3).

Ministry

Main articles: Ministry of Jesus, Sermon on the Mount, Sermon on the Plain, Twelve Apostles, and Transfiguration of Jesus

In the synoptics as well as in John, Jesus has a ministry of teaching and miracles, at least part of which is in Galilee.[41] In the synoptics, Jesus speaks in parables and aphorisms, exorcises demons, champions the poor and oppressed, and teaches mainly about the Kingdom of God.[6] In John, Jesus speaks in long discourses, with himself as the theme of his teaching.[6]

Jesus' purpose

Mark says that Jesus came to "give his life as a ransom for many"; [42] Luke, that he was sent to "preach the good news of the Kingdom of God",[43], and John, that he came so that "those who believed in him would have eternal life".[44]

Duration and location

John describes three different passover feasts over the course of Jesus' ministry, implying that Jesus preached for at least "two years plus a month or two".[45] The Synoptic Gospels suggest a span of only one year.[46][47] In the synoptics, Jesus' ministry takes place mainly in Galilee, until he travels to Jerusalem, where he cleanses the Temple and is executed.[48] In John, Jesus spends most of his ministry in and around Jerusalem, cleansing the temple at his ministry's beginning.[48]

Disciples

Main article: Twelve Apostles

In all four Gospels, Jesus calls some Jewish men to be his Twelve Apostles. None of them seems to have been a peasant (an agricultural worker). At least four are described as fishermen and another as a tax collector. Three of them are presented as being chosen to accompany Jesus on certain special occasions, such as the transfiguration of Jesus, the raising of the daughter of Jairus, and the Agony in the Garden. Jesus speaks of the demands of discipleship, telling a rich man to sell his possessions and give the money to the poor. He states that his message divides family members against each other.[49]

In Mark, the disciples are strangely obtuse, failing to understand Jesus' deeds and parables.[50] In Matthew, Jesus directs the apostles' mission only to those of the house of Israel (Matthew 15:24, Matthew 10:1-6). Also in Matthew, Jesus confers authority on Peter in particular and on the apostles in general, founding the Christian church. Luke places a special emphasis on the women who followed Jesus, such as Mary Magdalene.[51]

Teachings and preachings

Main articles: Sermon on the Mount and Sermon on the Plain
Sermon on the Mount, Carl Heinrich Bloch, 19th c.

In the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus speaks primarily about the Kingdom of God (or Heaven).[46] In Matthew and Luke, he speaks further about morality and prayer. In John, he speaks at length about himself and his divine role.[46]

At the height of his ministry, Jesus is said to have attracted huge crowds numbering in the thousands, primarily in the areas of Galilee and Perea (in modern-day Israel and Jordan respectively).[52]

Some of Jesus' most famous teachings come from the Sermon on the Mount, which contains the Beatitudes and the Lord's Prayer. It is one of five collections of teachings in Matthew.[38]

In the Synoptics, Jesus often employs parables, such as the Parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke) and the Parable of the Sower (all Synoptics).

His moral teachings in Matthew and Luke encourage unconditional self-sacrificing God-like love for God and for all people.[citation needed] During his sermons, he preached about service and humility, the forgiveness of sin, faith, turning the other cheek, love for one's enemies as well as friends, and the need to follow the spirit of the law in addition to the letter.[53]

In the Synoptics, Jesus leads an apocalyptic movement. He preaches that the end of the current world will come unexpectedly, and that he will return to judge the world, especially according to how they treated the vulnerable. He calls on his followers to be ever alert and faithful. In Mark, the Kingdom of God is a divine government that will forcibly appear within the lifetimes of his original followers.[50] Matthew describes false Messiahs, disasters, tribulations, and signs in the heavens that will portend Jesus' return, which is also described as unexpected.[38]

Outreach to outsiders

Table fellowship is central to Jesus' ministry in the Gospels.[8] He and his disciples eat with sinners (who neglect purity rules)[48] and tax collectors (imperial publicani, despised as extortionists). The apostle Matthew is a tax collector. When the Pharisees object to Jesus eating with sinners and tax collectors, Jesus replies that it is the sick who need a physician, not the healthy.[48][54] Jesus also defends his disciples against charges that they do not follow purity laws when eating. Jesus himself is also accused of being a drunk and a glutton.[48] Jesus' miracles and teachings often involve food and feasting.[8] He instructs his missionaries to eat with the people that they preach to and heal.[8] In the synoptics, Jesus institutes a new covenant with a ritual meal before he is crucified.

Jesus' outreach to outsiders includes the Samaritans, who followed a different form of the Israelite religion, as reflected in his preaching to the Samaritans of Sychar (John 4:1–42) and in the Good Samaritan.

At various times, Jesus makes a point of welcoming sinners, children, women, the poor, Samaritans, foreigners, and possibly eunuchs.

Transfiguration and Jesus' divine role

Main article: Transfiguration of Jesus

In the synoptic gospels, Jesus leads three select disciples — Peter, John, and James — to the top of a mountain.[50] While there, he is transfigured before them, his face shining like the sun and his clothes brilliant white; Elijah and Moses appear adjacent to him. A bright cloud overshadows them, and a voice from the sky says, "This is my beloved son, with whom I am well pleased".[55] The Transfiguration is a turning point in Jesus ministry.[56] Just before it and thereafter, Jesus warns that he is to suffer, die and rise again.[56]

In Mark, Jesus' identity as the Messiah is obscured (see Messianic secret).[57] Mark states that "this generation" will be given no sign, while Matthew and Luke say they will be given no sign but the sign of Jonah.[58] In John, and not in the synoptics, Jesus is outspoken about his divine identity and mission.[59] Here he punctuates his ministry with several miraculous signs of his authority.

In John, Jesus declares that belief in the Son brings eternal life, that the Father has committed powers of judgment and forgiveness to the Son, and that He is the bread of life, the light of the world, the door of the sheep, the good shepherd, the resurrection and the life, the way, the truth, and the life, and the real vine.[30] Here Jesus uses the phrase "I am" in talking of himself John 8:58 in ways that designate God in the Hebrew Bible Exodus 3:14, a statement taken by some writers as claiming identity with God.[60]

Arrest, trial, and death

Main articles: Jesus and the Money Changers, Last Supper, Arrest of Jesus, Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus, and Crucifixion of Jesus
Ecce Homo (Behold the Man!), Antonio Ciseri, 19th c.: Pontius Pilate presents a scourged Jesus of Nazareth to onlookers: a very popular motif in Christian art.

In Jerusalem

According to the Synoptics, Jesus came with his followers to Jerusalem during the Passover festival where a large crowd came to meet him, shouting, "Hosanna! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Blessed is the King of Israel!"[61] Following his triumphal entry,[62] Jesus created a disturbance at Herod's Temple by overturning the tables of the moneychangers who set up shop there, and claiming that they had made the Temple a "den of robbers".(Mark 11:17) Later that week, Jesus celebrated the Passover meal with his disciples — an event subsequently known as the Last Supper — in which he prophesied that he would be betrayed by one of his disciples, and would then be executed. In this ritual he took bread and wine in hand, saying: "this is my body which is given for you" and "this cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood", and instructed them to "do this in remembrance of me" (Luke 22:7–20). Following the supper, Jesus and his disciples went to pray in the Garden of Gethsemane.

In Mark and Matthew, Jesus is anguished in the face of his fate.[56][63] He prays and accepts God's will, but his chosen disciples repeatedly fall asleep on the watch.[56][63] In Luke, Jesus prays briefly at the Mount of Olives, and his disciples fall asleep out of grief.[64]

In John, Jesus has already cleansed the temple a few years before and has been preaching in Jerusalem. He raises Lazarus on the Sabbath, the act that finally gets Jewish leaders to plan his death.[30] At the Last Supper, Jesus washes the disciples' feet and there is no new covenant of bread and wine.[30] Jesus gives the farewell discourses, discussing the Paraclete, persecution of his followers, the coming of the Holy Spirit, and more.[30] He says a long, final prayer with his disciples before heading to a garden where he knows Judas will show up.[65]

Arrest

While in the Garden, Jesus was arrested by temple guards on the orders of the Sanhedrin and the high priest, Caiaphas (Luke 22:47–52, Matthew 26:47–56). The arrest took place clandestinely at night to avoid a riot, as Jesus was popular with the people at large (Mark 14:2). Judas Iscariot, one of his apostles, betrayed Jesus by identifying him to the guards with a kiss. Simon Peter, another one of Jesus' apostles, used a sword to attack one of Jesus' captors, cutting off his ear, which, according to Luke, Jesus immediately healed miraculously.[66] Jesus rebuked the apostle, stating "all they that take the sword shall perish by the sword" (Matthew 26:52). After his arrest, Jesus' apostles went into hiding.

Trials before the Sanhedrin and Pilate

Christ the Redeemer, Saint Cajetan Parish, Hamrun, Malta

In Mark, Jesus affirms that he is the Messiah before the Sanhedrin, the only time in the Gospel that he makes such a claim.[50] The Jewish leaders turn him over to Pilate for execution, but Pilate is reluctant to execute Jesus.[50] In an attempt to spare Jesus' life, Pilate offers the mob a chance to free him, but they choose Barabbas instead, so that the responsibility for Jesus' execution falls on the Jews rather than on the Romans[50], as expressed in the Gospel of Matthew by the Jewish crowd's proclamation, “His blood be upon us and on our children.”[67] Matthew adds the details that Pilate's wife, tormented by a dream, urges Pilate not to have anything to do with Jesus, and Pilate washes his hands of responsibility.[38][68] Luke adds the detail that Pilate sends Jesus to Herod, who has authority over Galileans, but that Herod, like Pilate, finds him guilty of nothing treasonous.[51] In John, Jesus makes no claim to be the Son of God or the Messiah to the Sanhedrin or to Pilate, even though this gospel proclaims Jesus' divinity from the beginning.[30]

Death

Crucifixion, Diego Velázquez, 17th c.

In Mark, Jesus is stripped, flogged, mocked, and crowned with thorns.[50] He is crucified between two thieves, and his cross states that he is being executed for aspiring to be the king of the Jews.[50] He begins to recite Psalm 22, "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me."[50] He utters a loud cry and dies.[50] According to all four Gospels, Jesus died before late afternoon at Calvary, which was also called Golgotha. In Luke, Jesus faces his crucifixion stolidly.[28] He asks God to forgive those who are crucifying him, possibly the Romans and possibly the Jews.[51] One of the thieves states that Jesus has done nothing wrong and asks Jesus to remember him in the Kingdom, and Jesus replies that the thief will be with him in Paradise.[51] The Synoptic Gospels tell of the darkening of the sky from twelve until three that afternoon; Matthew also mentions an earthquake (Matthew 27:51), the earth breaking open and a number of righteous dead people rising out of the grave and going into Jerusalem. John omits the natural phenomena accompanying Jesus' death.[30] The tearing of the temple parokhet, upon the death of Jesus, is referenced by Matthew, Mark and Luke.[69]

Resurrection and Ascension

Main articles: Resurrection of Jesus, Resurrection appearances of Jesus, Great Commission, Ascension of Jesus Christ, and Second Coming
Christ en majesté, Matthias Grünewald, 16th c.: Resurrection of Jesus

The Gospels state that Jesus rose from the dead on Sunday.[70] All the Gospels portray Jesus' empty tomb. In Matthew, an angel appears near the tomb of Jesus and announces his resurrection to Mary Magdelene and "another Mary" who had arrived to anoint the body (Matthew 28:1–10). Jewish elders bribe the soldiers who had guarded the tomb to spread the rumor that Jesus' disciples took his body.[71] In Luke, there are two angels (Luke 24:4), and in Mark the angel appears as a youth dressed in white (Mark 16:5). The "longer ending" to Mark states that on the morning of his resurrection, Jesus first appeared to Mary Magdalene (Mark 16:9). John states that when Mary looked into the tomb, two angels asked her why she was crying; and as she turned round she initially failed to recognize Jesus until he spoke her name (John 20:11–18).

The Gospels all record appearances by Jesus, including an appearance to the eleven.[72] In Mark, Jesus appears to Mary Magdalene, to two disciples in the country, and to the eleven, at which point Jesus commissions them to announce the gospel, baptize, and work miracles.[71] In Matthew, Jesus appears to Mary Magdalene and to the eleven on a mountain, at which points he commissions them to enlist followers, baptize, and teach what Jesus taught.[71] Although his own mission and his disciples' missions had been to the Jews,[73] here he sends the eleven to the whole world (see Great Commission). In Luke, he appears to two disciples in the country and to the eleven.[71] He proves to them that he has a body, opens their minds to understand the scripture about the Messiah, and directs them to wait in Jerusalem until they are invested with power.[71] In John, Jesus appears to Mary Magdalene and to the eleven. He demonstrates his physical reality to doubting Thomas.[71][27] Later he appears to seven disciples who are fishing, and finally talks with Peter, foretelling Peter's death[71] and assigning him the principle role as shepherd of the new community.[71][74]

In Mark and Luke, Jesus ascends to the heavens[75] after these appearances. In Luke, Jesus ascends on Easter Sunday evening when he is with his disciples.[71] In Mark, Jesus' Ascension to heaven, where he sits at God's right hand, is said to have taken place but not described as a visible event.[71] John implies the Ascension[76] without describing it.[71]

Historical views

Main articles: Historical Jesus and Quest for the historical Jesus

Scholars have used the historical method to develop probable reconstructions of Jesus' life. Over the past two hundred years, the image of Jesus among historical scholars has come to be very different from the common image of Jesus that was based on the gospels.[77] Scholars of historical Jesus distinguish their subject from the "Jesus Christ" of Christianity.[6] Other scholars hold that Jesus as presented in the gospels is the real Jesus and that his life and influence only make sense if the gospel stories are accurate.[78][79][80]The principal sources of information regarding Jesus' life and teachings are the gospels, especially the synoptic gospels: Mark, Matthew, and Luke. Including the Gospels, there are no surviving historical accounts of Jesus written during his life or within three decades of his crucifixion.[81] Biblical scholars and historians accept the historical existence of Jesus.[82][83][84][85][86]

The English title of Albert Schweitzer's 1906 book, The Quest of the Historical Jesus, is a label for the post-Enlightenment effort to describe Jesus using critical historical methods.[87] Since the end of the 18th century, scholars have examined the gospels and tried to formulate historical biographies of Jesus. Contemporary efforts benefit from a better understanding of 1st-century Judaism, renewed Roman Catholic biblical scholarship, broad acceptance of critical historical methods, sociological insights, and literary analysis of Jesus' sayings.[87]

Constructing a historical view

Main articles: Historical Jesus and Cultural and historical background of Jesus

Historians analyze the gospels to try to discern the historical man on whom these stories are based. They compare what the gospels say to historical events relevant to the times and places where the gospels were written. They try to answer historical questions about Jesus, such as why he was crucified.

Most scholars agree the Gospel of Mark was written about the time of the destruction of the Jewish Temple by the Romans under Titus in the year 70, and that the other gospels were written between 70–100.[88] The historical outlook on Jesus relies on critical analysis of the Bible, especially the gospels. Many scholars have sought to reconstruct Jesus' life in terms of the political, cultural, and religious crises and movements in late Second Temple Judaism and in Roman-occupied Palestine, including differences between Galilee and Judea, and between different sects such as the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes and Zealots,[89][90] and in terms of conflicts among Jews in the context of Roman occupation.

Descriptions

Historians generally describe Jesus as a healer who preached the restoration of God's kingdom.[91] Most historians agree he was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified by the Romans. Jewish and Roman authorities in Jerusalem were wary of Galilean patriots, many of whom advocated or launched violent resistance to Roman rule.[7] The gospels demonstrate that Jesus, a charismatic leader regarded as a potential troublemaker, was executed on political charges.[7]

John the Baptist led a large apocalyptic movement. He demanded repentance and baptism. Jesus was baptized and later began his ministry. After John was executed, some of his followers apparently took Jesus as their new leader.[92] Historians are nearly unanimous in accepting Jesus' baptism as a historical event.[92]

According to Robert Funk, Jesus taught in pithy parables and with striking images.[93] He likened the Kingdom of Heaven to small and lowly things, such as yeast or a mustard seed,[93] that have great effects. He used his sayings to elicit responses from the audience, engaging them in discussion.[8]

Jesus placed a special emphasis on God as one's heavenly father.[93]

Names and titles

A series of articles on
Jesus

Jesus Christ and Christianity
Chronology • Virgin Birth
Ministry • Miracles • Parables
Death • Resurrection
Second Coming • Christology
Names and titles • Relics • Active obedience

Cultural and historical background
Language spoken • Race
Genealogy

Perspectives on Jesus
Biblical Jesus • Religious
Christian • Jewish • Islamic
Ahmadi • Scientology
Historicity • In myth
Research: historical

Jesus in culture
Depiction • Sexuality

Main article: Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament

Jesus probably lived in Galilee for most of his life and he probably spoke Aramaic and Hebrew.[94] The name "Jesus" comes from an alternate spelling of the Latin (Iēsus) which in turn comes from the Greek name Iesous (Ιησους). The name has also been translated into English as "Joshua".[95] Based on an examination of the Septuagint some have suggested that the Greek, in turn, is a transliteration of the Hebrew/Aramaic Yeshua (ישוע) (Yeshua — he will rescue) a contraction of Hebrew name Yehoshua (יהושוע Yeho — Yahweh [is] shua` — deliverance/rescue, usually Romanized as Joshua). Some scholars believe that one of these was likely the name that Jesus was known by during his lifetime by his peers.[96]

Christ (which was a title before becoming a name for Jesus) is an Anglicization of the Greek term for Messiah (Anointed One - χριστός, from the verb χρίω "to anoint"). In the Old Testament, the term Anointed One (משׁיח) was applied to those set apart for some function in the service of God, as for instance in Leviticus 4:3-5 to the priest. But it was applied more particularly to the king. In Isaiah and Jeremiah the word began to be applied to a future ideal king. The New Testament has some 500 uses of the word χριστός applied to Jesus, used either generically or in an absolute sense, namely as the Anointed One (the Messiah, the Christ). The Gospel of Mark has as its central point of its narrative Peter's confession of Jesus as the Messiah (Mark 8:29). 1 Corinthians 15:3 indicates that the conviction that Jesus was the Messiah dates back to before the letters of Paul the Apostle. These letters also show that the title was already beginning to be used as a name.[97]

Some have suggested that other titles applied to Jesus in the New Testament had meanings in the first century quite different from those meanings ascribed today.[98]

The titles "Divine", "Son of God", "God", "God from God", "Lord", "Redeemer", "Liberator", "The Prince of Peace", "The Wonder Counsellor", and "Saviour of the World" were each applied to the Roman emperors. John Dominic Crossan considers that the application of them to Jesus by the early Christians would have been regarded as denying them to the emperor(s). "They were taking the identity of the Roman emperor and giving it to a Jewish peasant. Either that was a peculiar joke and a very low lampoon, or it was what the Romans called majestas and we call high treason."[99]

Geza Vermes has argued that "Son of man" was not a title but rather the polite way in which people referred to themselves, i.e. a pronomial phrase.[100]

"Son of David" is found elsewhere in Jewish tradition to refer to the heir to the throne.[101]

"Son of God" was often used to designate a person as especially righteous.[102]

"Emmanuel" or "Immanuel" derives from the Hebrew name Immanu-El, which translates as "God (is) with us" and is based on a Messianic interpretation of a verse in the Hebrew Bible, Isaiah 7:14, "They shall call his name Immanuel".

Many New Testament scholars argue that Jesus himself made no claims to being God.[103][104][105][106][107][108][109] Most Christians identified Jesus as divine from a very early period, although holding a variety of views as to what exactly this implied.[110]

Religious groups

Scholars refer to the religious background of the early 1st century to better reconstruct Jesus' life. Some scholars identify him with one or another group.

Pharisees

Pharisees were a powerful force in 1st-century Judea. Early Christians shared several beliefs of the Pharisees, such as resurrection, retribution in the next world, angels, human freedom, and Divine Providence.[111] After the fall of the Temple, the Pharisee outlook was established in Rabbinic Judaism. Some scholars speculate that Jesus was himself a Pharisee.[112] In Jesus' day, the two main schools of thought among the Pharisees were the House of Hillel, which had been founded by the eminent Tanna, Hillel the Elder, and the House of Shammai. Jesus' assertion of hypocrisy may have been directed against the stricter members of the House of Shammai, although he also agreed with their teachings on divorce (Mark 10:1–12).[113] Jesus also commented on the House of Hillel's teachings (Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 31a) concerning the greatest commandment (Mark 12:28–34) and the Golden Rule (Matthew 7:12).

Historians do not know whether there were Pharisees in Galilee during Jesus' life, or what they would be like if there were.[48]

Sadducees

The Sadducee sect was particularly powerful in Jerusalem. They accepted the written Law only, rejecting the traditional interpretations accepted by the Pharisees, such as belief in retribution in an afterlife, resurrection of the body, angels, and spirits. After Jesus caused a disturbance at the Temple, it seems[weasel words] to have been the Sadducees who had him arrested and turned over to the Romans for execution. After the fall of Jerusalem, they disappeared from history.[114]

Essenes

Essenes were apocalyptic ascetics, one of the three (or four) major Jewish schools of the time, though they were not mentioned in the New Testament.[115] Some scholars theorize that Jesus was an Essene, or close to them. Among these scholars is Pope Benedict XVI, who supposes in his book on Jesus that "it appears that not only John the Baptist, but possibly Jesus and his family as well, were close to the Qumran community."[116]

Apocalyptic sect

Most scholars hold that the movement Jesus led was apocalyptic, expecting God to intervene imminently to restore Israel. John the Baptist's movement was apocalyptic, and Jesus began his public career as one of his followers.[117] Scholars commonly surmise that Jesus' eschatology was apocalyptic, like John's.[118]

"Nazarene"

The Gospels record that Jesus was a Nazarene, a term commonly taken to refer to his place of birth, but sometimes as a religious affiliation.[90]

Zealots

The Zealots were a revolutionary party opposed to Roman rule, one of those parties that, according to Josephus inspired the fanatical stand in Jerusalem that led to its destruction in the year 70.[119] Luke identifies Simon, a disciple, as a "zealot", which might mean a member of the Zealot party (which would therefore have been already in existence in the lifetime of Jesus) or a zealous person.[119] The notion that Jesus himself was a Zealot does not do justice to the earliest Synoptic material describing him.[120]

Christian scripture as historical texts

Main article: Higher criticism

Historians examine Christian scripture for important clues about the historical Jesus. They sort out sayings and events that are more likely to be genuine and use those to construct their portraits of Jesus. The Gospel tradition has certainly preserved several authentic fragments of Jesus' teaching.

The New Testament was at least substantially complete by AD 100, making its books, especially the synoptic gospels, historically relevant.[121] The Gospel tradition certainly preserves several fragments of Jesus' teaching.[122] The Gospel of Mark is believed to have been written c. 70 AD/CE.[123][124][125] Matthew is placed at being sometime after this date and Luke is thought by some scholars to have been written as early as 60 AD/CE, although others argue for a later date ranging from 70 to 100 AD/CE.[126][127]

Biblical scholars hold that the works describing Jesus were initially communicated by oral tradition, and were not committed to writing until several decades after Jesus' crucifixion. After the original oral stories were written down in Greek, they were transcribed, and later translated into other languages. Contemporary textual critic Bart D. Ehrman cites numerous places where the gospels, and other New Testament books, were apparently altered by Christian scribes.[28]

Critical scholars consider scriptural accounts more likely when they are attested in multiple texts, plausible in Jesus' historical environment, and potentially embarrassing to the author's Christian community. The "criterion of embarrassment" holds that stories about events with aspects embarrassing to Christians (such as the denial of Jesus by Peter, or the fleeing of Jesus' followers after his arrest) would likely not have been included if those accounts were fictional.[128] Sayings attributed to Jesus are deemed more likely to reflect his character when they are distinctive, vivid, paradoxical, surprising, and contrary to social and religious expectations, such as "Blessed are the poor."[129] Short, memorable parables and aphorisms capable of being transmitted orally are also thought more likely to be authentic.[129]

The earliest extant texts which refer to Jesus are Paul's letters (mid-1st century), which affirm Jesus' crucifixion. Some scholars hold that the Gospel of Thomas, a collection of 114 sayings of Jesus, predates the four orthodox gospels, and was composed around mid-first century.[130][131]

Mythical view

Main article: Jesus myth hypothesis
Further information: Jesus Christ and comparative mythology

A few scholars have questioned the existence of Jesus as an actual historical figure. Among the proponents of non-historicity was Bruno Bauer in the 19th century. Non-historicity was somewhat influential in biblical studies during the early 20th century. (The views of scholars who entirely rejected Jesus' historicity then were summarized in the chapter on Jesus in Will Durant's Caesar and Christ (in 1944); they were based on a suggested lack of eyewitness, a lack of direct archaeological evidence, the failure of certain ancient works to mention Jesus, and similarities early Christianity shares with then-contemporary religion and mythology.[132])

More recently, arguments for non-historicity have been discussed by authors such as George Albert Wells and Robert M. Price. Additionally, The Jesus Puzzle and The Jesus Mysteries are examples of popular works promoting the non-historical hypothesis.

Nevertheless, non-historicity has been rejected by almost all Biblical scholars and historians.[133][134][135] In Jesus Outside the New Testament (2000), Robert E. Van Voorst a Professor of New Testament Studies at Western Theological Seminary wrote, "The theory of Jesus' nonexistence is now effectively dead as a scholarly question....Biblical scholars and classical historians now regard it as effectively refuted."[136] Author Michael Grant stated that standard historical criteria prevent one from rejecting Jesus' existence.[137]

Religious perspectives


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Main article: Religious perspectives on Jesus

Christian views

Main articles: Christian views of Jesus and Christology

Though Christian views of Jesus vary, it is possible to describe a general majority Christian view by examining the similarities between specific Western Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and many Protestant doctrines found in their catechetical or confessional texts.[138] This view, given below, does not encompass all groups which describe themselves as Christian, with alternative views immediately following.

Savior and Redeemer

Christians profess that Jesus is the Messiah (Greek: Christos; English: Christ) prophesied in the Old Testament,[139] who, through his life, death, and resurrection, restored humanity's communion with God in the blood of the New Covenant. His death on a cross is understood as the redemptive sacrifice: the source of humanity's salvation and the atonement for sin[140] which had entered human history through the sin of Adam.[141]

The satisfaction view of atonement for sin, first articulated by Anselm of Canterbury, is that humanity owes God a debt of honor. This debt creates essentially an imbalance in the moral universe; it could not be satisfied by God's simply ignoring it. In this view, the only possible way of repaying the debt was for a being of infinite greatness, acting as a man on behalf of men, to repay the debt of honor owed to God. Therefore, when Jesus died, he paid a debt to God, his father. Thomas Aquinas considered atonement and articulated that rather than seeing the debt as one of honor, he sees the debt as a moral injustice to be righted. Aquinas concludes that punishment is a morally good response to sin, "Christ bore a satisfactory punishment, not for His, but for our sins", and substitution for another's sin is entirely possible.[142]

Christians also profess that Jesus suffered death by crucifixion,[143] and rose bodily from the dead in the definitive miracle that foreshadows the resurrection of humanity at the end of time,[144] when Christ will come again to judge the living and the dead,[145] resulting in either entrance into heaven or damnation.[146] The resurrection is perhaps the most controversial aspect of the life of Jesus. Christianity hinges on this point of Christology, both as a response to a particular history and as a confessional response.[147] Christians believe that Jesus' resurrection brings reconciliation with God (II Corinthians 5:18), the destruction of death (I Corinthians 15:26), and forgiveness of sins for followers of Jesus.

Fully man and fully God

Main article: Trinity

Christians profess Jesus to be the only Son of God, the Lord,[148] and the eternal Word (which is a translation of the Greek Logos),[149] who became man in the incarnation,[150] so that those who believe in him might have eternal life.[151] They further hold that he was born of the Virgin Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit in an event described as the miraculous virgin birth or Incarnation.[152]

The Gospels of Matthew and Luke suggest the virgin birth of Jesus. Barth speaks of the virgin birth as the divine sign "which accompanies and indicates the mystery of the incarnation of the Son".[153] Donald MacLeod[154] gives several Christological implications of a virgin birth: it highlights salvation as a supernatural act of God rather than an act of human initiative, avoids adoptionism (which is virtually required if a normal birth), and reinforces the sinlessness of Christ, especially as it relates to Christ being outside the sin of Adam (original sin).

Comparison of Christological positions

Between 325 and 681, Christians theologically articulated and refined their view of the nature of Jesus by a series of seven ecumenical councils (see Christology). These councils described Jesus as one of the three divine hypostases or persons of the Holy Trinity: the Son is defined as constituting, together with God the Father and the Holy Spirit, the single substance of the One God (see Communicatio idiomatum).[155] Furthermore, Jesus is defined to be one person with a fully human and a fully divine nature, a doctrine known as the Hypostatic union.[156]

Ministry

In his life Jesus proclaimed the "good news" (Middle English: gospel; Greek: euangelion) that the coming Kingdom of Heaven was at hand,[157] and established the Christian Church, which is the seed of the kingdom, into which Jesus calls the poor in spirit.[158] Jesus' actions at the Last Supper, where he instituted the Eucharist, are understood as central to communion with God and remembrance of Jesus' sacrifice.[159]

Prophet, priest, and king

Jesus Christ, the Mediator of humankind, fulfills the three offices of Prophet, Priest, and King. Eusebius of the early church worked out this threefold classification, which John Calvin developed[160] and John Wesley discussed.[161]

Nontrinitarian views

See also: Nontrinitarianism

Current religious groups that do not accept the doctrine of the Trinity include the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Jehovah's Witnesses and the Christadelphians.

A statue of Jesus at a Latter-day Saint temple visitor center

Latter-day Saint theology maintains that Heavenly Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are three separate and distinct beings, though all eternal and equally divine, who together constitute the Godhead. Though described as "one God"[162] and "one in purpose",[163] each plays a distinct role: the Holy Ghost is a spirit without a physical body, the Father and Son possess distinct and perfected bodies of flesh and bone[164]. The Book of Mormon records that the resurrected Jesus visited and taught some of the inhabitants of the early Americas after he had appeared to his apostles in Jerusalem.[165] Mormons also believe that an apostasy occurred after the deaths of Christ's apostles. They believe that Christ and Heavenly Father appeared to Joseph Smith in 1820 as part of a series of heavenly visits to restore the fullness of the gospel of Jesus Christ. They believe Jesus (not the Father) is the same as Jehovah or Yahweh of the Old Testament, acting under the direction of the Father. See Jesus in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Based on a claimed divine revelation of Smith, they state that Jesus was born on April 06.[166]

Jehovah's Witnesses believe Jesus to be God's (or Jehovah's) son, rather than being God himself. Jehovah's Witnesses believe he was the same divine created being as Michael the Archangel,[167][168] and that God made him a perfect human by transferring his life to the womb of Mary.[169] During the time Jesus was on earth he was simply a man, not a god-man.[170] They also believe that he is "the word" of John 1:1. This is understood to mean that he is God's spokesman, likely the one speaking in God's name to Adam, and to the Israelites in the wilderness.[171] In line with this, they point out that the Bible presents him as the only way humans can approach God. They include words like "in Jesus' name" in every prayer.[172] They view the term "Son of God" as an indication of Jesus' importance to the creator and his status as God's "only-begotten (unique) Son",[173] the "firstborn of all creation",[174] the one "of whom, and through whom, and to whom, are all things."[175] They believe that Jesus died on a single-piece torture stake, not a cross.[176] They believe that he is currently ruling in heaven as king of God's heavenly Kingdom, and will soon extend his rule to earth for a reign of peace.[177] They also believe he is now immortal[178] and can never die again.[179]

The Unity Church considers Jesus the master teacher and "way show-er", citing Jesus' frequent calls to emulate him rather than worship him, and the ability of others to be like him, such as in John 10:34 and John 14:12. Jesus is not worshiped as God, but regarded as someone who had achieved a complete connection with God the Father.

Christadelphians believe that Jesus is literally God's son, hence the Biblical title son of God,[180] not God the Son. They believe that Jesus was in God's plan right from the beginning of creation,[181] but that he came into existence at his birth.[182] Quoting Biblical passages such as Hebrews 2:10-14 and 17-18, they maintain that Jesus was fully human, and that Jesus' total humanity was vital in saving people from their sins.[183][184] They believe that Jesus is now in heaven, at God's right hand, waiting to return to the Earth to establish God's kingdom here forever.[185]

Others believe that the one God, who revealed himself in the Old Testament as Jehovah, came to earth, taking on the human form of Jesus Christ. They believe Jesus is Jehovah, is the Holy Spirit, and is the one Person who is God. Examples of such churches today are Oneness Pentecostals and the New Church.

Other early views

Jesus Carrying the Cross, El Greco, 1580

Various early Christian groups and theologians held differing views of Jesus. The Ebionites, an early Jewish Christian community, believed that Jesus was the last of the prophets and the Messiah. They believed that Jesus was the natural-born son of Mary and Joseph, and thus they rejected the Virgin Birth. The Ebionites were adoptionists, believing that Jesus was not divine, but became the son of God at his baptism. They rejected the Epistles of Paul, believing that Jesus kept the Mosaic Law perfectly and wanted his followers to do the same. However, they felt that Jesus' crucifixion was the ultimate sacrifice, and thus animal sacrifices were no longer necessary. Therefore, some Ebionites were vegetarian and considered both Jesus and John the Baptist to have been vegetarians.[186]

The Apologists of the 2nd century, such as Justin Martyr, saw Jesus as the Logos or Word of God united with a human being. They viewed the Logos, in line with Middle Platonism, as the source of order and rationality, but distinct from God.[187]

In Gnosticism, Jesus is said to have brought the secret knowledge (gnosis) of the spiritual world necessary for salvation.[188] Their secret teachings were paths to gnosis, and not gnosis itself. While some Gnostics were docetics, other Gnostics believed that Jesus was a human who became possessed by the spirit of Christ during his baptism.[189] Many Gnostics believed that Christ was an Aeon sent by a higher deity than the evil demiurge who created the material world. Some Gnostics believed that Christ had a syzygy named Sophia. The Gnostics tended to interpret the books that were included in the New Testament as allegory, and some Gnostics interpreted Jesus himself as an allegory. The Gnostics also used a number of other texts that did not become part of the New Testament canon.

Marcionites were 2nd century Gentile followers of the Christian theologian Marcion of Sinope. They believed that Jesus rejected the Jewish Scriptures, or at least the parts that were incompatible with his teachings.[190] Seeing a stark contrast between the vengeful God of the Old Testament and the loving God of Jesus, Marcionites, like some Gnostics, came to the conclusion that the Jewish God was the evil creator of the world and Jesus was the savior from the material world. They also believed Jesus was not human, but instead a completely divine spiritual being whose material body, and thus his crucifixion and death, were divine illusions.[191] Marcionism was declared a heresy by proto-orthodox Christianity.

Sabellius in the 3rd century taught that the Trinity represented not three persons but a single person in three "modes". Jerome reported that the Montanists of his day shared this view.

Islamic views

Majority view

Main article: Jesus in Islam
Sermon on the Mount in Islamic art

Islam holds Jesus (Arabic: عيسى‎ `Īsā) to have been a messenger of God and the messiah who had been sent to guide the Children of Israel (banī isrā'īl) with a new scripture, the Injīl (gospel).[192] According to the Qur'an, believed by Muslims to be God's final revelation, Jesus was born to Mary (Arabic: Maryam) as the result of virginal conception, a miraculous event which occurred by the decree of God (Arabic: Allah). To aid him in his quest, Jesus was given the ability to perform miracles. These included speaking from the cradle, curing the blind and the lepers, as well as raising the dead; all by the permission of God. Furthermore, Jesus was helped by a band of disciples (the ḥawāriyūn). Islam rejects historians assertions that Jesus was crucified by the Romans, instead claiming that he had been raised alive up to heaven. Islamic traditions narrate that he will return to earth near the day of judgement to restore justice and defeat al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl (lit. "the false messiah", also known as the Antichrist) and the enemies of Islam. As a just ruler, Jesus will then die.[193]

Like all prophets in Islam, Jesus is considered to have been a Muslim, as he preached for people to adopt the straight path in submission to God's will. Islam denies that Jesus was God or the son of God, stating that he was an ordinary man who, like other prophets, had been divinely chosen to spread God's message. Islamic texts forbid the association of partners with God (shirk), emphasizing the notion of God's divine oneness (tawhīd). As such, Jesus is referred to in the Qur'an frequently as the "son of Mary" ("Ibn Maryam").[193][194] Numerous titles are given to Jesus in the Qur'an, such as mubārak (blessed) and `abd-Allāh (servant of God). Another title is al-Masīḥ ("the messiah; the anointed one" i.e. by means of blessings), although it does not correspond with the meaning accrued in Christian belief. Jesus is seen in Islam as a precursor to Muhammad, and is believed by Muslims to have foretold the latter's coming.[193]

Ahmadiyya views

Main article: Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam

According to the early 20th century teachings of the Ahmadi Muslims of Northern India, Jesus did not die on the cross, but after his apparent death and resurrection (or resuscitation from his tomb) he journeyed east to Kashmir to further teach the gospel until his natural death[195] (The general notion of Jesus in Kashmir is older than the Ahmadi tradition,[196] and is discussed at length by Grönbold[197] and Klatt[198]).

Following Jesus' death of natural causes (so the Ahmadi tradition) "at a ripe old age of roughly 120 years",[199] Jesus according to Ahmadi doctrine was then laid to rest in Srinagar, and that the tomb of a sage known locally as Yuz Asaf (which in Kashmiri means "Leader of the Healed"[200]) is really the tomb of Jesus of Nazareth.[201]

Further, according to this movement, the second coming predicted in the Muslim tradition is not actually that of Jesus, but that of a person "similar to Jesus" (mathīl-i ʿIsā), i.e. the founder of the movement himself and his teachings were representative of Jesus.[196]

Judaism's view

Main article: Judaism's view of Jesus

Judaism holds the idea of Jesus being God, or a person of a Trinity, or a mediator to God, to be heresy.[203] Judaism also holds that Jesus is not the Messiah, arguing that he had not fulfilled the Messianic prophecies in the Tanakh nor embodied the personal qualifications of the Messiah. According to Jewish tradition, there were no more prophets after Malachi, who lived centuries before Jesus and delivered his prophesies about 420 BC/BCE. Judaism states that Jesus did not fulfill the requirements set by the Torah to prove that he was a prophet. Even if Jesus had produced such a sign that Judaism recognized, Judaism states that no prophet or dreamer can contradict the laws already stated in the Torah, which Jesus did.[204]

The Mishneh Torah (an authoritative work of Jewish law) states in Hilkhot Melakhim 11:10–12 that Jesus is a "stumbling block" who makes "the majority of the world err to serve a divinity besides God".[205] According to Conservative Judaism, Jews who believe Jesus is the Messiah have "crossed the line out of the Jewish community".[206] Reform Judaism, the modern progressive movement, states "For us in the Jewish community anyone who claims that Jesus is their savior is no longer a Jew and is an apostate."[207]

Bahá'í views

The Bahá'í Faith, founded in 19th-century Persia, considers Jesus, along with Muhammad, the Buddha, Krishna, and Zoroaster, and other messengers of the great religions of the world to be Manifestations of God (or prophets), with both human and divine stations.[208]

Hindu views

The Hindu beliefs about Jesus vary. The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) considers Jesus to be a shaktyavesha Avatar, the beloved son of Krishna who came down to Earth to preach God consciousness. Contemporary Sant Mat movements regard Jesus as a Satguru. Ramakrishna believed that Jesus was an Incarnation of God.[209] Swami Vivekananda has praised Jesus and cited him as a source of strength and the epitome of perfection.[210] Paramahansa Yogananda taught that Jesus was the reincarnation of Elisha and a student of John the Baptist, the reincarnation of Elijah.[211]

Buddhist views

Further information: Buddhism and Christianity

Buddhists' views of Jesus differ. Some Buddhists, including Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama[212] regard Jesus as a bodhisattva who dedicated his life to the welfare of human beings. The 14th century Zen master Gasan Jōseki indicated that the Gospels were written by an enlightened being.[213]

Other views

Mandaeanism, a very small Mideastern, Gnostic sect that reveres John the Baptist as God's greatest prophet, regards Jesus as a false prophet of the false Jewish god of the Old Testament, Adonai,[214] and likewise rejects Abraham, Moses, and Muhammad. Manichaeism accepted Jesus as a prophet, along with Gautama Buddha and Zoroaster.[215]

The New Age movement entertains a wide variety of views on Jesus. The creators of A Course In Miracles claim to trance-channel his spirit. However, the New Age movement generally teaches that Christhood is something that all may attain. Theosophists, from whom many New Age teachings originated (a Theosophist named Alice A. Bailey invented the term New Age), refer to Jesus of Nazareth as the Master Jesus and believe he had previous incarnations.

Many writers emphasize Jesus' moral teachings. Garry Wills argues that Jesus' ethics are distinct from those usually taught by Christianity.[216] The Jesus Seminar portrays Jesus as an itinerant preacher who taught peace and love, rights for women and respect for children, and who spoke out against the hypocrisy of religious leaders and the rich.[217] Thomas Jefferson, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and a deist, created the Jefferson Bible entitled "The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth" that included only Jesus' ethical teachings because he did not believe in Jesus' divinity or any of the other supernatural aspects of the Bible.

Legacy

Further information: Images of Jesus, Cultural depictions of Jesus, and Anno Domini
Pietà, Michelangelo, 16th c.: Jesus' mother Mary holds the body of her dead son

According to most Christian interpretations of the Bible, the theme of Jesus' teachings was that of repentance, unconditional love,[218] forgiveness of sin, grace, and the coming of the Kingdom of God.[219] Starting as a small Jewish sect,[220] it developed into a religion clearly distinct from Judaism several decades after Jesus death. Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire under a version known as Nicene Christianity and became the state religion under Theodosius I. Over the centuries, it spread to most of Europe, and around the world.

Jesus has been a popular subject in drawing, painting, and sculpture. He is popularly depicted as having long brown hair and a full beard, wearing robes. He is often crucified and wearing a crown of thorns, such as on a crucifix. The resurrected Jesus has the wounds he suffered on the cross (see stigmata). He appears as the Christ Child in Christmas nativity scenes. He has been portrayed on stage and in films in many different ways, both serious and humorous. The figure of Jesus features prominently in art and literature. A number of popular novels, such as The Da Vinci Code, have also portrayed various ideas about Jesus, and a number of films, such as The Passion of the Christ, have portrayed his life, death, and resurrection. Many of the sayings attributed to Jesus have become part of the culture of Western civilization. There are many items purported to be relics of Jesus, of which the most famous are the Shroud of Turin and the Sudarium of Oviedo.

Other legacies include a view of God as more lovingly parental, merciful, and more forgiving, and the growth of a belief in a blissful afterlife and in the resurrection of the dead. His teaching promoted the value of those who had commonly been regarded as inferior: women, the poor, ethnic outsiders, children, prostitutes, the sick, prisoners, etc. For over a thousand years, countless hospitals, orphanages, and schools have been founded explicitly in Jesus' name. Thomas Jefferson considered Jesus' teaching to be "the most sublime and benevolent code of morals which has ever been offered to man".[221]

Jesus and his message have been interpreted, explained and understood by many people. In his influential epistles, the earliest writing of the New Testament, Paul of Tarsus founded salvation on Jesus alone, making the Torah unnecessary.[222] The Church Fathers of the early centuries further defined Jesus' identity as fully God.[223] Ancient and medieval thinkers, such as Augustine of Hippo, further defined Jesus' divine and human natures.[224] Enlightenment and Reformation theologians concerned themselves less with defining Jesus' identity as with understanding his work in redemption.[225] In the 1800s, German scholars questioned Jesus' miracles and some, such as David Strauss portrayed him as a mortal man.[226] C. S. Lewis and Pope John Paul II have defended the Jesus of faith against historical critics.

For some Jews, the legacy of Jesus has been a history of Christian antisemitism,[227] although in the wake of the Holocaust many Christian groups have gone to considerable lengths to reconcile with Jews and to promote interfaith dialog and mutual respect. For others, Christianity has often been linked to European colonialism.[228] Conversely, some have argued that through Bartolomé de las Casas' defense of the indigenous inhabitants of Spain's New World empire, one of the legacies of Jesus has been the notion of universal human rights.

See also

  • General topics
    • The Bible
    • INRI (stands for "Jesus the Nazarene, the King of the Jews")
    • Nazarene
    • Prophets in Islam
    • Qur'an
  • Jesus and history
    • Apostolic Succession of Jesus
    • Christian apologetics
    • Genealogy of Jesus
    • Gospel Harmony
    • Historicity of Jesus
    • Jesus and comparative mythology
    • Name of Jesus in the Old Testament
    • New Testament view on Jesus' life
  • New Testament Jesus
    • Biblical Jesus
    • Christian views about women
    • Crucifixion of Jesus and Resurrection of Jesus
    • Miracles of Jesus
    • Race of Jesus
    • Sermon on the Mount
  • Views on Jesus
    • Apocrypha
    • Pauline Christianity
    • Religious perspectives on Jesus
  • Related topics
    • List of books about Jesus
    • List of founders of major religions
    • List of life death rebirth gods
    • List of messiah claimants
    • List of people who have been considered deities
    • List of people who have claimed to be Jesus

Notes

  1. Eusebius, Life of Constantine
  2. Some of the historians and Biblical scholars who place the birth and death of Jesus within this range include D. A. Carson, Douglas J. Moo and Leon Morris. An Introduction to the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992, 54, 56
  3. Michael Grant, Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels, Scribner's, 1977, p. 71; John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew, Doubleday, 1991–, vol. 1:214; E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, Penguin Books, 1993, pp. 10–11, and Ben Witherington III, "Primary Sources," Christian History 17 (1998) No. 3:12–20.
  4. Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. Introduction, p. 1-40
  5. Amy-Jill Levine, The Oxford History of the Biblical World, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999, p 371, Chapter 10: Visions of Kingdoms: From Pompey to the First Jewish Revolt (63 BCE-70 CE), M. Coogan et al. (eds.)
  6. a b c d Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "Introduction," p 1-30.
  7. a b c Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "The Historical Jesus" p. 255-260
  8. a b c d e Crossan, John Dominic. The essential Jesus. Edison: Castle Books. 1998.
  9. Examples of authors who argue the Jesus myth hypothesis: Thomas L. Thompson The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David (Jonathan Cape, Publisher, 2006); Michael Martin, The Case Against Christianity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 36–72; John Mackinnon Robertson
  10. Raymond E. Brown, The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemane to the Grave (New York: Doubleday, Anchor Bible Reference Library 1994), p. 964; D. A. Carson, et al., p. 50–56; Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Westminster Press, 1987, p. 78, 93, 105, 108; John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, HarperCollins, 1991, p. xi – xiii; Michael Grant, p. 34–35, 78, 166, 200; Paula Fredriksen, Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews, Alfred B. Knopf, 1999, p. 6–7, 105–110, 232–234, 266; John P. Meier, vol. 1:68, 146, 199, 278, 386, 2:726; E.P. Sanders, pp. 12–13; Geza Vermes, Jesus the Jew (Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1973), p. 37.; Paul L. Maier, In the Fullness of Time, Kregel, 1991, pp. 1, 99, 121, 171; N. T. Wright, The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions, HarperCollins, 1998, pp. 32, 83, 100–102, 222; Ben Witherington III, pp. 12–20.
  11. Though many historians may have certain reservations about the use of the Gospels for writing history, "even the most hesitant, however, will concede that we are probably on safe historical footing" concerning certain basic facts about the life of Jesus; Jo Ann H. Moran Cruz and Richard Gerberding, Medieval Worlds: An Introduction to European History Houghton Mifflin Company 2004, pp. 44–45.
  12. Irving, Amy-Jill (1999). "The Oxford History of the Biblical World". written at New York. Oxford University Press. 370-371; Chapter 10: Visions of Kingdoms: From Pompey to the First Jewish Revolt (63 BCE-70 CE). http://books.google.ca/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352&dq=%22Visions+of+Kingdoms%22++%22to+the+First+Jewish+Revolt%22&source=web&ots=-shOTzBx4w&sig=DAJ3jCyO9VyFKmHa-kMX-R8fhFA&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA370,M1. 
  13. For instance Raymond E. Brown in The Birth of the Messiah (ISBN 0-385-05405-X), p. 9
  14. James Leslie Houlden, "Jesus: The Complete Guide", Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 082648011X
  15. Prof. Dr. Şaban Ali Düzgün, "Uncovering Islam: Questions and Answers about Islamic Beliefs and Teachings", Ankara: The Presidency of Religious Affairs Publishing, 2004
  16. Compendium of Muslim Texts
  17. Edwin D. Freed, Stories of Jesus' Birth, (Continuum International, 2004), page 119.
  18. Geza Vermes, The Nativity: History and Legend, London, Penguin, 2006, page 22.
  19. James D. G. Dunn, Jesus Remembered, Eerdmans Publishing (2003), page 324.
  20. Howard Clarke, The Gospel of Matthew and its readers, Indiana University Press, p.13
  21. Luke states that John's ministry began in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, when Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Iturea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, during the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas.
  22. Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998), The historical Jesus : a comprehensive guide, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, pp. 64-72, ISBN 0800631226, http://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC&pg=PA66&dq=Flavius+Josephus+and+Jesus&ei=s1J7Sc_kF6KIyASPsaG2Bg&client=firefox-a#PPA64,M1 
  23. Green, Joel B. (1997), The Gospel of Luke : new international commentary on the New Testament, Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., pp. 168, ISBN 0802823157, http://books.google.com/books?id=koYlW6IoOjMC&pg=PR85&dq=Joel+B.+Green,+The+Gospel+of+Luke,+(Eerdmans,+1997),+page+168&ei=pd98Sa_HA5HEMf7HnaQF&client=firefox-a#PPA168,M1 
  24. ""What the Old Testament Prophesied About the Messiah"". http://Christianity.com/Christian%20Foundations/Jesus/11541169/. Retrieved on 2007-10-11. 
  25. a b c d e f g h i j Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
  26. a b c d Ehrman, Bart D.. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 978-0-06-073817-4
  27. Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1972
  28. a b c d e f g h Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" p. 302-310
  29. Matthew 1:1-17
  30. Luke 3:23-38
  31. Joseph A. Fitzmyer, The Gospel According to Luke I-IX. Anchor Bible. Garden City: Doubleday, 1981, pp. 499–500; I. Howard Marshall, The Gospel of Luke (The New International Greek Testament Commentary). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978, p. 158;
  32. Bienert, Wolfgang E. (2003). [9780664227210 "The Relatives of Jesus"]. in Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Robert McLachlan Wilson. New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and Related Writings. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 487. 9780664227210. 
  33. Howard W. Clarke, The Gospel of Matthew and Its Readers, Indiana University Press, 2003, p.1
  34. Matthew 13:55–56, Mark 6:3, and Galatians 1:19
  35. The Greek word adelphos in these verses, often translated as brother, can refer to any familial relation, and most Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians translate the word as kinsman, brethren, or cousin in this context (see Perpetual virginity of Mary).
  36. a b c d Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "Matthew" p. 272-285
  37. For Egypt: Matthew 2:13–23; For Tyre and sometimes Sidon:Matthew 15:21–28 and Mark 7:24–3
  38. Early Christian accounts reflect some perplexity at Jesus being baptized, especially by a subordinate figure. See "Baptism of Christ". Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  39. "John, Gospel of St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  40. Mark 10:45
  41. Luke 4:43
  42. John 20:31.
  43. Meier 1991 vol. 1:405
  44. a b c Introduction. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993.
  45. "The Thompson Chain-Reference Study Bible NIV", published December 1999, B.B. Kirkbride Bible Co., Inc.; William Adler & Paul Tuffin, "The Chronography of George Synkellos: A Byzantine Chronicle of Universal History from the Creation", Oxford University Press (2002), p. 466
  46. a b c d e f Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998.
  47. Luke 14:26, Matthew 10:37. Luke contains a harsher version than the saying in Matthew, as does Thomas. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. p. 353
  48. a b c d e f g h i j Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "Mark" p. 285-296
  49. a b c d Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "Luke" p. 297-301
  50. In John, Jesus' ministry takes place in and around Jerusalem.
  51. Sermon on the Mount: Matthew 5–7; Prodigal Son: Luke 15:11–32; Parable of the Sower: Matthew 13:1–9; Agape: Matthew 22:34–40.
  52. Matthew 9:9–13)
  53. Matthew 17:1–6, Mark 9:1–8, Luke 9:28–36
  54. a b c d Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Mark" p. 51-161
  55. "Messianic Secret", Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  56. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. pages 72-73.
  57. "John, Gospel of St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  58. "Jesus was claiming for himself the title "I AM" by which God designates himself... he was claiming to be God." - Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology, page 546, Zondervan.
  59. The crowd was quoting Psalms 118:26; found in John 12:13–16.
  60. John puts the cleansing of the temple at the start of Jesus' ministry.
  61. a b Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Matthew" p. 129-270
  62. Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Luke" p. 267-364
  63. Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "John" p. 365-440
  64. The apostle is identified as Simon Peter in John 18:10; the healing of the ear is found in Luke 22:51.
  65. (Matthew 27:24–25)
  66. (Matthew 27:11–26)
  67. (Matt 27:51; Mark 15:38; Luke 23:45)
  68. Matthew 28:1; Mark 16:9; Luke 24:1; John 20:1
  69. a b c d e f g h i j k Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Empty Tomb, Appearances & Ascension" p. 449-495.
  70. Jesus' appearances in Mark were not part of the original text. See Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Empty Tomb, Appearances & Ascension" p. 449-495.
  71. Matthew 15:24
  72. Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. p. 491
  73. Mark 16:19; Luke 24:51
  74. John 20:17
  75. Borg, Marcus J. in Borg, Marcus J. and N. T. Wright. The Meaning of Jesus: Two visions. New York: HarperCollins. 2007.
  76. "Pope's Book: A Lifetime of Learning". Newsweek. 21 May 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18629516/site/newsweek/print/0/displaymode/1098/. Retrieved on 2009-01-14. 
  77. Pope Benedict XVI, Jesus of Nazareth. Doubleday, 2007. ISBN 978-0-385-52341-7
  78. Chesterton, G. K. The everlasting man. 1925, Part II, chapter II, also says that "the merely human Christ is a made-up figure, a piece of artificial selection".
  79. "Extrabiblical references to Jesus". Extra-biblical references to Jesus and Christianity. Rational Christianity. 17 January 2006. http://www.rationalchristianity.net/jesus_extrabib.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-04. 
  80. "The nonhistoricity thesis has always been controversial, and it has consistently failed to convince scholars of many disciplines and religious creeds. ... Biblical scholars and classical historians now regard it as effectively refuted." - Van Voorst, Robert E. Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2000), p. 16.
  81. "The denial of Jesus' historicity has never convinced any large number of people, in or our of technical circless, nor did it in the first part of the century." Walter P. Weaver, The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century, 1900-1950, (Continuum International, 1999), page 71.
  82. "about once every generation someone reruns the thesis that Jesus never existed and that the Jesus tradition is a wholesale invention", J. G. Dunn, Jesus Remembered, (Eerdmans, 2003), page 142.
  83. "There is almost universal agreement that Jesus lived." Bernard L. Ramm, An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic, (Regent College Publishing, 1993), page 19.
  84. "some judgements are so probable as to be certain; for example, Jesus really existed", Marcus Borg, 'A Vision of the Christian Life', in Marcus J. Borg and N T Wright, The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions, (HarperCollins, 1999), page 236.
  85. a b Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 - article "Historical Jesus, Quest of the"
  86. Meier (1991), pp.43–4
  87. For a comparison of the Jesus movement to the Zealots, see S. G. F. Brandon, Jesus and the Zealots: a study of the political factor in primitive Christianity, Manchester University Press (1967) ISBN 0–684–31010–4
  88. a b For a general comparison of Jesus' teachings to other schools of first century Judaism, see John P. Meier, Companions and Competitors (A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Volume 3) Anchor Bible, 2001. ISBN 0–385–46993–4.
  89. Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Westminster Press, 1987, p. 78, 93, 105, 108; John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, HarperCollins, 1991, p. xi – xiii; Michael Grant, p. 34–35, 78, 166, 200; Paula Fredriksen, Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews, Alfred B. Knopf, 1999, p. 6–7, 105–110, 232–234, 266; John P. Meier, vol. 1:68, 146, 199, 278, 386, 2:726; E.P. Sanders, pp. 12–13; Geza Vermes, Jesus the Jew (Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1973), p. 37.;
  90. a b Sanders, E.P. Jesus and Judaism. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1987; Vermes, Geza. Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1981; Fredriksen, Paula. From Jesus to Christ. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
  91. a b c Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993.
  92. "Brian Knowles: Which Language Did Jesus Speak – Aramaic or Hebrew?". http://www.godward.org/Hebrew%20Roots/did%20jesus%20speak%20hebrew.htm. 
  93. Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944. p. 558; John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew. New York: Doubleday, 1991 vol. 1:205–7;
  94. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article Messiah
  95. Vermes, "Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels"
  96. Crossan, John Dominic, God and Empire, 2007, p. 28
  97. Vermes, "Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels"
  98. Vermes, "Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels"
  99. Vermes, "Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels"
  100. "A further point of broad agreement among New Testament scholars is ... that the historical Jesus did not make the claim to deity that later Christian thought was to make for him: he did not understand himself to be God, or God the Son, incarnate." - John Hick, The Metaphor of God Incarnate: Christology in a Pluralistic Age, Westminster John Knox Press, page 27.
  101. Michael Ramsey, Jesus and the Living Past (Oxford University Press, 1980), page 39: 'Jesus did not claim deity for himself'
  102. C. F. D. Moule, The Origin of Christology: 'Any case for a "high" Christology that depended on the authenticity of the alleged claims of Jesus about himself, especially in the Fourth Gospel, would indeed be precarious'
  103. James Dunn (theologian), Christology in the Making, (SCM Press 1980), page 254: 'We cannot claim that Jesus believed himself to be the incarnate Son of God' and 'There is no question in my mind that the doctrine of incarnation comes to clear expression within the NT…John 1.14 ranks as a classic formulation of the Christian belief in Jesus as incarnate God.' Page xiii..
  104. Brian Hebblethwaite, The Incarnation (Cambridge University Press, 1987), page 74: 'it is no longer possible to defend the divinity of Jesus by reference to the claims of Jesus'.
  105. John A. T. Robinson, Honest to God, Westminster Press (1963), Page 47: 'It is, indeed, an open question whether Jesus ever claimed to be the Son of God, let alone God.'
  106. Larry Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity, page 5, describes the view that Jesus made 'both his messiahship and his divinity clear to his disciples during his ministry' as 'naive and ahistorical'.
  107. Larry Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity, (Eerdmans, 2005), page 650.
  108. "Pharisees", Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  109. Based on a comparison of the Gospels with the Talmud and other Jewish literature. Maccoby, Hyam Jesus the Pharisee, Scm Press, 2003. ISBN 0–334–02914–7; Falk, Harvey Jesus the Pharisee: A New Look at the Jewishness of Jesus, Wipf & Stock Publishers (2003). ISBN 1–59244–313–3.
  110. Neusner, Jacob A Rabbi Talks With Jesus, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2000. ISBN 0–7735–2046–5. Rabbi Neusner contends that Jesus' teachings were closer to the House of Shammai than the House of Hillel.
  111. "Sadducees". Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  112. Based on a comparison of the Gospels with the Dead Sea Scrolls, especially the Teacher of Righteousness and Pierced Messiah. Eisenman, Robert James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Penguin (Non-Classics), 1998. ISBN 0–14–025773-X; Stegemann, Hartmut The Library of Qumran: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist, and Jesus. Grand Rapids MI, 1998. See also Broshi, Magen, "What Jesus Learned from the Essenes", Biblical Archaeology Review, 30:1, pg. 32–37, 64. Magen notes similarities between Jesus' teachings on the virtue of poverty and divorce, and Essene teachings as related in Josephus' The Jewish Wars and in the Damascus Document of the Dead Sea Scrolls, respectively. See also Akers, Keith The Lost Religion of Jesus. Lantern, 2000. ISBN 1-930051-26-3.
  113. Joseph Ratzinger, Pope Benedict XVI, Jesus of Nazareth, p. 14
  114. Crossan, John Dominic. The essential Jesus. Edison: Castle Books. 1998. p. 146
  115. See Schwietzer, Albert The Quest of the Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede, pp. 370–371, 402. Scribner (1968), ISBN 0–02–089240–3; Ehrman, Bart Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium, Oxford University Press USA, 1999. ISBN 0–19–512474-X. Crossan, however, makes a distinction between John's apocalyptic ministry and Jesus' ethical ministry. See Crossan, John Dominic, The Birth of Christianity: Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus, pp. 305–344. Harper Collins, 1998. ISBN 0–06–061659–8.
  116. a b "Zealots". Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  117. "Jesus Christ". Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  118. "The New Testament was complete, or substantially complete, about AD 100, the majority of the writings being in existence twenty to forty years before this...the situation is encouraging from the historian's point of view, for the first three Gospels were written at a time when many were alive who could remember the things that Jesus said and did... At any rate, the time elapsing between the evangelic events and the writing of most of the New Testament books was, from the standpoint of historical research, satisfactorily short." Bruce, F. F.: The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?, pp. 12-14, InterVarsity Press, USA, 1997.
  119. "There is no reason to doubt that we have in the Gospel tradition several authentic fragments of His [Jesus Christ's] teaching (albeit in Greek translation)." "Jesus Christ". Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  120. Peter, Kirby (2001-2007). "Early Christian Writings: Gospel of Mark". http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/mark.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-15. 
  121. Achtemeier, Paul J. (1991-). "The Gospel of Mark". The Anchor Bible Dictonary. 4. New York, New York: Doubleday. pp. 545. ISBN 0385193629. 
  122. Meier, John P. (1991). A Marginal Jew. New York, New York: Doubleday. pp. v.2 955–6. ISBN 0385469934. 
  123. A. Harnack, The Date of Acts and the Synoptic Gospels (1911), p. 90; J. A. T. Robinson, Redating the New Testament, pp. 86-92; I. H. Marshall, Luke, p. 35; A. J. Mattill Jr., ‘The Date and Purpose of Luke-Acts: Rackham reconsidered, in Catholic Biblical Quarterly 40 (1978), pp. 335-350.
  124. "Matthew, Gospel acc. to St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  125. Meier, John P., A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Doubleday: 1991. vol 1: p. 168–171.
  126. a b Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. Introduction, p. 1-38
  127. Kenneth Keulman, Critical Moments in Religious History, Mercer University Press, p.56
  128. Andrew F. Gregory, Christopher Mark Tuckett, The Reception of the New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers, Oxford University Press, p.178
  129. Durant 1944:553-7
  130. Bruce, FF (1982). New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? InterVarsity Press, ISBN 087784691X
  131. Herzog II, WR (2005). Prophet and Teacher. WJK, ISBN 0664225284
  132. Komoszewski, JE; Sawyer, MJ & Wallace, DB (2006). Reinventing Jesus. Kregel Publications. p. 195f. ISBN 978-0825429828. 
  133. Robert E. Van Voorst (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. quotation pp. 9–16. ISBN 0-8028-4368-9. 
  134. "…if we apply to the New Testament, as we should, the same sort of criteria as we should apply to other ancient writings containing historical material, we can no more reject Jesus' existence than we can reject the existence of a mass of pagan personages whose reality as historical figures is never questioned. ... To sum up, modern critical methods fail to support the Christ myth theory. It has 'again and again been answered and annihilated by first rank scholars.' In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." M. Grant, Jesus: An Historian's Review, pp. 199-200. 1977
  135. This section draws on a number of sources to determine the doctrines of these groups, especially the early Creeds, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, certain theological works, and various Confessions drafted during the Reformation including the Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, works contained in the Book of Concord, and others.
  136. Catechism of the Catholic Church §436–40; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 2; Irenaeus Adversus Haereses in Patrologia Graeca ed. J. P. Migne (Paris, 1857–1866) 7/1, 93; Luke 2:11; Matthew 16:16
  137. Catechism of the Catholic Church §606–618; Council of Trent (1547) in Denzinger-Schönmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum (1965) §1529;John 14:2–3
  138. Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 9; Augsburg Confession, article 2; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 8; Rom 5:12–21; 1 Cor 15:21–22.
  139. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, First Part of the Second Part, Question 87, Article 7, Reply to Objection 3, available here
  140. Apostles' Creed; Nicene Creed;Luther's Small Catechism commentary on Apostles' Creed; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 9
  141. Catechism of the Catholic Church §638–655; Byzantine Liturgy, Troparion of Easter; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 4 and 17; Augsburg Confession, article 3; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 9.
  142. Apostles' Creed; Nicene Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §668–675, 678–679; Luther's Small Catechism commentary on Apostles' Creed; Mt 25:32–46
  143. Catechism of the Catholic Church §1021-1022
  144. Fuller 1965, p. 15
  145. Apostles' Creed; Nicene Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §441–451; Augsburg Confession, article 3; Luther's Small Catechism, commentary on Apostles' Creed; Matthew 16:16–17; 1 Corinthians 2:8
  146. Augsburg Confession, article 3; John 1:1
  147. Apostles' Creed; Nicene Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §461–463;Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 2; Luther's Small Catechism commentary on Apostles' Creed; John 1:14, 16; Hebrews 10:5–7
  148. Catechism of the Catholic Church §456–460; Gregory of Nyssa, Orat. catech. 15 in Patrologia Graeca ed. J. P. Migne (Paris, 1857–1866) 45, 48B; St. Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses 3.19.1 in ibid. 7/1, 939; St. Athanasius, De inc., 54.3 in ibid. 25, 192B. St. Thomas Aquinas, Opusc. in ibid. 57: 1–4; Galatians 4:4–5
  149. Apostles' Creed; Nicene Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §484–489, 494–507; Luther's Small Catechism commentary on Apostles' Creed
  150. Barth 1956, p. 207
  151. MacLeod 1998, p. 37-41
  152. Nicene Creed; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 1; Augsburg Confession, article 1; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 3; Council of Nicaea I (325) in Denzinger-Schönmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum (1965) §126; Council of Constantinople II (553) in ibid. §424 and 424; Council of Ephesus in ibid. §255; John 1:1; 8:58; 10:30
  153. Catechism of the Catholic Church §464–469; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 2 and 3 Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 9; Council of Ephesus (431) in Denzinger-Schönmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum (1965) §250; Council of Ephesus in ibid. §251; Council of Chalcedon (451) in ibid. §301 and 302; Hebrews 4:15.
  154. Catechism of the Catholic Church §541–546
  155. Apostles' Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §551–553; Augsburg Confession, article 8; Luther's Small Catechism commentary on Apostles' Creed; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 9; Leo the Great, Sermo 4.3 in Patrologia Latina ed. J. P. Migne (Paris, 1841–1855); Matthew 16:18
  156. Catechism of the Catholic Church"§1322–1419; Martin Luther, Augsburg Confession, article 10; Luther's Small Catechism: the Sacrament of the Altar
  157. John Calvin, Calvins Calvinism BOOK II Chapter 15 Centers for Reformed Theology and Apologetics [resource online] (1996-2002, accessed June 03, 2006); available here
  158. H. Orton Wiley, Christian Theology Chapter 22 [resource online] (Nampa, Idah: 1993-2005, accessed June 03, 2006); available here
  159. "Doctrine and Covenants 20". http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dc/20/28#28. 
  160. "Aaronic Priesthood Manual: The Godhead". http://www.lds.org/ldsorg/v/index.jsp?hideNav=1&locale=0&sourceId=88eea41f6cc20110VgnVCM100000176f620a____&vgnextoid=ba805f74db46c010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD. 
  161. "Doctrine and Covenants 130". http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dc/130/22#22. 
  162. 3 Nephi 11:8
  163. "Doctrine and Covenants 20". http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dc/20. 
  164. "Revelation—Its Grand Climax at Hand!" –1988 | chap. 27 pp. 180-181 par. 15 "God's Kingdom Is Born!" |. © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | "But who is Michael? The name "Michael" means "Who Is Like God?" So Michael must be interested in vindicating Jehovah's sovereignty by proving that no one is to be compared to Him. In Jude verse 9, he is called "Michael the archangel". Interestingly, the title "archangel" is used elsewhere in the Bible with reference to only one person: Jesus Christ. Paul says of him: "The Lord himself will descend from heaven with a commanding call, with an archangel's voice"
  165. "Insight On The Scriptures 2" –1988 | p. 393 "Michael" |. © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | "Scriptural evidence indicates that the name Michael applied to God's Son before he left heaven to become Jesus Christ and also after his return. Michael is the only one said to be "the archangel", meaning "chief angel", or "principal angel". The term occurs in the Bible only in the singular. This seems to imply that there is but one whom God has designated chief, or head, of the angelic host. At 1 Thessalonians 4:16 the voice of the resurrected Lord Jesus Christ is described as being that of an archangel, suggesting that he is, in fact, himself the archangel"
  166. "Jesus The Ruler Whose Origin Is From Early Times", The Watchtower (June 15, 1998) p. 22. | "Some centuries later came Jesus' greatest assignment up to that time. Jehovah transferred the life force of his beloved Son from heaven into the womb of Mary. Nine months later she gave birth to a baby boy, Jesus. (Luke 2:1-7, 21)"
  167. "Reasoning From The Scriptures" –1985 © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | p. 257 par. 1 Mary (Jesus' Mother) "Heb. 2:14, 17, JB: "Since all the children share the same blood and flesh, he Jesus too shared equally in it . . . It was essential that he should in this way become completely like his brothers." (But would he have been "completely like his brothers" if he had been a God-man?)"
  168. "Insight On The Scriptures" –1988 | p. 53 "Jesus Christ" |. © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | "Doubtless on many occasions during his prehuman existence as the Word, Jesus acted as Jehovah's Spokesman to persons on earth. While certain texts refer to Jehovah as though directly speaking to humans, other texts make clear that he did so through an angelic representative. (Compare Ex 3:2-4 with Ac 7:30, 35; also Ge 16:7-11, 13; 22:1, 11, 12, 15-18.) Reasonably, in the majority of such cases God spoke through the Word. He likely did so in Eden, for on two of the three occasions where mention is made of God's speaking there, the record specifically shows someone was with Him, undoubtedly his Son. (Ge 1:26-30; 2:16, 17; 3:8-19, 22) The angel who guided Israel through the wilderness and whose voice the Israelites were strictly to obey because 'Jehovah's name was within him,' may therefore have been God's Son, the Word.—Ex 23:20-23; compare Jos 5:13-15."
  169. Watchtower 9/1/06 1 p. 28 par. 5 "Let Your Petitions Be Made Known to God" © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | "5 Jehovah does not lay down a lot of rigid rules on how to pray. Nevertheless, we need to learn the proper approach to God, which is explained in the Bible. For instance, Jesus taught his followers: "If you ask the Father for anything he will give it to you in my name." (John 16:23) Hence, we are required to pray in Jesus' name, recognizing Jesus as the sole channel through which God's blessings are extended to all mankind."
  170. John 3:16
  171. Col 1:15
  172. Rom 11:36
  173. "What Do They Believe?", Watchtower Bible and Tract Society c.f., Retrieved April 14, 2007
  174. "Who is Jesus Christ?", The Watchtower, September 15, 2005, Retrieved December 3, 2007.
  175. "Insight On The Scriptures" –1988 © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | it-1 p. 1197 Incorruption "Raised to Immortality and Incorruption. Christ Jesus entered into immortality upon his resurrection from the dead, thereafter possessing "an indestructible life." (1Ti 6:15, 16; Heb 7:15-17)"
  176. The Watchtower © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | 10/1/06 p. 5 You Can Live Forever |"the apostle Paul explains: "Christ, now that he has been raised up from the dead, dies no more; death is master over him no more." (Romans 6:9)" |
  177. Flint, James; Deb Flint. One God or a Trinity?. Hyderabad: Printland Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 81-87409-61-4. http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_onegod.htm#3. 
  178. Flint, James; Deb Flint. One God or a Trinity?. Hyderabad: Printland Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 81-87409-61-4. http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_onegod.htm#10. 
  179. Pearce, Fred. Jesus: God the Son or Son of God? Does the Bible Teach the Trinity?. Birmingham, UK: The Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Association Ltd (UK). p. 7. http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/jesus.htm#7. 
  180. Burke, Jonathan (2003). "The Salvic Efficacy of Christ's Sacrifice - refuting all Trinitarians". Retrieved on 2008-12-29.
  181. Pearce, Fred. Jesus: God the Son or Son of God? Does the Bible Teach the Trinity?. Birmingham, UK: The Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Association Ltd (UK). p. 8. http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/jesus.htm#8. 
  182. Morgan, Tecwyn. Christ is Coming! Bible Teaching About His Return. Birmingham, UK: The Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Association Ltd (UK). p. 1. http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/coming.htm#1. 
  183. Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities, Oxford, 2003, p. 102.
  184. "Christology". Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  185. McManners, John, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 26–31.
  186. Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities, Oxford, 2003, p. 124–125.
  187. Wace, Henry, "Commentary on Marcion", Retrieved April 16, 2007.
  188. Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities, Oxford, 2003, p. 103, p. 104–105, p.108
  189. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, p.158
  190. Fasching, deChant (2001) p. 241
  191. a b Schäfer, Peter; Cohen, Mark R. (1998), Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to Waco, Leiden/Princeton: Brill/Princeton UP, pp. 306, ISBN 90-04-11037-2 .
  192. Günter Grönbold, Jesus In Indien, München: Kösel 1985, ISBN 3466202701.
  193. Norbert Klatt, Lebte Jesus in Indien?, Göttingen: Wallstein 1988.
  194. Faruqi, Nisar Ahmed (1983), "The Promised Messiah", Ahmadiyyat in the Service of Islam, Lahore: Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat, pp. 98, ISBN 0-913321-00-1 .
  195. http://www.tjresearch.info/legends.htm
  196. Houtsma 1913, p. 260.
  197. Emunoth ve-Deoth, II:5
  198. Simmons, Shraga, "Why Jews Do not Believe in Jesus", Retrieved April 15, 2007; "Why Jews Do not Believe in Jesus", Ohr Samayach — Ask the Rabbi, Retrieved April 15, 2007; "Why do not Jews believe that Jesus was the messiah?", AskMoses.com, Retrieved April 15, 2007
  199. "Even Jesus the Nazarene who imagined that he would be Messiah and was killed by the court, was already prophesied by Daniel. So that it was said, "And the members of the outlaws of your nation would be carried to make a (prophetic) vision stand. And they stumbled." (Daniel 11.14) Because, is there a greater stumbling-block than this one? So that all of the prophets spoke that the Messiah redeems Israel, and saves them, and gathers their banished ones, and strengthens their commandments. And this one caused (nations) to destroy Israel by sword, and to scatter their remnant, and to humiliate them, and to exchange the Torah, and to make the majority of the world err to serve a divinity besides God. However, the thoughts of the Creator of the world — there is no force in a human to attain them because our ways are not God's ways, and our thoughts not God's thoughts. And all these things of Jesus the Nazarene, and of (Muhammad) the Ishmaelite who stood after him — there is no (purpose) but to straighten out the way for the King Messiah, and to restore all the world to serve God together. So that it is said, "Because then I will turn toward the nations (giving them) a clear lip, to call all of them in the name of God and to serve God (shoulder to shoulder as) one shoulder."(Zephaniah 3.9) Look how all the world already becomes full of the things of the Messiah, and the things of the Torah, and the things of the commandments! And these things spread among the far islands and among the many nations uncircumcised of heart. "Hilchot Malachim (laws concerning kings) (Hebrew)", MechonMamre.org, Retrieved April 15, 2007
  200. Waxman, Jonathan (2006). "Messianic Jews Are Not Jews". United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. http://www.uscj.org/Messianic_Jews_Not_J5480.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-15. "Judaism has held that the Mashiach will come and usher in a new era; not that he will proclaim his arrival, die and wait centuries to finish his task. To continue to assert that Jesus was the Mashiach goes against the belief that the Mashiach will transform the world when he does come, not merely hint at a future transformation at some undefined time to come... Judaism rejects the claim that a new covenant was created with Jesus and asserts instead that the chain of Tradition reaching back to Moshe continues to make valid claims on our lives, and serve as more than mere window dressing." 
  201. Contemporary American Reform Responsa, #68, "Question 18.3.4: Reform's Position On...What is unacceptable practice?", faqs.org. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
  202. Stockman, Robert (1992). "Jesus Christ in the Baha'i Writings". Bahá'í Studies Review (1). http://bahai-library.com/index.php5?file=stockman_jesus_bahai_writings. 
  203. The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, Introduction by Swami Nikhilananda, p. 34.
  204. "Christ the Messenger". http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/lectures_and_discourses/christ_the_messenger.htm. Retrieved on 2007. 
  205. Paramahansa Yogananda, Autobiography of a Yogi, 2nd ed., Crystal Clarity Publishers, 2005. ISBN 1–56589–212–7.
  206. Beverley, James A., Hollywood's Idol, Christianity Today, "Jesus Christ also lived previous lives", he said. "So, you see, he reached a high state, either as a Bodhisattva, or an enlightened person, through Buddhist practice or something like that", Retrieved April 20, 2007
  207. 101 Zen Stories; #16
  208. "Mandaean Scriptures and Fragments: The Haran Gawaitha". http://www.gnosis.org/library/haran.htm. Retrieved on 2007. 
  209. Bevan, A. A. (1930). "Manichaeism". Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume VIII Ed. James Hastings. London
  210. Wills, Garry, What Jesus Meant (2006) ISBN 0–670–03496–7
  211. Crossan, John Dominic, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, HarperSanFrancisco (1993), ISBN 0–06–061629–6; Robert Funk, The Five Gospels: What did Jesus really say? The search for the authentic words of Jesus, Harper San Francisco (1997), ISBN 0–06–063040-X; Robert Funk, The Acts of Jesus: What Did Jesus Really Do?, The Jesus Seminar, Harper San Francisco (1998), ISBN 0–06–062978–9; The Jesus Seminar, The Gospel of Jesus: According to the Jesus Seminar, Robert Walter Funk (Editor), Polebridge Press (1999), ISBN 0–944344–74–7
  212. John 13:34–35
  213. Sniegocki, John. "Review of Joseph GRASSI, Peace on Earth: Roots and Practices from Luke's Gospel," Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2004 (repentance, forgiveness); Bock, Darrell L. "Major Themes of Jesus' life", (coming of the Kingdom of God); Brussat, Frederic and Mary Ann. "Review of If Grace Is So Amazing, Why Do not We Like It?," (grace); Hughes, F. A. "Grace and Truth", Stem Publishing 1972 (grace)
  214. Duhaime, Jean; Blasi, Anthony J.; Turcotte, Paul-André (2002). Handbook of early Christianity: social science approaches. Walnut Creek, Calif: AltaMira Press. p. 434. ISBN 0-7591-0015-2. 
  215. "The Jefferson Bible". http://www.angelfire.com/co/JeffersonBible/jeffintr.html. Retrieved on 2007. 
  216. "Paul, St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  217. "Christology." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  218. "Christology." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  219. "Christology." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  220. "Strauss, David Frederick." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  221. "Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate" by William Nicholls, 1993. Published by Jason Aronson Inc., 1995; "Mature Christianity: The Recognition and Repudiation of the Anti-Jewish Polemic in the New Testament" Norman A. Beck, Susquehanna Univ. Press, 1985; "The Satanizing of the Jews: Origin and development of mystical anti-Semitism" Joel Carmichael, Fromm, 1993; "The Origins of Anti-Semitism: Attitudes Toward Judaism in Pagan and Christian Antiquity" John G. Gager, Oxford Univ. Press, 1983; "What Did They Think of the Jews?" Edited by Allan Gould, Jason Aronson Inc., 1991; "The New Testament's Anti-Jewish Slander and Conventions of Ancient Polemic", Luke Johnson, Journal of Biblical Literature, Volume 3, 1989; "Three Popes and the Jews" Pinchas E. Lapide, Hawthorne Books, 1967; "National Socialism and the Roman Catholic Church" Nathaniel Micklem, Oxford Univ. Press, 1939; Theological Anti-Semitism in the New Testament", Rosemary Radford Ruether, Christian Century, Feb. 1968, Vol. 85; "John Chrysostom and the Jews" Robert L. Wilken, Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, 1983
  222. Of Revelation and Revolution, Volume 1: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa by Jean Comaroff, John L. Comaroff 1991 University of Chicago Press; A Violent Evangelism: The Political and Religious Conquest of the Americas by Luis Rivera Pagan 1992 Westminster Press; The Americas in the Spanish World Order: The Justification for Conquest in the 17th century by James Muldoon 1994 University of Pennsylvania Press; An Empire Divided: Religion, Republicanism, and the Making of French Colonialism, 1880–1914 by J.P. Daughton 2006 Oxford University Press; Contracting Colonialism: Translations and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society Under Early Spanish Rule by Vicente L. Rafael 1988 Cornell University Press; Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-Cultural Communication Since 1500; With Special Reference to Caste, Conversion, and Colonialism (Studies in the History of Christian Missions) edited by Robert Eric Frykenberg and Alaine Low 2003 Wm. B. Eerdmans

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    • The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1993. ISBN 0–06–061629–6
    • Who Killed Jesus?", 1995. ISBN 0–06–061480–3
  • Guy Davenport and Benjamin Urrutia. The Logia of Yeshua; The Sayings of Jesus. Washington, DC: 1996. ISBN 1–887178–70–8
  • De La Potterie, Ignace. "The Hour of Jesus". New York: Alba House, 1989.
  • Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944. ISBN 0–671–11500–6
  • Ehrman, Bart. The Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0–19–514183–0
  • Ehrman, Bart. The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0–19–515462–2
  • Fredriksen, Paula. Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity. New York: Vintage, 2000. ISBN 0–679–76746–0
  • Fredriksen, Paula. From Jesus to Christ. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. ISBN 0–300–04864–5
  • Finegan, Jack. Handbook of Biblical Chronology, revised ed. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1998. ISBN 1–56563–143–9.
  • Fuller, Reginald H., The Foundations of New Testament Christology. New York: Scribners, 1965. ISBN 022717075X
  • Meier, John P., A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, New York: Anchor Doubleday,
v. 1, The Roots of the Problem and the Person, 1991. ISBN 0–385–26425–9
v. 2, Mentor, Message, and Miracles, 1994. ISBN 0–385–46992–6
v. 3, Companions and Competitors, 2001. ISBN 0–385–46993–4
  • O'Collins, Gerald. Interpreting Jesus. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1983.
  • Pelikan, Jaroslav. Jesus Through the Centuries: His Place in the History of Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. ISBN 0–300–07987–7
  • Robinson, John A. T. Redating the New Testament. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2001 (original 1977). ISBN 1–57910–527–0.
  • Sanders, E.P. The Historical Figure of Jesus. New York: Penguin, 1996. ISBN 0–14–014499–4
  • Sanders, E.P. Jesus and Judaism. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1987. ISBN 0–8006–2061–5
  • Vermes, Geza. Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1981. ISBN 0–8006–1443–7
  • Fredriksen, Paula. From Jesus to Christ. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
  • Vermes, Geza. The Religion of Jesus the Jew. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1993. ISBN 0–8006–2797–0
  • Vermes, Geza. Jesus in his Jewish Context. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2003. ISBN 0–8006–3623–6
  • Wilson, A.N. Jesus. London: Pimlico, 2003. ISBN 0–7126–0697–1
  • Wright, N.T. Jesus and the Victory of God. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1997. ISBN 0–8006–2682–6
  • Wright, N.T. The Resurrection of the Son of God: Christian Origins and the Question of God. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2003. ISBN 0–8006–2679–6

External links

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Persondata
NAME Jesus
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Jesus Christ (honorific); Jesus of Nazareth (traditional); יֵשׁ֣וּעַ (Hebrew); Yeshua (transliteration); Isa (Islam)
SHORT DESCRIPTION Religious figure, founded Christianity
DATE OF BIRTH c. 4 BC/BCE
PLACE OF BIRTH Bethlehem, Iudaea Province (traditionally)
DATE OF DEATH c. 30
PLACE OF DEATH Jerusalem, Iudaea Province

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; from the article "Jesus". Image Credit.
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Topics by Level of Interest: Jesus

Topics sorted by level of Interest Level (1=low, 600=high)     Topics sorted Alphabetically Level (1=low, 600=high)
List of people associated with Jesus College, Oxford 600     Adailton de Jesus 5
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 477     Afevork Ghevre Jesus 7
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 408     Ahmadiyya views of Jesus 9
Jesus 271     Amílton Jesus dos Santos 6
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 227     American Jesus 12
Blacks and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 193     Anderson da Silva de Jesus 5
Homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 183     Anderson de Jesus Ramos 4
Society of Jesus 116     Animals and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 13
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership statistics 104     Anointing of Jesus 12
The Lost Tomb of Jesus 98     António Jesus García 9
Christian views of Jesus 96     Apostles of Jesus 2
Crucifixion of Jesus 96     Apostles of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 3
Miracles attributed to Jesus 95     Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus 30
Historical Jesus 94     Apostolic Gospel Church of Jesus Christ 3
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 92     Aramaic of Jesus 38
Jesus Christ Superstar 92     Are You There God? It's Me, Jesus 17
History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 91     Arrest of Jesus 12
Jews for Jesus 90     Ascension of Jesus 43
Jesus myth hypothesis 85     Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ 11
Nativity of Jesus 85     Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines 18
Cultural and historical background of Jesus 82     Augustinian Sisters, Servants of Jesus and Mary 3
Nativity of Jesus in art 81     Baptism of Jesus 52
The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) 80     Basilica of Bom Jesus 14
Historicity of Jesus 80     Bento de Jesus Caraça 5
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region 80     Bernard Mary of Jesus 9
Claimed Messianic prophecies of Jesus 75     Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ 19
Jesus Christ in comparative mythology 74     Black Jesus (song) 6
Jesus Seminar 69     Blacks and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 193
Chronology of Jesus 62     Blood of Jesus Christ 3
Virgin Birth of Jesus 60     Bom Jesus 5
Religious perspectives on Jesus 59     Bom Jesus de Goiás 10
Ministry of Jesus 58     Bom Jesus do Itabapoana 3
Santo Antônio de Jesus 54     Bom Jesus do Monte 11
Resurrection appearances of Jesus 54     Bom Jesus do Norte, Espírito Santo 9
Cross or stake as gibbet on which Jesus died 54     Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Tocantins 3
Judaism's view of Jesus 54     Bom Jesus dos Perdões 5
Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament 53     Bom Jesus funicular 5
Baptism of Jesus 52     Brothers of the Cross of Jesus 2
Jesus in Islam 51     Cachoeira do Bom Jesus 2
Genealogy of Jesus 50     Carlos Santos de Jesus 7
Jesus College, Oxford 50     Carmelite Daughters of the Divine Heart of Jesus 9
Josephus on Jesus 49     Carolina Maria De Jesus 26
Nélson de Jesus Silva 48     Cathedral Dulce Nombre de Jesus 5
Jesus Prayer 47     Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 5
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Canada 44     Celson Ricardo Borges de Jesus 4
Visions of Jesus and Mary 43     Center of Jesus the Lord (New Orleans) 4
Ascension of Jesus 43     Child Jesus 12
James Jesus Angleton 42     Chocolate Jesus 5
Cultural depictions of Jesus 42     Christian views of Jesus 96
Depiction of Jesus 40     Chronology of Jesus 62
Presentation of Jesus at the Temple 40     Church of Jesus Christ 36
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) 39     Church of Jesus Christ–Christian 7
Aramaic of Jesus 38     Church of Jesus Christ, the Bride, the Lamb's Wife 3
Personal Jesus 38     Church of Jesus Christ (Bullaite) 4
Race of Jesus 37     Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) 7
Jesus freak 37     Church of Jesus Christ (Drewite) 4
Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 36     Church of Jesus Christ (Toneyite) 3
Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus 36     Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar 4
Church of Jesus Christ 36     Church of Jesus Christ in Zion 4
Parables of Jesus 35     Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (alternative meanings) 5
Jesus movement 34     Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) 39
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints hymns 34     Church of Jesus Christ Restored 1830 4
Finances of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 32     Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith 19
Colegio del Sagrado Corazon de Jesus 31     Church of the Little Children of Jesus Christ 6
Sexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 30     Church of the Lord Jesus Christ 8
Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus 30     Churches of Jesus Christ International 9
The Jesus and Mary Chain 29     Claimed Messianic prophecies of Jesus 75
Hymns of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 29     Claudio de Jesus Ximenes 3
Jesus and the money changers 28     Clementina de Jesus 2
Jesus Camp 28     Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus 6
Hymns of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1985 book) 27     Colegio del Sagrado Corazon de Jesus 31
Jesus Christ Superstar (film) 26     Community of Jesus 8
Carolina Maria De Jesus 26     Community of the Companions of Jesus the Good Shepherd 10
Jesus Army 25     Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 408
True Jesus Church 25     Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 4
Jesus bloodline 24     Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary 8
List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 24     Congregation of the Ursulines of the Agonizing Heart of Jesus (Grey Ursulines) 4
Disciple whom Jesus loved 24     Convent of Jesus and Mary 22
The Jesus and Mary Chain discography 23     Convent of Jesus and Mary (Delhi) 6
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii 23     Convent of Jesus and Mary (Karachi) 9
Jesus (South Park) 23     Convent of Jesus and Mary (Murree) 5
Sayings of Jesus on the cross 23     Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus 16
Convent of Jesus and Mary 22     Creaming Jesus 9
Rejection of Jesus 22     Creeping Jesus 3
Suppression of the Society of Jesus 21     Criticism of Jesus 15
Jesus of Suburbia 21     Croatian Province of the Society of Jesus 3
Jesus Price Supastar 20     Cross or stake as gibbet on which Jesus died 54
Jesus and Pals 20     Crucifixion of Jesus 96
Worship services of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 19     Cultural and historical background of Jesus 82
Jesus Christ Pose 19     Cultural depictions of Jesus 42
Jesus College, Cambridge 19     Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 36
Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith 19     Da Jesus Book 3
Gregoria de Jesus 19     Deacon Stan, Jesus Man 12
List of people who have claimed to be Jesus 19     Death and resurrection of Jesus 2
Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ 19     Depiction of Jesus 40
Jesus Castellanos 18     Did Jesus Exist? 6
Jesus Christians 18     Disciple whom Jesus loved 24
Rock N Roll Jesus 18     Divine Infant Jesus 4
Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines 18     Dominican Sisters of the Heart of Jesus 4
True Jesus Church in China 18     Doubt: A History: The Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson 3
Master Jesus 18     Dread Jesus 2
Holy Face of Jesus 17     Edilberto de Jesus 4
Are You There God? It's Me, Jesus 17     Eduardo Marques de Jesus Passos 7
The Man Who Called Himself Jesus 17     Eufrasia of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 3
Jesus Army Productions 17     Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini 10
Manuel José de Jesus 17     Everaldo de Jesus Pereira 10
Jesus and the woman taken in adultery 16     Every Day with Jesus 3
Lost years of Jesus 16     Everybodys Jesus 7
Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus 16     Fábio de Jesus 7
Transfiguration of Jesus 15     Fairest Lord Jesus 4
I Have Forgiven Jesus 15     Faithful Companions of Jesus 4
Jesus (1979 film) 15     Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus 9
The Jesus Record 15     Female disciples of Jesus 14
Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries) 15     Fernando Gomes de Jesus 8
Jesus Freak (album) 15     Finances of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 32
Superior General of the Society of Jesus 15     Following Jesus 5
Criticism of Jesus 15     Fort Jesus 6
Jesus of Cool 14     Franciscan Church of St Mary of Jesus 4
Jesus Says 14     Franciscan Servants of Jesus 3
Jesus People USA 14     Fuck me Jesus 10
Basilica of Bom Jesus 14     Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 92
Hebrew of Jesus 14     Genealogy of Jesus 50
Jesus Não Tem Dentes No País Dos Banguelas 14     Geovanni de Jesus 4
What would Jesus do? 14     GI Jesus 3
The Day They Shot a Hole in the Jesus Egg 14     Gregoria de Jesus 19
Female disciples of Jesus 14     Guaraná Jesus 5
The Jesus Lizard 14     Hear Us Say Jesus 5
Jesus to a Child 14     Heart of Jesus 2
Jesus Dress Up 13     Hebrew of Jesus 14
Homosexual readings of Jesus and John 13     Historical Jesus 94
The Jesus Mysteries 13     Historicity of Jesus 80
Animals and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 13     History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 91
Sweet Jesus (band) 13     Holy Child Jesus Elementary School 3
Responsibility for the death of Jesus 13     Holy Church of Jesus Christ 4
Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria, Marchioness of Loulé 13     Holy Face of Jesus 17
Jesus College Boat Club 13     Holy Name of Jesus Catholic Church 11
The Jesus Family Tomb 13     Holy Name of Jesus Catholic School 11
Jesus He Knows Me 13     Holy Name of Jesus Church in San Francisco 3
Jesus Jones 13     Holy Name of Jesus R.C. Church 6
Anointing of Jesus 12     Homosexual readings of Jesus and John 13
Jesus Walks 12     Homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 183
Arrest of Jesus 12     Hospital Sisters of the Mercy of Jesus 5
Quest for the historical Jesus 12     Hymns of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 29
Jesus Christ Superstar (album) 12     Hymns of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1985 book) 27
Plastic Jesus 12     I'm Not Jesus 10
The Gospel According to Jesus Christ 12     I Am Jesus 5
Iglesia de Jesus de Miramar 12     I Am Your Jesus of Mercy 3
The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ 12     I Have Forgiven Jesus 15
Jesus Christ Superstar (Original Australian Cast Recording) 12     Iglesia de Jesus de Miramar 12
Jesus and Mo 12     Infant Jesus of Prague 8
List of books about Jesus 12     Infant Jesus School, Saharanpur 2
Membership history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 12     Infant Jesus Sisters 3
American Jesus 12     Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria, Marchioness of Loulé 13
Seven Day Jesus 12     James Jesus Angleton 42
Monastery of Jesus of Setúbal 12     James the Brother of Jesus 10
Deacon Stan, Jesus Man 12     James the Brother of Jesus (book) 8
Vaginal Jesus 12     Janício de Jesus Gomes Martins 5
United Latter-day Church of Jesus Christ 12     Jesus 271
Jesus Freak Hideout 12     Jesus "Aguaje" Ramos 3
Child Jesus 12     Jesus (1973 film) 6
Jesus Freak: 10th Anniversary Special Edition 11     Jesus (1979 film) 15
Jude, brother of Jesus 11     Jesus (1999 film) 10
Holy Name of Jesus Catholic School 11     Jesus (alternative meanings) 5
Jesus Ranch 11     Jesus (Brand New song) 10
True Jesus Church in Taiwan 11     Jesus (name) 10
Seamless robe of Jesus 11     Jesus (South Park) 23
Jesus Freak (song) 11     Jesus A. Villamor 7
Bom Jesus do Monte 11     Jesus A Padron 3
Relics attributed to Jesus 11     Jesus Almenas 5
Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ 11     Jesus and history 5
Holy Name of Jesus Catholic Church 11     Jesus and Mo 12
Community of the Companions of Jesus the Good Shepherd 10     Jesus and Pals 20
Touched by Jesus 10     Jesus and the money changers 28
James the Brother of Jesus 10     Jesus and the woman taken in adultery 16
Fuck me Jesus 10     Jesus Angoy 2
Jesus Sutras 10     Jesus Army 25
Jesus music 10     Jesus Army Productions 17
Jesus (Brand New song) 10     Jesus as myth 2
Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini 10     Jesus Baza Duenas 5
Jesus Is My Superhero 10     Jesus ben Ananias 3
Jesus (name) 10     Jesus bloodline 24
Jesus Is 10     Jesus Bracamontes 2
Everaldo de Jesus Pereira 10     Jesus Built My Hotrod 7
Bom Jesus de Goiás 10     Jesus Camp 28
Jesus on Mars 10     Jesus Castellanos 18
Metropolitan Church of Art of Jesus the Conductor 10     Jesus Castillo, Jr. 4
Jesus of Montreal 10     Jesus Christ: The Musical 3
I'm Not Jesus 10     Jesus Christ Bobby 5
Jesus (1999 film) 10     Jesus Christ in comparative mythology 74
The Jesus Incident 9     Jesus Christ Pose 19
Churches of Jesus Christ International 9     Jesus Christ Superstar 92
Jesus T. Peralta 9     Jesus Christ Superstar (album) 12
Jesus Hates You 9     Jesus Christ Superstar (film) 26
Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus 9     Jesus Christ Superstar (Original Australian Cast Recording) 12
António Jesus García 9     Jesus Christ Superstars 8
Creaming Jesus 9     Jesus Christ the Almighty Church 4
Convent of Jesus and Mary (Karachi) 9     Jesus Christ the Apple Tree 4
Petra Praise 2: We Need Jesus 9     Jesus Christ Vampire Hunter 9
Jesus Was a Capricorn 9     Jesus Christians 18
Jesus wept 9     Jesus Church 7
Bernard Mary of Jesus 9     Jesus Church (Cieszyn) 3
The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States 9     Jesus College 2
The Jesus Papers: Exposing the Greatest Cover-Up in History 9     Jesus College, Cambridge 19
Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus 9     Jesus College, Oxford 50
The Jesus Scroll 9     Jesus College Boat Club 13
Jesus Christ Vampire Hunter 9     Jesus College Boat Club (Cambridge) 6
Bom Jesus do Norte, Espírito Santo 9     Jesus College Boat Club (Oxford) 5
Carmelite Daughters of the Divine Heart of Jesus 9     Jesus Commands Us to Go! 5
Ahmadiyya views of Jesus 9     Jesus Day 7
What a Friend We Have in Jesus 9     Jesus Dress Up 13
Vitor Hugo Manique de Jesus 9     Jesus Dynasty 5
Jesus Christ Superstars 8     Jesus Egg That Wept 7
Infant Jesus of Prague 8     Jesus Estanislao 5
James the Brother of Jesus (book) 8     Jesus Film Project 4
Woman in the World of Jesus (book) 8     Jesus freak 37
Jesus Saves 8     Jesus Freak: 10th Anniversary Special Edition 11
Church of the Lord Jesus Christ 8     Jesus Freak (album) 15
Jesus or a Gun 8     Jesus Freak (alternative meanings) 3
Names of Jesus and his family 8     Jesus Freak (song) 11
Community of Jesus 8     Jesus Freak Hideout 12
True and Living Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Last Days 8     Jesus Freaks (book) 6
Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ 8     Jesus Freaks (youth movement) 4
Jesus Vidana (fisherman) 8     Jesus Gonzales 5
True Jesus Church in Korea 8     Jesus Green Swimming Pool 7
Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary 8     Jesus H. Christ 6
Primitive Church of Jesus Christ 8     Jesus Hates You 9
Selling Jesus 8     Jesus He Knows Me 13
Fernando Gomes de Jesus 8     Jesus Hernandez 5
Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary 8     Jesus Hits Like the Atom Bomb 5
Jesus Is Lord Church 8     Jesus I Was Evil 5
Returning Jesus 8     Jesus in Islam 51
Missionaries of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 8     Jesus Is 10
Carlos Santos de Jesus 7     Jesus is Alive 6
Restoration Church of Jesus Christ 7     Jesus Is Just Alright 5
Leandro dos Santos de Jesus 7     Jesus is Lord 4
The Last Days of Jesus 7     Jesus Is Lord Church 8
Symbolism in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 7     Jesus Is My Superhero 10
Afevork Ghevre Jesus 7     Jesus Jones 13
Willian Thiego de Jesus 7     Jesus Justus 4
Church of Jesus Christ–Christian 7     Jesus Ledesma Aguilar 4
Ronaldo Rodrigues de Jesus 7     Jesus Lizard 2
Jesus the Christ (book) 7     Jesus Loves Me 6
Misquoting Jesus 7     Jesus Loves You 6
The Sophia of Jesus Christ 7     Jesus Loves You (Not As Much As I Do) 4
Maria de Jesus 7     Jesus María, Santander 3
Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) 7     Jesus Maria, California 6
Wamberto de Jesus Sousa Campos 7     Jesus Merino 2
Jesus through Shia Narrations 7     Jesus Montero 6
Eduardo Marques de Jesus Passos 7     Jesus movement 34
Little Brothers of Jesus 7     Jesus music 10
Marcos De Jesus 7     Jesus myth hypothesis 85
Jesus Church 7     Jesus Não Tem Dentes No País Dos Banguelas 14
Jesus Egg That Wept 7     Jesus nut 5
Jesus Built My Hotrod 7     Jesus of Cool 14
Fábio de Jesus 7     Jesus of Montreal 10
Jesus Day 7     Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries) 15
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Korea 7     Jesus of Suburbia 21
What Would Jesus Buy? 7     Jesus on Mars 10
Jesus A. Villamor 7     Jesus or a Gun 8
Jesus Saves (Song) 7     Jesus People USA 14
Jesus Green Swimming Pool 7     Jesus Prayer 47
John Jesus Flanagan 7     Jesus Price Supastar 20
Everybodys Jesus 7     Jesus Professor of Celtic 6
True Jesus Church in Japan 7     Jesus Ranch 11
We Love to Sing About Jesus 7     Jesus Rojas 4
Church of the Little Children of Jesus Christ 6     Jesus Sanchez 3
Jesus Freaks (book) 6     Jesus Saves 8
Fort Jesus 6     Jesus Saves (novel) 2
Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus 6     Jesus Saves (Song) 7
Jesus H. Christ 6     Jesus Says 14
Did Jesus Exist? 6     Jesus Seminar 69
Jesus is Alive 6     Jesus Singson 6
Society of the Holy Child Jesus 6     Jesus Songs 4
Jesus Singson 6     Jesus Sosa Blanco 2
Black Jesus (song) 6     Jesus spring 3
MC 900 Ft. Jesus 6     Jesus Sutras 10
Washington for jesus 6     Jesus T. Peralta 9
Amílton Jesus dos Santos 6     Jesus the Christ (book) 7
Jesus Loves Me 6     Jesus the Man (book) 4
Jesus Maria, California 6     Jesus through Shia Narrations 7
True Jesus Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 6     Jesus to a Child 14
Primitive Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) 6     Jesus Vidana (fisherman) 8
Jesus (1973 film) 6     Jesus Walks 12
Jesus Montero 6     Jesus Wants Me for a Sunbeam 4
Laudetur Jesus Christus 6     Jesus Was a Capricorn 9
Jorge Jesus 6     Jesus wept 9
Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) 6     Jesus with erection 5
Seven Day Jesus (album) 6     Jews for Jesus 90
Jesus Professor of Celtic 6     John Jesus Flanagan 7
Convent of Jesus and Mary (Delhi) 6     Jonathas Cristian de Jesus Maurício 3
Jesus College Boat Club (Cambridge) 6     Jorge Jesus 6
Holy Name of Jesus R.C. Church 6     José Luís de Jesus 3
Waco Jesus 6     Josephus on Jesus 49
Missionary Church of the Disciples of Jesus Christ 6     Judaism's view of Jesus 54
Jesus Loves You 6     Jude, brother of Jesus 11
Jesus Gonzales 5     King Jesus 4
Jesus Hits Like the Atom Bomb 5     Know Your History: Jesus Is Black; So Was Cleopatra 3
Convent of Jesus and Mary (Murree) 5     La Luz de Jesus 5
Latter Day Church of Jesus Christ 5     Latter Day Church of Jesus Christ 5
Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 5     Laudetur Jesus Christus 6
Anderson da Silva de Jesus 5     Leandro dos Santos de Jesus 7
------------------ 470 topics related to abridged ---------------

Source: the editor, created by/for EVE to gauge likely levels of human interest in linguistically triggered topics (compiled across various sources, such as Wikipedia and specialty expression glosses).

"Jesus" is a common misspelling or typo for: jests.

Synonyms: Jesus
Position Synonyms (sorted by strength)

Noun

 Christ, deliverer, deliveryman, Messiah, redeemer, rescuer, savior, saviour.
Consider also: Jew, logos, prophet, son, word, saver, Christed, Christly, christs, mediator.

Other

 Hebrew, Israelite.

Expression

 delivery boy, Good Shepherd, Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, the Nazarene.
Consider also: God the Son, the savior, the Good Shepherd.
Source: Eve, based on meta analysis. Top

Computed Synonyms: Jesus

 Rank

 Intensity 

 Word

 Synonyms

 Synonyms of synonym

 1   33.0094   Jesus     Christ     Messiah, Lord, infant Jesus, Jesus Christ, Christly   
 2   8.0094   Jesus     Lord     master, gentleman, sir, Mister, boss   
 3   7.0094   Jesus     Messiah     Christ, mess, messenger, savior, saviour   
 4   2.1094   Jesus     zounds     confound it, zooks, heavens, God, fuck   
 5   2.1094   Jesus     heavens     heaven, sky, edens, canopies, skies   
 6   2.0296   Jesus     jet     spout, nozzle, spurt, squirt, gush   
 7   2.0094   Jesus     credo     creed, faith, belief, conviction, tenet   
 8   2.0094   Jesus     shame     disgrace, modesty, embarrassment, abashment, dishonor   
 9   2.0094   Jesus     creed     faith, belief, religion, credo, conviction   
 10   2.0094   Jesus     God     deity, Lord, idol, divineness, creator   
 11   2.0092   Jesus     redeemer     settler, restorer, fixer, adjuster, renovator   
 12   2.0092   Jesus     mediator     intermediary, middleman, arbitrator, conciliator, peacemaker   
 13   2.0091   Jesus     confession     admission, acknowledgement, avowal, confessions, creed   
 14   2.0091   Jesus     Galilean     Christian, God's only begotten son, Galileo, Galilee, gentile   
 15   1.1096   Jesus     yes     thous, yea, aye, yeah, yep   
--------------------     17 synonyms ranked from 16 to 32 abridged     --------------------

Source: calculated by Eve using graph theory. "Intensity" is a score indicating the number of overlapping cliques where the word pair is found (an integer before the decimal); the first digit after the decimal is the number of overlapping terminal characters up to 9; the second characters is number of leading common characters up to 9; the last two digits measure the Levenshtein distance subtracted from 100. Top

Computed Synonyms via Expressions: Jesus

 Rank

 Intensity 

 Word

 Synonyms

 Synonyms of synonym

 1   9.5592   Jesus     Jesus Christ     Christ, lord, to host   
 2   6.5592   Jesus     infant Jesus     Christ, Lord, bambino   
 3   3.0090   Jesus     good lord     God, good heavens, goodness gracious   
 4   2.0084   Jesus     the good shepherd     the shepherd, prince of peace, God's only begotten son   
 5   1.5587   Jesus     even Jesus Christ     Jesus Christ, Christ   
 6   1.2090   Jesus     gracious me     goodness gracious, my God, God   
 7   1.1078   Jesus     God's only begotten son     Galilean, the lamb of God, the good shepherd   
 8   1.0095   Jesus     gee up     gee-up, giddy up, gee   
 9   1.0093   Jesus     my God     my, goodness gracious, gracious me   
 10   1.0090   Jesus     human one     Jesus Christ   
 11   1.0085   Jesus     prince of peace     Christ, rock of ages, the lamb of God   
Source: calculated by Eve using graph theory. "Intensity" is a score indicating the number of overlapping cliques where the word pair is found (an integer before the decimal); the first digit after the decimal is the number of overlapping terminal characters up to 9; the second characters is number of leading common characters up to 9; the last two digits measure the Levenshtein distance subtracted from 100. Top

Computed Expressions: Jesus

 Rank

 Intensity 

 Expression

 Synonyms

 Synonyms of synonym

 1   9.5592   Jesus Christ     Jesus     Christ, Lord   
 2   6.5592   infant Jesus     Jesus     Christ, Jesus Christ   
 3   6.1088   infant Jesus     Christ     Jesus, Messiah   
 4   6.0087   infant Jesus     Lord     master, gentleman   
 5   5.6693   Jesus Christ     Christ     Jesus, Messiah   
 6   4.0088   Jesus Christ     lord     master, gentleman   
 7   3.0486   society of Jesus     Jesuit     Jesuitical, hypocrite   
 8   2.2091   Jesus Christ     to host     put up, take in   
 9   2.2090   Jesus Christ     host     crowd, multitude   
 10   2.1089   Jesus Christ     direct     guide, straight   
 11   2.1088   Jesus Christ     officiate at     take charge of, preside over   
 12   2.1087   Jesus Christ     rock of ages     prince of peace, Christ   
 13   2.0682   Christian views of Jesus     Christology         
 14   2.0288   Jesus Christ     take charge of     rule, control   
 15   2.0288   creeping Jesus     crocodile     alligator, cayman   
--------------------     66 expressions ranked from 16 to 81 abridged     --------------------

Source: calculated by Eve using graph theory. "Intensity" is a score indicating the number of overlapping cliques where the word pair is found (an integer before the decimal); the first digit after the decimal is the number of overlapping terminal characters up to 9; the second characters is number of leading common characters up to 9; the last two digits measure the Levenshtein distance subtracted from 100. Top

Synonyms within Context: Jesus

Context Synonyms within Context

Deity

Jesus, "the pilot of the galilean lake", Christ, Emmanuel, God the Son, Immanuel, Logos, The Advocate, The Anointed, The Bread of Life, The Good Shepherd, The Intercessor, The Judge, The King of Glory, The King of Kings and Lord of Lords, The Lamb of God, The Life, The Light of the World, The Lord our, The Mediator, The Messiah, The Prince of Peace, the Redeemer, The Saviour, The Son of David, The Son of God, The Son of Man, The Sun of Righteousness, The Truth, The Way, The Word.

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. Top

Translations: Jesus

Language Translations (or nearest inflections or synonyms, in parentheses)
Al Arabiya المسيح (Jesus, Messiah, king, the Lord), المَسِيح (Jesus, Messiah, Christ, messiahs), يَسُوع (Christ, Jesus, Messiah, messiahs), يسوع المسيح (Christ, Jesus, Messiah), عيسى المسيح (Jesus), حمد عيسى (praised be Jesus Christ), محبة وسلام في نعمة المسيح (love and peace under the grace of Jesus Christ), تصليب عيسى (Jesus Christ), المسيح عيسى (Jesus Christ). Additional references: Al Arabiya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Al Fus-Ha المسيح (Jesus, Messiah, king, the Lord), المَسِيح (Jesus, Messiah, Christ, messiahs), يَسُوع (Christ, Jesus, Messiah, messiahs), يسوع المسيح (Christ, Jesus, Messiah), عيسى المسيح (Jesus), حمد عيسى (praised be Jesus Christ), محبة وسلام في نعمة المسيح (love and peace under the grace of Jesus Christ), تصليب عيسى (Jesus Christ), المسيح عيسى (Jesus Christ). Additional references: Al Fus-Ha, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Albanian o zot (Christ, gee up, good forbid, good God, good gracious), Jezus (Jesus). Additional references: Albanian, Turkey (Europe), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Alealum ഉള്ളതു ഈശഗോ പള്ളി (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Alealum, India, Singapore, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Andhra నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Andhra, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Arabic المسيح (Jesus, Messiah, king, the Lord), المَسِيح (Jesus, Messiah, Christ, messiahs), يَسُوع (Christ, Jesus, Messiah, messiahs), يسوع المسيح (Christ, Jesus, Messiah), عيسى المسيح (Jesus), حمد عيسى (praised be Jesus Christ), محبة وسلام في نعمة المسيح (love and peace under the grace of Jesus Christ), تصليب عيسى (Jesus Christ), المسيح عيسى (Jesus Christ). Additional references: Arabic, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Armenian True Յիսուս Church (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Armenian, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Armjanski Yazyk True Յիսուս Church (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Armjanski Yazyk, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Arnaut o zot (Christ, gee up, good forbid, good God, good gracious), Jezus (Jesus). Additional references: Arnaut, Turkey (Europe), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Bahasa Indonesia nabi isa (Jesus, Christ), Yesus Kristus (Jesus), Gereja Yesus Sejati (True Jesus Church), Yesuit (Society of Jesus), Gereja Mormon (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Pandangan Kristen tentang Yesus (Christian views of Jesus), Bahasa Aram Yesus (Aramaic of Jesus), Kebangkitan Yesus (resurrection, resurrections, Resurrection of Jesus). Additional references: Bahasa Indonesia, Indonesia, Java, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Bahasa Malaysia Yesus Kristus (Jesus), Nabi Isa (Christ, Jesus), Gereja Yesus Benar (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Bahasa Malaysia, Malaysia, Brunei, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Bahasa Malayu Yesus Kristus (Jesus), Nabi Isa (Christ, Jesus), Gereja Yesus Benar (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Bahasa Malayu, Malaysia, Brunei, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Balgarski Исус (Jesus), Истинска църква на Исус (True Jesus Church), исус христос (Jesus Christ, paschal lamb, rock of ages). Additional references: Balgarski, Bulgaria, Greece, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Balgarski (transliteration) isus (Jesus), istinska tsʺrkva na isus (True Jesus Church), isus khristos (Jesus Christ, paschal lamb, rock of ages). Additional references: Balgarski, Bulgaria, Greece, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Bohemian Ježíš (Jesus), jeíš (jesus), Isus (jesus). Additional references: Bohemian, Czech Republic, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Brazilian Portuguese Jesus (Jesus, jet), Jesus Cristo (Jesus), Cristo (Christ, Jesus), Credo (creed, belief, shame, confession, credo). Additional references: Brazilian Portuguese, Portugal, Angola, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Breton Jezus Krist (Jesus), Boulc'hurun (good lord, Jesus). Additional references: Breton, France, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Brezhoneg Jezus Krist (Jesus), Boulc'hurun (good lord, Jesus). Additional references: Brezhoneg, France, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Bulgarian Исус (Jesus), Истинска църква на Исус (True Jesus Church), исус христос (Jesus Christ, paschal lamb, rock of ages). Additional references: Bulgarian, Bulgaria, Greece, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Bulgarian (transliteration) isus (Jesus), istinska tsʺrkva na isus (True Jesus Church), isus khristos (Jesus Christ, paschal lamb, rock of ages). Additional references: Bulgarian, Bulgaria, Greece, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Cebuano Tinuod Simbahan ni Jesu (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Cebuano, Philippines, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Central Danish Jesus Kristus (Jesus). Additional references: Central Danish, Denmark, Germany, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Central Mongolian Есїс (Jesus), Еэсус (Jesus). Additional references: Central Mongolian, Mongolia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Central (transliteration) esїs (Jesus), eesus (Jesus). Additional references: Central Mongolian, Mongolia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Central Tai พระเยซู (Jesus, Jesus Christ, Christ), ภระเยซูคริสต (jesus), เยซู คริสต์ (Jesus), พระเยซูคริสต์ (lord, Jesus, Jesus Christ, redeemer, savior), พระคริสต์ (Christ, Jesus, Jesus Christ), จีซัสไครสท์ (Jesus), โบสถ์ทรูจีซัส (True Jesus Church), พระผู้เป็นเจ้า (savior, saviour, divine, Jesus Christ). Additional references: Central Tai, Thailand, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Cestina Ježíš (Jesus), jeíš (jesus), Isus (jesus). Additional references: Cestina, Czech Republic, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Cherokee tsi sa (Jesus). Additional references: Cherokee, USA, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Chiga Yesu (Jesus), Yeezu (Jesus). Additional references: Chiga, Uganda, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Chinese Pidgin English 耶稣 (Jesus), 基督 (Jesus), 耶稣基督 (Jesus Christ). Additional references: Chinese Pidgin English, Nauru, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Chinese Simplified 基督 (Jesus, Christ), 耶稣 (Jesus, Jesu), 耶稣基督 (Jesus Christ, Christ, Jesu), 耶稣基督末世圣徒教会 (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), 耶稣基督的教会 (The Church of Jesus Christ), 耶稣基督后期圣徒教会 (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), 耶稣讨论会 (jesus seminar), 拿撒勒的耶稣 (jesus of nazareth), jesus 电影 (jesus movie), 跟随耶稣 (follow jesus). Additional references: Chinese Simplified, China, Brunei, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Chinese Traditional 耶穌 (Jesus, Jesu, the good shepherd), 基督 (Jesus, Christ, mediator), 耶穌基督 (Jesus Christ, Jesu), 耶穌基督後期聖徒教會 (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), 耶穌基督末世聖徒教會 (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), 耶穌基督的教會 (The Church of Jesus Christ), 耶穌討論會 (jesus seminar), 拿撒勒的耶穌 (jesus of nazareth), jesus 電影 (jesus movie), 跟隨耶穌 (follow jesus). Additional references: Chinese Traditional, China, Brunei, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Ciga Yesu (Jesus), Yeezu (Jesus). Additional references: Ciga, Uganda, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Corse Giésu-cristu (Jesus), Giésu (Christ, infant Jesus, Jesus, Lord), Cristu (Christ, Christly, christs, Jesus), Ghjesù (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord), Gesù (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord). Additional references: Corse, France, Italy, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Corsi Giésu-cristu (Jesus), Giésu (Christ, infant Jesus, Jesus, Lord), Cristu (Christ, Christly, christs, Jesus), Ghjesù (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord), Gesù (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord). Additional references: Corsi, France, Italy, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Corsican Giésu-cristu (Jesus), Giésu (Christ, infant Jesus, Jesus, Lord), Cristu (Christ, Christly, christs, Jesus), Ghjesù (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord), Gesù (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord). Additional references: Corsican, France, Italy, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Corso Giésu-cristu (Jesus), Giésu (Christ, infant Jesus, Jesus, Lord), Cristu (Christ, Christly, christs, Jesus), Ghjesù (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord), Gesù (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord). Additional references: Corso, France, Italy, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Corsu Giésu-cristu (Jesus), Giésu (Christ, infant Jesus, Jesus, Lord), Cristu (Christ, Christly, christs, Jesus), Ghjesù (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord), Gesù (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord). Additional references: Corsu, France, Italy, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Croatian Isus (Jesus), Isus Krist (Jesus). Additional references: Croatian, Croatia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Curaçoleño Hesus (Jesus). Additional references: Curaçoleño, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Curassese Hesus (Jesus). Additional references: Curassese, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Cymraeg Iesu (Jesus), Iesu Grist (Jesus Christ, Jesus). Additional references: Cymraeg, United Kingdom, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Czech Ježíš (Jesus), jeíš (jesus), Isus (jesus). Additional references: Czech, Czech Republic, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Daco-Rumanian Isus (Jesus), Isus Cristos (Jesus). Additional references: Daco-Rumanian, Romania, Hungary, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Damulian இயேசு (Jesus), உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம் (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Damulian, India, Malaysia (Peninsular), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Danish Jesus Kristus (Jesus). Additional references: Danish, Denmark, Germany, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Dansk Jesus Kristus (Jesus). Additional references: Dansk, Denmark, Germany, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Dari عيسى (Jesus, Christ), عيسي (Christ, Jesus), عیسی (Christ, Jesus). Additional references: Dari, Iran, Indo-European, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Deutsch Jesus (Jesus), Christus (Christ, Jesus, Christly, christs), Jesus Christus (Jesus, Jesus Christ), Jesus Christ (jesus). Additional references: Deutsch, Germany, Austria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Djawa Greja Yesus Sejati (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Djawa, Indonesia, Malaysia (Sabah), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Dutch jesus (jesus), Jezus (Jesus), Jezus Christus (Jesus Christ, Jesus), Het Jesus-filmproject (Jesus), Christus (Christ, christs, Jesus). Additional references: Dutch, Netherlands, Aruba, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Eesti Jeesus Kristus (Jesus). Additional references: Eesti, Estonia, Finland, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Ena True Յիսուս Church (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Ena, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Ermeni Dili True Յիսուս Church (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Ermeni Dili, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Ermenice True Յիսուս Church (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Ermenice, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Estonian Jeesus Kristus (Jesus). Additional references: Estonian, Estonia, Finland, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Filipino Totoong Simbahan ni Hesus (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Filipino, Philippines, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Finnish Jeesus (Jesus). Additional references: Finnish, Finland, Russia (Europe), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Flamand Jezus (Jesus). Additional references: Flamand, Belgium, France, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Français nom de Dieu! (God-damn, Jesus), jesus! (Jesus), Jésus (Jesus, Jesu, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord), Jésus-Christ (christ, christs, Jesus Christ, the Rock of Ages, Jesus), Christ (Christ, crucifix, Christly, christs, Jesus). Additional references: Français, France, Algeria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
French nom de Dieu! (God-damn, Jesus), jesus! (Jesus), Jésus (Jesus, Jesu, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord), Jésus-Christ (christ, christs, Jesus Christ, the Rock of Ages, Jesus), Christ (Christ, crucifix, Christly, christs, Jesus). Additional references: French, France, Algeria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gaelg Yeesey (Jesus), Yeesey Creest (Jesus). Additional references: Gaelg, United Kingdom, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gailck Yeesey (Jesus), Yeesey Creest (Jesus). Additional references: Gailck, United Kingdom, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gentoo నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Gentoo, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Georgian ქრისტე (Jesus), True ქრისტე ეკლესია (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Georgian, Georgia, Iran, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
German Jesus (Jesus), Christus (Christ, Jesus, Christly, christs), Jesus Christus (Jesus, Jesus Christ), Jesus Christ (jesus). Additional references: German, Germany, Austria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gilbertese te Ietu (Jesus). Additional references: Gilbertese, Kiribati, Fiji, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Greek ιησο σ (jesus), Ιησούς Χριστός (Jesus), Ιησούσ (Jesus), Ιησους (Jesus). Additional references: Greek, Greece, Albania, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Greek (transliteration) iiso s (jesus), iisous khristos (Jesus), iisous (Jesus), iisois (Jesus). Additional references: Greek, Greece, Albania, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gruzinski ქრისტე (Jesus), True ქრისტე ეკლესია (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Gruzinski, Georgia, Iran, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Guarani kirito (Jesus). Additional references: Guarani, Brazil, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gugadja Tjiitju (Jesus). Additional references: Gugadja, Australia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gujarati જીસસ (Jesus). Additional references: Gujarati, India, Kenya, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gujerathi જીસસ (Jesus). Additional references: Gujerathi, India, Kenya, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gujerati જીસસ (Jesus). Additional references: Gujerati, India, Kenya, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gujrathi જીસસ (Jesus). Additional references: Gujrathi, India, Kenya, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gullah Jedus (Jesus). Additional references: Gullah, United States, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gurmukhi ਜੀਸਸ (Jesus). Additional references: Gurmukhi, India, Kenya, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Gurumukhi ਜੀਸਸ (Jesus). Additional references: Gurumukhi, India, Kenya, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Haieren True Յիսուս Church (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Haieren, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Halh Есїс (Jesus), Еэсус (Jesus). Additional references: Halh, Mongolia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Halh (transliteration) esїs (Jesus), eesus (Jesus). Additional references: Halh, Mongolia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Hanguk Mal 예수 (Jesus, Messiah, son, master, Nazarene), 예수 그리스도 (human one, Christ, Jesus Christ, Jesus), 위선자 (dissembler, Pharisee, hypocrite, hypicrite, creeping Jesus), 아첨하는 사람 (bootlicker, creeping Jesus, lickspittle), 숨어 도망치는 사람 (creeping Jesus), 비겁한 사나이 (creeping Jesus), 하나님은 당신을 사랑하십니다 (Jesus loves you), 예수님이 탄생하셨다 (Jesus is born), 예수회 (Jesuit, Society of Jesus). Additional references: Hanguk Mal, Korea, South, Korea, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Hanguohua 예수 (Jesus, Messiah, son, master, Nazarene), 예수 그리스도 (human one, Christ, Jesus Christ, Jesus), 위선자 (dissembler, Pharisee, hypocrite, hypicrite, creeping Jesus), 아첨하는 사람 (bootlicker, creeping Jesus, lickspittle), 숨어 도망치는 사람 (creeping Jesus), 비겁한 사나이 (creeping Jesus), 하나님은 당신을 사랑하십니다 (Jesus loves you), 예수님이 탄생하셨다 (Jesus is born), 예수회 (Jesuit, Society of Jesus). Additional references: Hanguohua, Korea, South, Korea, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Hebrew ישו (Jesus), ושי (jesus, redeemer), ֹשוע (Jesus), ֹשו ִנוצרי (Christ, Jesus), ישוע (Jesus, Yeshua), הכנסייה האמיתית של ישו (True Jesus Church), ישועים (Society of Jesus), הכנסייה המורמונית (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints). Additional references: Hebrew, Israel, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
High Arabic المسيح (Jesus, Messiah, king, the Lord), المَسِيح (Jesus, Messiah, Christ, messiahs), يَسُوع (Christ, Jesus, Messiah, messiahs), يسوع المسيح (Christ, Jesus, Messiah), عيسى المسيح (Jesus), حمد عيسى (praised be Jesus Christ), محبة وسلام في نعمة المسيح (love and peace under the grace of Jesus Christ), تصليب عيسى (Jesus Christ), المسيح عيسى (Jesus Christ). Additional references: High Arabic, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
High German Jesus (Jesus), Christus (Christ, Jesus, Christly, christs), Jesus Christus (Jesus, Jesus Christ), Jesus Christ (jesus). Additional references: High German, Germany, Austria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Hiligainon Hesus (Jesus), Hesukristo (Jesus Christ). Additional references: Hiligainon, Philippines, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Hiligaynon Hesus (Jesus), Hesukristo (Jesus Christ). Additional references: Hiligaynon, Philippines, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Hindi यीशु मसीह (Jesus), सत्य ईसा मसीह गिरजाघर (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Hindi, India, Nepal, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Hochdeutsch Jesus (Jesus), Christus (Christ, Jesus, Christly, christs), Jesus Christus (Jesus, Jesus Christ), Jesus Christ (jesus). Additional references: Hochdeutsch, Germany, Austria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Hungarian jézus (Jesus). Additional references: Hungarian, Hungary, Austria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Ikiribati te Ietu (Jesus). Additional references: Ikiribati, Kiribati, Fiji, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Ilonggo Hesus (Jesus), Hesukristo (Jesus Christ). Additional references: Ilonggo, Philippines, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Indonesian nabi isa (Jesus, Christ), Yesus Kristus (Jesus), Gereja Yesus Sejati (True Jesus Church), Yesuit (Society of Jesus), Gereja Mormon (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Pandangan Kristen tentang Yesus (Christian views of Jesus), Bahasa Aram Yesus (Aramaic of Jesus), Kebangkitan Yesus (resurrection, resurrections, Resurrection of Jesus). Additional references: Indonesian, Indonesia, Java, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Isizulu jesu (jesus). Additional references: Isizulu, South Africa, Malawi, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Italian Gesù (Jesus, the Good Shepherd, the lamb, the Master), compagnia di gesù (Society of Jesus), la Compagnia di Gesù (the Society of Jesus), i Gesuiti (the Society of Jesus), l'immagine di Gesù (the image of Jesus), Gesù riscattò il genere umano (Jesus ransomed mankind), Cristologia (Christology, Christian views of Jesus). Additional references: Italian, Italy, Croatia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Ivrit ישו (Jesus), ושי (jesus, redeemer), ֹשוע (Jesus), ֹשו ִנוצרי (Christ, Jesus), ישוע (Jesus, Yeshua), הכנסייה האמיתית של ישו (True Jesus Church), ישועים (Society of Jesus), הכנסייה המורמונית (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints). Additional references: Ivrit, Israel, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Japanese 耶蘇 (Jesus), ジーザス (Jesus), やそ (eighty, Jesus), ヘスス (Jesus), イエス (Jesus, yes, ay, aye, yeah), イエス・キリスト (Galilean, Jesus), イエズス会 (society of Jesus, Jesuits), イエスキリスト (Jesus Christ), イエズスかい (Jesuits, Society of Jesus), 真イエス教会 (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Japanese, Japan, Taiwan, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Javanese Greja Yesus Sejati (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Javanese, Indonesia, Malaysia (Sabah), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Jawa Greja Yesus Sejati (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Jawa, Indonesia, Malaysia (Sabah), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Kartuli ქრისტე (Jesus), True ქრისტე ეკლესია (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Kartuli, Georgia, Iran, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Khadi Boli यीशु मसीह (Jesus), सत्य ईसा मसीह गिरजाघर (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Khadi Boli, India, Nepal, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Khalkha Mongolian Есїс (Jesus), Еэсус (Jesus). Additional references: Khalkha Mongolian, Mongolia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Khalkha (transliteration) esїs (Jesus), eesus (Jesus). Additional references: Khalkha Mongolian, Mongolia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Khari Boli यीशु मसीह (Jesus), सत्य ईसा मसीह गिरजाघर (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Khari Boli, India, Nepal, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Kiga Yesu (Jesus), Yeezu (Jesus). Additional references: Kiga, Uganda, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Kiribati te Ietu (Jesus). Additional references: Kiribati, Kiribati, Fiji, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Kisuaheli Yesu (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord), Yesu Kristo (Jesus), Masiya (Messiah, Christ, Christian, Jesus), Isa (Jesus, like, love), Bwana Yesu (Jesus), Kimada Yesu Kanisa (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Kisuaheli, Tanzania, Burundi, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Kiswahili Yesu (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord), Yesu Kristo (Jesus), Masiya (Messiah, Christ, Christian, Jesus), Isa (Jesus, like, love), Bwana Yesu (Jesus), Kimada Yesu Kanisa (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Kiswahili, Tanzania, Burundi, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Korean 예수 (Jesus, Messiah, son, master, Nazarene), 예수 그리스도 (human one, Christ, Jesus Christ, Jesus), 위선자 (dissembler, Pharisee, hypocrite, hypicrite, creeping Jesus), 아첨하는 사람 (bootlicker, creeping Jesus, lickspittle), 숨어 도망치는 사람 (creeping Jesus), 비겁한 사나이 (creeping Jesus), 하나님은 당신을 사랑하십니다 (Jesus loves you), 예수님이 탄생하셨다 (Jesus is born), 예수회 (Jesuit, Society of Jesus). Additional references: Korean, Korea, South, Korea, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Kukaja Tjiitju (Jesus). Additional references: Kukaja, Australia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Kukatja Tjiitju (Jesus). Additional references: Kukatja, Australia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Kurdish عيسا، حه زره تي عيسا،پيَغه مبه ري ئا ييني مه سيح (Jesus). Additional references: Kurdish, Iraq, Turkey, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Latvian Jēzus (Jesus). Additional references: Latvian, Latvia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Latviska Jēzus (Jesus). Additional references: Latviska, Latvia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Lettisch Jēzus (Jesus). Additional references: Lettisch, Latvia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Lettish Jēzus (Jesus). Additional references: Lettish, Latvia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Limburgian Zjezus Christus (Jesus). Additional references: Limburgian, Netherlands, Belgium, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Macedonian Исус Христос (Jesus). Additional references: Macedonian, Macedonia, Albania, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Macedonian (transliteration) isus khristos (Jesus). Additional references: Macedonian, Macedonia, Albania, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Macedonian Slavic Исус Христос (Jesus). Additional references: Macedonian Slavic, Macedonia, Albania, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Macedonian (transliteration) isus khristos (Jesus). Additional references: Macedonian Slavic, Macedonia, Albania, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Magyar jézus (Jesus). Additional references: Magyar, Hungary, Austria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Maharashtra यीशु मसीह (Jesus). Additional references: Maharashtra, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Maharathi यीशु मसीह (Jesus). Additional references: Maharathi, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Makedonski Исус Христос (Jesus). Additional references: Makedonski, Macedonia, Albania, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Makedonski (transliteration) isus khristos (Jesus). Additional references: Makedonski, Macedonia, Albania, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Malagasy Slang Dimbaka avy any Nazareta (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord). Additional references: Malagasy Slang, Madagascar, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Malay Yesus Kristus (Jesus), Nabi Isa (Christ, Jesus), Gereja Yesus Benar (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Malay, Malaysia, Brunei, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Malayalam ഉള്ളതു ഈശഗോ പള്ളി (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Malayalam, India, Singapore, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Malayalani ഉള്ളതു ഈശഗോ പള്ളി (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Malayalani, India, Singapore, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Malayali ഉള്ളതു ഈശഗോ പള്ളി (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Malayali, India, Singapore, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Malayu Yesus Kristus (Jesus), Nabi Isa (Christ, Jesus), Gereja Yesus Benar (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Malayu, Malaysia, Brunei, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Malean ഉള്ളതു ഈശഗോ പള്ളി (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Malean, India, Singapore, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Malhatee यीशु मसीह (Jesus). Additional references: Malhatee, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Maliyad ഉള്ളതു ഈശഗോ പള്ളി (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Maliyad, India, Singapore, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Mallealle ഉള്ളതു ഈശഗോ പള്ളി (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Mallealle, India, Singapore, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Manx Yeesey (Jesus), Yeesey Creest (Jesus). Additional references: Manx, United Kingdom, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Manx Gaelic Yeesey (Jesus), Yeesey Creest (Jesus). Additional references: Manx Gaelic, United Kingdom, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Marathi यीशु मसीह (Jesus). Additional references: Marathi, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Marthi यीशु मसीह (Jesus). Additional references: Marthi, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Martinique Creole Jézikri (Jesus). Additional references: Martinique Creole, Martinique, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Melaju Yesus Kristus (Jesus), Nabi Isa (Christ, Jesus), Gereja Yesus Benar (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Melaju, Malaysia, Brunei, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Melanesian English Jisas (Jesus). Additional references: Melanesian English, Papua New Guinea, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Melayu Yesus Kristus (Jesus), Nabi Isa (Christ, Jesus), Gereja Yesus Benar (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Melayu, Malaysia, Brunei, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Micmac Se'sus (Jesus). Additional references: Micmac, Canada, USA, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Migmaw Se'sus (Jesus). Additional references: Migmaw, Canada, USA, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Miigmao Se'sus (Jesus). Additional references: Miigmao, Canada, USA, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Mikmaw Se'sus (Jesus). Additional references: Mikmaw, Canada, USA, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Moldavian Isus (Jesus), Isus Cristos (Jesus). Additional references: Moldavian, Romania, Hungary, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Mongol Есїс (Jesus), Еэсус (Jesus). Additional references: Mongol, Mongolia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Mongol (transliteration) esїs (Jesus), eesus (Jesus). Additional references: Mongol, Mongolia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Mongolian Есїс (Jesus), Еэсус (Jesus). Additional references: Mongolian, Mongolia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Mongolian (transliteration) esїs (Jesus), eesus (Jesus). Additional references: Mongolian, Mongolia, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Mopla ഉള്ളതു ഈശഗോ പള്ളി (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Mopla, India, Singapore, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Muruthu यीशु मसीह (Jesus). Additional references: Muruthu, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Neomelanesian Jisas (Jesus). Additional references: Neomelanesian, Papua New Guinea, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
New Guinea Pidgin English Jisas (Jesus). Additional references: New Guinea Pidgin English, Papua New Guinea, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Oluchiga Yesu (Jesus), Yeezu (Jesus). Additional references: Oluchiga, Uganda, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Orukiga Yesu (Jesus), Yeezu (Jesus). Additional references: Orukiga, Uganda, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Panjabi (Eastern Dialect) ਜੀਸਸ (Jesus). Additional references: Panjabi (Eastern Dialect), India, Kenya, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Papiam Hesus (Jesus). Additional references: Papiam, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Papiamen Hesus (Jesus). Additional references: Papiamen, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Papiamento Hesus (Jesus). Additional references: Papiamento, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Papiamentoe Hesus (Jesus). Additional references: Papiamentoe, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Papiamentu Hesus (Jesus). Additional references: Papiamentu, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Parsi عيسى (Jesus, Christ), عيسي (Christ, Jesus), عیسی (Christ, Jesus). Additional references: Parsi, Iran, Indo-European, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Persian عيسى (Jesus, Christ), عيسي (Christ, Jesus), عیسی (Christ, Jesus). Additional references: Persian, Iran, Indo-European, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Persian (Farsi) عيسى (Jesus, Christ), عيسي (Christ, Jesus), عیسی (Christ, Jesus). Additional references: Persian (Farsi), Iran, Indo-European, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Pidgin Jisas (Jesus). Additional references: Pidgin, Papua New Guinea, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Pilipino Totoong Simbahan ni Hesus (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Pilipino, Philippines, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Pisin Jisas (Jesus). Additional references: Pisin, Papua New Guinea, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Polish Jezus (Jesus, Christ), Jezus Chrystus (Jesus), Jezu Chryste (Christ, Jesus), Jezu (Christ, Jesus). Additional references: Polish, Poland, Czech Republic, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Polnisch Jezus (Jesus, Christ), Jezus Chrystus (Jesus), Jezu Chryste (Christ, Jesus), Jezu (Christ, Jesus). Additional references: Polnisch, Poland, Czech Republic, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Polski Jezus (Jesus, Christ), Jezus Chrystus (Jesus), Jezu Chryste (Christ, Jesus), Jezu (Christ, Jesus). Additional references: Polski, Poland, Czech Republic, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Portuguese Jesus (Jesus, jet), Jesuítas (Jesus), Credo (creed, shame, confession, credo, God). Additional references: Portuguese, Portugal, Angola, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Potawatomi She'zhos (Jesus). Additional references: Potawatomi, USA, Canada, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Pottawotomi She'zhos (Jesus). Additional references: Pottawotomi, USA, Canada, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Punjabi ਜੀਸਸ (Jesus). Additional references: Punjabi, India, Kenya, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Restigouche Se'sus (Jesus). Additional references: Restigouche, Canada, USA, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Romanian Isus (Jesus), Isus Cristos (Jesus). Additional references: Romanian, Romania, Hungary, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Rukiga Yesu (Jesus), Yeezu (Jesus). Additional references: Rukiga, Uganda, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Rumanian Isus (Jesus), Isus Cristos (Jesus). Additional references: Rumanian, Romania, Hungary, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Ruotsi Jesus (Jesus), Jesus Kristus (Jesus, Jesus Christ), herre gud (Christ, Jesus, my, my God). Additional references: Ruotsi, Sweden, Finland, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Russian Иисус (Jesus, Joshua), Иисус Христос (Jesus), боже (gosh, dear, gee, Christ, Jesus), иисус христос (Jesus Christ, mediator), Иезуиты (Society of Jesus), Иисус Христос - суперзвезда (Jesus Christ Superstar), Иконография Спасителя (Images of Jesus), Мормоны (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Mormon), Истинная церковь Иисуса (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Russian, Russia, China, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Russian (transliteration) iisus (Jesus, Joshua), iisus khristos (Jesus), bozhe (gosh, dear, gee, Christ, Jesus), iisus khristos (Jesus Christ, mediator), iezuity (Society of Jesus), iisus khristos - superzvezda (Jesus Christ Superstar), ikonografiya spasitelya (Images of Jesus), mormony (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Mormon), istinnaya tserkovʹ iisusa (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Russian, Russia, China, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Russki Иисус (Jesus, Joshua), Иисус Христос (Jesus), боже (gosh, dear, gee, Christ, Jesus), иисус христос (Jesus Christ, mediator), Иезуиты (Society of Jesus), Иисус Христос - суперзвезда (Jesus Christ Superstar), Иконография Спасителя (Images of Jesus), Мормоны (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Mormon), Истинная церковь Иисуса (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Russki, Russia, China, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Russki (transliteration) iisus (Jesus, Joshua), iisus khristos (Jesus), bozhe (gosh, dear, gee, Christ, Jesus), iisus khristos (Jesus Christ, mediator), iezuity (Society of Jesus), iisus khristos - superzvezda (Jesus Christ Superstar), ikonografiya spasitelya (Images of Jesus), mormony (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Mormon), istinnaya tserkovʹ iisusa (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Russki, Russia, China, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Serbian (transliteration) isus (Jesus). Additional references: Serbian (transliteration), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Shkip o zot (Christ, gee up, good forbid, good God, good gracious), Jezus (Jesus). Additional references: Shkip, Turkey (Europe), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Shqip o zot (Christ, gee up, good forbid, good God, good gracious), Jezus (Jesus). Additional references: Shqip, Turkey (Europe), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Shqiperë o zot (Christ, gee up, good forbid, good God, good gracious), Jezus (Jesus). Additional references: Shqiperë, Turkey (Europe), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Siamese พระเยซู (Jesus, Jesus Christ, Christ), ภระเยซูคริสต (jesus), เยซู คริสต์ (Jesus), พระเยซูคริสต์ (lord, Jesus, Jesus Christ, redeemer, savior), พระคริสต์ (Christ, Jesus, Jesus Christ), จีซัสไครสท์ (Jesus), โบสถ์ทรูจีซัส (True Jesus Church), พระผู้เป็นเจ้า (savior, saviour, divine, Jesus Christ). Additional references: Siamese, Thailand, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Sjaelland Jesus Kristus (Jesus). Additional references: Sjaelland, Denmark, Germany, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Skchip o zot (Christ, gee up, good forbid, good God, good gracious), Jezus (Jesus). Additional references: Skchip, Turkey (Europe), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Slavic Исус Христос (Jesus). Additional references: Slavic, Macedonia, Albania, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Slavic (transliteration) isus khristos (Jesus). Additional references: Slavic, Macedonia, Albania, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Slovak Ježiš (Jesus). Additional references: Slovak, Slovakia, Hungary, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Slovakian Ježiš (Jesus). Additional references: Slovakian, Slovakia, Hungary, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Slovene Jezus Kristus (Jesus). Additional references: Slovene, Slovenia, Austria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Slovenian Jezus Kristus (Jesus). Additional references: Slovenian, Slovenia, Austria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Slovenscina Jezus Kristus (Jesus). Additional references: Slovenscina, Slovenia, Austria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Somkhuri True Յիսուս Church (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Somkhuri, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Spanish Jesucristo (Jesus Christ, Jesus, Christ, even Jesus Christ, Man of Sorrows), Jesus Christ (Jesus), Nazarenas (Jesus), Nazarena (Jesus), de Jesús (Jesus), Jesús (Jesus). Additional references: Spanish, Spain, Mexico, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Standard Malay Yesus Kristus (Jesus), Nabi Isa (Christ, Jesus), Gereja Yesus Benar (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Standard Malay, Malaysia, Brunei, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Standard Thai พระเยซู (Jesus, Jesus Christ, Christ), ภระเยซูคริสต (jesus), เยซู คริสต์ (Jesus), พระเยซูคริสต์ (lord, Jesus, Jesus Christ, redeemer, savior), พระคริสต์ (Christ, Jesus, Jesus Christ), จีซัสไครสท์ (Jesus), โบสถ์ทรูจีซัส (True Jesus Church), พระผู้เป็นเจ้า (savior, saviour, divine, Jesus Christ). Additional references: Standard Thai, Thailand, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Suomea Jeesus (Jesus). Additional references: Suomea, Finland, Russia (Europe), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Suomi Jeesus (Jesus). Additional references: Suomi, Finland, Russia (Europe), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Svenska Jesus (Jesus), Jesus Kristus (Jesus, Jesus Christ), herre gud (Christ, Jesus, my, my God). Additional references: Svenska, Sweden, Finland, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Swahili Yesu (Jesus, Christ, infant Jesus, Lord), Yesu Kristo (Jesus), Masiya (Messiah, Christ, Christian, Jesus), Isa (Jesus, like, love), Bwana Yesu (Jesus), Kimada Yesu Kanisa (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Swahili, Tanzania, Burundi, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Swedish Jesus (Jesus), Jesus Kristus (Jesus, Jesus Christ), herre gud (Christ, Jesus, my, my God). Additional references: Swedish, Sweden, Finland, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Tagalog Totoong Simbahan ni Hesus (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Tagalog, Philippines, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Tailangi నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Tailangi, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Taiwanese 耶穌 (Jesus). Additional references: Taiwanese, Taiwan, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Tamal இயேசு (Jesus), உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம் (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Tamal, India, Malaysia (Peninsular), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Tamalsan இயேசு (Jesus), உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம் (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Tamalsan, India, Malaysia (Peninsular), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Tambul இயேசு (Jesus), உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம் (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Tambul, India, Malaysia (Peninsular), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Tamil இயேசு (Jesus), உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம் (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Tamil, India, Malaysia (Peninsular), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Tamili இயேசு (Jesus), உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம் (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Tamili, India, Malaysia (Peninsular), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Telangire నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Telangire, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Telegu నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Telegu, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Telgi నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Telgi, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Telugu నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Telugu, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Tengu నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Tengu, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Terangi నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Terangi, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Thai พระเยซู (Jesus, Jesus Christ, Christ), ภระเยซูคริสต (jesus), เยซู คริสต์ (Jesus), พระเยซูคริสต์ (lord, Jesus, Jesus Christ, redeemer, savior), พระคริสต์ (Christ, Jesus, Jesus Christ), จีซัสไครสท์ (Jesus), โบสถ์ทรูจีซัส (True Jesus Church), พระผู้เป็นเจ้า (savior, saviour, divine, Jesus Christ). Additional references: Thai, Thailand, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Thaiklang พระเยซู (Jesus, Jesus Christ, Christ), ภระเยซูคริสต (jesus), เยซู คริสต์ (Jesus), พระเยซูคริสต์ (lord, Jesus, Jesus Christ, redeemer, savior), พระคริสต์ (Christ, Jesus, Jesus Christ), จีซัสไครสท์ (Jesus), โบสถ์ทรูจีซัส (True Jesus Church), พระผู้เป็นเจ้า (savior, saviour, divine, Jesus Christ). Additional references: Thaiklang, Thailand, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Tok Pisin Jisas (Jesus). Additional references: Tok Pisin, Papua New Guinea, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Tolangan నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Tolangan, India, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Tosk o zot (Christ, gee up, good forbid, good God, good gracious), Jezus (Jesus). Additional references: Tosk, Turkey (Europe), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Turkish isa (Jesus), Hazreti Isa (Galilean, God's only begotten son, Jc, Jesus, prince of peace), Hazreti Ýsa (Christ, Jesus, lord), Ýsa Peygamber (Jesus, Messiah), papa (pope, pontiff, holy father, pontiffs, popes), cizvit (Jesuit, society of Jesus), isa peygamber (Jc, Jesus Christ, lord, Messiah, son of God). Additional references: Turkish, Turkey, Bulgaria, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Ukrainian ісус (Jesus), Iсус (Jesus), Єзуїти (Society of Jesus), Вірна Церква Ісуса (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Ukrainian, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Ukrainian (transliteration) іsus (Jesus), Isus (Jesus), Єzuїti (Society of Jesus), vіrna tserkva Іsusa (True Jesus Church). Additional references: Ukrainian, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Vlaams Jezus (Jesus). Additional references: Vlaams, Belgium, France, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Vlaemsch Jezus (Jesus). Additional references: Vlaemsch, Belgium, France, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Welsh Iesu (Jesus), Iesu Grist (Jesus Christ, Jesus). Additional references: Welsh, United Kingdom, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Zhgabe o zot (Christ, gee up, good forbid, good God, good gracious), Jezus (Jesus). Additional references: Zhgabe, Turkey (Europe), Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Zulu jesu (jesus). Additional references: Zulu, South Africa, Malawi, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Zunda jesu (jesus). Additional references: Zunda, South Africa, Malawi, Jesus. (volunteer & more translations)
Source: Eve, based on a combination of meta analysis and graph theory (for near and back translations). Top

Constructed Language Translations: Jesus

Language Translations for “Jesus” or closest synonym(s); back translations in parentheses.
Athag Jathagesathagus (Jesus). Additional references: Athag, Jesus. (volunteer)
Double Dutch Jagesagus (Jesus). Additional references: Double Dutch, Jesus. (volunteer)
Esperanto Jezuo (Jesus), Jesuo (Jesus), Jesuo Kristo (Jesus Christ, Jesus). Additional references: Esperanto, Jesus. (volunteer)
Interlingua Jesus Christo (Jesus). Additional references: Interlingua, Jesus. (volunteer)
Leet ,|3$(_)$ (Jesus). Additional references: Leet, Jesus. (volunteer)
Oppish Jopesopus (Jesus). Additional references: Oppish, Jesus. (volunteer)
Pig Latin Esusjay (Jesus). Additional references: Pig Latin, Jesus. (volunteer)
Slovio Jesus (Jesus). Additional references: Slovio, Jesus. (volunteer)
Terran A eesa (jesus, jesus), iasof (jesus), jesus (jesus), jesus christo (jesus). Additional references: Terran A, Jesus. (volunteer)
Terran B Jesus (jesus). Additional references: Terran B, Jesus. (volunteer)
Ubbi Dubbi Jubesubus (Jesus). Additional references: Ubbi Dubbi, Jesus. (volunteer)
Source: compiled by the editor. Top

Ancestral and Extinct Language Translations: Jesus

Language Period Translations (or nearest inflections or synonyms, in parentheses)
Sanskrit 1500 BCE - present यीशु मसीह (Jesus). Additional references: Sanskrit, Jesus. (volunteer)
Ancient Greek 900 BCE - 500 BCE Ιησους (Jesus). Additional references: Ancient Greek, Jesus. (volunteer)
Latin 500 BCE - 1700 Iesus (Jesus), iesar (Jesus), hiesu (Jesus), Jesus Christus (disciples of christ, jc, Jesus, jesus christ, church of jesus christ of latter-day saints), igitur (consequently, for this reason, therefore, adv, Jesus), Iesus Christus (disciples of christ, jc, Jesus, jesus christ, church of jesus christ of latter-day saints), iesum (Jesus), iesue (advance, flow, go, Jesus, march), iesu (Jesus), iesiae (art or craft done by the person, Jesus, office of). Additional references: Latin, Jesus. (volunteer)
Sudovian 200 - 1000 Jēzus (Jesus, Jesus). Additional references: Sudovian, Jesus. (volunteer)
Source: compiled by the editor. Top

Bible Origins and Translations: Jesus

Language Luke Chapter 19, Verse 1

Greek (transliterated), Septuagint - 250 BC

 kai eiselqwn dihrceto thn iericw

Latin, Vulgate - 405

 et ingressus perambulabat Hiericho

English, Old, West Saxon - 990

 þa eode he geond iericho:

English, Middle, Wycliffe - 1395

 And Jhesus `goynge yn, walkide thorou Jericho.

English, Renaissance, Tyndale - 1526

 And he entred in and went thorow Hierico.

English, Jacobean, King James - 1611

 And Jesus entered and passed through Jericho.

English, Victorian, Webster - 1833

 And Jesus entered and passed through Jericho.

English, Basic, Ogden - 1964

 And he went into Jericho, and when he was going through it,

Bulgarian

 След това Исус влезе в Ерихон и минаваше през града.

Cebuano

 ¶ Unya si Jesus misulod sa Jerico ug miagi niini.

Chinese

 耶 穌 進 了 耶 利 哥 、 正 經 過 的 時 候 、

Croatian

 I uðe u Jerihon. Dok je njime prolazio,

Danish

 Og han kom ind i Jeriko og drog derigennem.

Dutch

 En Jezus, ingekomen zijnde, ging door Jericho.

Finnish

 Ja hän tuli Jerikon kaupunkiin ja kulki sen läpi.

French

 Jésus, étant entré dans Jéricho, traversait la ville.

German

 Und er zog hinein und ging durch Jericho.

Haitian Creole

 Jezi antre Jeriko, li t'ap travèse lavil la.

Hungarian

 És bemenvén, általméne Jerikhón.

Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari

 Ketika Yesus sampai di Yerikho, Ia berjalan terus melintasi kota itu.

Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama

 Maka masuklah Yesus melalui negeri Yerikho.

Italian

 Entrato in Gerico, attraversava la città.

Korean

 예 수 께 서 여 리 고 로 들 어 지 나 가 시 더 라

Latvian

 Un Viòð, iegâjis Jçrikâ, gâja tai cauri.

Maori

 A ka tomo ia, a tika ana ra waenganui o Heriko,

Norwegian

 Sakkeus, 1-10. Lignelsen om de betrodde penger og de oprørske undersåtter, 11-27. Jesus drar inn i Jerusalem, 28-40, gråter over byen, 41-44, renser templet, 45. 46, og lærer der, 47. 48.
Og han kom inn i Jeriko og drog igjennem byen.

Portuguese

 Tendo Jesus entrado em Jericó, ia atravessando a cidade.   

Rumanian

 Isus a intrat kn Ierihon, wi trecea prin cetate.

Shuar

 Nuyá Jirikiú péprunam Wayá nui wekaikini ajamiayi.

Spanish

 Habiendo entrado Jesús en Jericó, pasaba por la ciudad.

Swahili

 Yesu aliingia mjini Yeriko, akawa anapita katika njia za mji huo.

Swedish

 Jesus gästar hos Sackeus, framställer liknelsen om de tio punden, rider in i Jerusalem, gråter över staden, rensar helgedomen.
Och han kom in i Jeriko och gick fram genom staden.

Thai

 ฝ่ายพระเยซูจึงเสด็จเข้าเมืองเยรีโคและกำลังจะทรงผ่านไป

Ukrainian

 І, ввійшовши Ісус, переходив через Єрихон.

Uma

 Nto'u karata-na Yesus hi ngata Yerikho, momako' ncuu-i ntara rala ngata toe.

Vietnamese

 Ñöùc Chuùa Jeâsus vaøo thaønh Gieâ-ri-coâ, ñi ngang qua phoá.
Source: complied by the editor. Top

Quran Translations: Jesus

Language Chapter Name Chapter 2, Verse 87

Albanian

 Bekare Ne i patëm dhënë Musait librin dhe pas tij patëm dërguar shumë pejgamberë. Isait, birit të Merjemës i dhamë argumente (mrekulli) dhe e fuqizuam me (Xhibrilin) shpirtin e shenjtë. E saherë që u erdhi ndonjë i dërguar me çka nuk u pëlqeu juve, a nuk u bëtë kryelartë dhe disa prej tyre i përgënjeshtruat e disa i mbytët?

Arabic

 سورة البقرة وَلَقَدْ آتَيْنَا مُوسَى الْكِتَابَ وَقَفَّيْنَا مِن بَعْدِهِ بِالرُّسُلِ وَآتَيْنَا عِيسَى ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ الْبَيِّنَاتِ وَأَيَّدْنَاهُ بِرُوحِ الْقُدُسِ أَفَكُلَّمَا جَاءكُمْ رَسُولٌ بِمَا لاَ تَهْوَى أَنفُسُكُمُ اسْتَكْبَرْتُمْ فَفَرِيقاً كَذَّبْتُمْ وَفَرِيقاً تَقْتُلُونَ

Arabic-Transliteration

 Surah Baqarah Walaqad atayna moosa alkitaba waqaffayna min baAAdihi bialrrusuli waatayna AAeesa ibna maryama albayyinati waayyadnahu biroohi alqudusi afakullama jaakum rasoolun bima la tahwa anfusukumu istakbartum fafareeqan kaththabtum wafareeqan taqtuloona

Azerbaijani

 əl-Bəqərə (İnək) surəsi (Ey İsrail övladı!) Biz Musaya kitab (Tövrat) verdik, ondan sonra da bir-birinin ardınca peyğəmbərlər göndərdik. Məryəm oğlu İsaya aşkar mö’cüzələr (dəlillər) bəxş etdik və onu müqəddəs ruhla (Cəbraillə və ya ismi-ə’zəmlə) qüvvətləndirdik. Hər dəfə sizə ürəyinizə yatmayan bir şey (əmr, buyuruq) gətirən peyğəmbərə təkəbbür göstərmirdinizmi? Məhz buna görə də onların bir qismini təkzib etdiniz, bir qismini isə öldürdünüz (Zəkəriyya və ya Yəhya kimi).

Bosnian

 EL-BEKARA * KRAVA I doista smo dali Musau Knjigu i slali iza njega poslanike. I dali smo Isau, sinuMerjeminu, dokaze jasne i pomogli ga Ruhul-kudusom. Zar se niste, kad god bi vam poslanikdonio ono što ne žele duše vaše, uzoholili? Tad biste grupu porekli, a grupu pobili.

Brazilian Portuguese

 AL BÁCARA (A VACA) Concedemos o Livro a Moisés, e depois dele enviamos muitos mensageiros, e concedemos a Jesus, filho de Maria, as evidências, e o fortalecemos com o Espírito da Santidade. Cada vez que vos era apresentado um mensageiro, contrário aos vossos interesses, vós vos ensoberbecíeis! Desmentíeis uns e assassináveis outros.

Chinese

 黃 牛 ( 巴 格 勒 ) 我確已把經典賞賜穆薩，並在他之後繼續派遣許多使者，我把許多明証賞賜給麥爾彥之子爾撒，並以玄靈扶助他。難道每逢使者把你們的私心所不喜愛的東西帶來給你們的時候，你們總是妄自尊大嗎？一部分使者，被你們加以否認；一部分使者，被你們加以殺害。

Dutch

 De Koe (Al-Baqarah) Voorwaar, Wij gaven Mozes het Boek en deden boodschappers de een na de ander zijn voetsporen volgen. En Wij gaven aan Jezus, zoon van Maria, duidelijke tekenen en versterkten hem met de geest der heiligheid. Telkens als een boodschapper tot u kwam, met hetgeen uw ziel niet behaagde, hebt gij u laatdunkend gedragen, sommigen hunner hebt gij verloochend en anderen gedood.

English

 The Cow We gave Moses the Book and followed him up with a succession of apostles; We gave Jesus the son of Mary Clear (Signs) and strengthened him with the holy spirit. Is it that whenever there comes to you an apostle with what ye yourselves desire not, ye are puffed up with pride?- Some ye called impostors, and others ye slay!

Finnish

 AL-BAKARAA(Lehmän suura) Olemmehan totisesti antanut Moosekselle Pyhän kirjan ja lähettänyt profeetat hänen jälkeensä, ja Me olemme antanut Jeesukselle, Marian pojalle, selvät todistukset ja tukenut häntä Pyhällä hengellä . Mutta joka kerta kun profeetta on tullut luoksenne, tuoden mukanaan sellaista, mikä ei teitä miellytä, olette käyneet röyhkeiksi ja pitäneet toisia heistä valehtelijoina, toisia surmanneetkin.

French

 La vache (Al-Baqarah) Certes, Nous avons donné le Livre à Moïse; Nous avons envoyé après lui des prophètes successifs. Et Nous avons donné des preuves à Jésus fils de Marie, et Nous l'avons renforcé du Saint-Esprit. Est-ce qu'à chaque fois, qu'un Messager vous apportait des vérités contraires à vos souhaits vous vous enfliez d'orgueil? Vous traitiez les uns d'imposteurs et vous tuiez les autres.

German

 Die Kuh (Al-Baqarah) Wir gaben Moses fürwahr das Buch und ließen Gesandte folgen in seinen Fußstapfen; und Jesus, dem Sohn der Maria, gaben Wir offenkundige Zeichen und stärkten ihn mit dem Geiste der Heiligkeit. Wollt ihr denn, jedesmal da ein Bote zu euch kommt mit dem, was ihr selbst nicht wünschet, hoffärtig sein und einige als Lügner behandeln und andere erschlagen?

Indonesian

 AL BAQARAH Dan sesungguhnya Kami telah mendatangkan AlKitab (Taurat) kepada Musa, dan Kami telahmenyusulinya (berturut-turut) sesudah itu denganrasul-rasul, dan telah Kami berikan bukti-buktikebenaran (mukjizat) kepada `Isa putra Maryam danKami memperkuatnya dengan Ruhul-Qudus. Apakah setiapdatang kepadamu seorang rasul membawa sesuatu(pelajaran) yang tidak sesuai dengan keinginanmu lalukamu angkuh; maka beberapa orang (di antara mereka)kamu dustakan dan beberapa orang (yang lain) kamubunuh?

Italian

 Al-Baqara (La Giovenca) Abbiamo dato il Libro a Mosè, e dopo di lui abbiamoinviato altri messaggeri. E abbiamo dato a Gesù , figlio di Maria, proveevidenti e lo abbiamo coadiuvato con lo Spirito di Santità . Ogniqua volta unmessaggero vi portava qualcosa che vi spiaceva, vi gonfiavate d'orgoglio! Qualcuno diloro lo avete smentito e altri li avete uccisi.

Japanese

 雌牛 (アル・バカラ) こうしてわれはムーサーに啓典を授け，使徒たちにその後を継がせた，またわれはマルヤムの子イーサーに，明証を授け，更に聖霊でかれを強めた。それなのにあなたがた（ユダヤ人たち）は，使徒が自分たちの心にそわないものを(西?)す度に，倣慢になった。ある者を虚言者呼ばわりし，またある者を殺害した。

Latin

 BAKARA Ve le kad ateyna musel kitabe ve kaffeyna mim ba'dihı bir rusüli ve ateyna ıysebne meryemel beyyinati ve eyyednahü bi ruhıl kudüs* e fe küllema caeküm rasulüm bima la tehva enfüsükümüstekbartüm* fe ferıkan kezzebtüm ve ferıkan taktülun

Malay

 Al-Baqarah Dan sesungguhnya Kami telah mendatangkan Al Kitab (Taurat) kepada Musa, dan Kami telah menyusulinya (berturut-turut) sesudah itu dengan rasul-rasul, dan telah Kami berikan bukti-bukti kebenaran (mukjizat) kepada Isa putra Maryam dan Kami memperkuatnya dengan Ruhulkudus. Apakah setiap datang kepadamu seorang rasul membawa sesuatu (pelajaran) yang tidak sesuai dengan keinginanmu lalu kamu angkuh; maka beberapa orang (di antara mereka) kamu dustakan dan beberapa orang (yang lain) kamu bunuh?

Polish

 KROWA Dalismy juz Mojzeszowi Ksiege i w slad za nim wyslalismy poslanców. I dalismy Jezusowi, synowi Marii, jasne dowody; i umocnilismy go Duchem Swietym. Czyz za kazdym razem, kiedy przychodzil do was poslaniec z tym, czego nie pragna wasze dusze, nie wzbijaliscie sie w pyche i nie uwazaliscie jednych za klamców, a innych czyz nie zabijaliscie?

Portuguese

 AL BÁCARA (A VACA) Concedemos o Livro a Moisés, e depois dele enviamos muitos mensageiros, e concedemos a Jesus, filho de Maria, as evidências, e o fortalecemos com o Espírito da Santidade. Cada vez que vos era apresentado um mensageiro, contrário aos vossos interesses, vós vos ensoberbecíeis! Desmentíeis uns e assassináveis outros.

Russian

 KOPOBA И вoт Mы взяли дoгoвop c вac и вoздвигли нaд вaми гopy: "Boзьмитe тo, чтo Mы вaм дapoвaли, c cилoй и cлyшaйтe!" Oни cкaзaли: "Mы ycлышaли и нe пoвинyeмcя." Oни нaпoeны пo cвoeмy нeвepию в cepдцax: "Cквepнo тo, чтo пpикaзывaeт вaм вaшa вepa, ecли вы вepyeтe!"

Spanish

 La vaca Dimos a Moisés la Escritura y mandamos enviados después de él. Dimos a Jesús, hijo de María, las pruebas claras y le fortalecimos con el Espíritu Santo. ¿Es que tenías que mostraros altivos siempre que venía a vosotros un enviado con algo que no deseabais? A unos les desmentisteis, a otros les disteis muerte.

Swahili

 SURA AL- BAQARA Na hakika tulimpa Musa Kitabu na tukafuatishabaada yake Mitume wengine. Na tukampa Isa, mwana waMariamu, hoja zilizo waziwazi, na tukamtia nguvu kwaRoho Takatifu. Basi kila walipo kufikieni Mitume kwayale ambayo hayapendwi na nafsi zenu, mlijivuna;wengine mkawakanusha, na wengine mkawauwa.

Thai

 ซูเราะฮฺ อัล-บะเกาะเราะฮฺ (Al-Baqarah) และแท้จริงนั้น เราได้ให้คัมภีร์มูซาและหลังจากเขา เราได้ให้บรรดาร่อซูล ติดตามมาและราได้ให้หลัฐานต่าง ๆ อันชัดเจน แก่ อีซา บุตรของมัรยัม และเราได้สนับสนุนเขาด้วยวิญญาณอันปริสุทธิ์ แล้วคราใดที่ได้มีร่อซูลนำสิ่งที่ไม่สบอารมณ์ของพวกเจ้ามายังพวกเจ้า พ

Turkish

 Bakara Sûresi Andolsun biz Musa'ya Kitab'ı verdik. Ondan sonraardarda peygamberler gönderdik. Meryem oğlu İsa'ya damucizeler verdik. Ve onu, Rûhu'l-Kudüs (Cebrail) iledestekledik. (Ne var ki) gönlünüzün arzulamadığı şeyleri söyleyen bir elçi geldikçe ona karşı büyüklüktasladınız. (Size gelen) peygamberlerden bir kısmınıyalanladınız, bir kısmını da öldürdünüz.
Source: complied by the editor.

 

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