Webster's Online Dictionary
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"IBM" is a common misspelling or typo for: IGM, Bim, ICBM, ibms, IRBM.

Date "IBM" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1927. (references)

Specialty Definition: IBM

Domain Definition
Computing IBM /I-B-M/ Once upon a time, the computer company most hackers loved to hate; today, the one they are most puzzled to find themselves liking. From hackerdom's beginnings in the mid-1960s to the early 1990s, IBM was regarded with active loathing. Common expansions of the corporate name included: Inferior But Marketable; It's Better Manually; Insidious Black Magic; It's Been Malfunctioning; Incontinent Bowel Movement; and a near-infinite number of even less complimentary expansions (see also fear and loathing). What galled hackers about most IBM machines above the PC level wasn't so much that they were underpowered and overpriced (though that counted against them), but that the designs were incredibly archaic, crufty, and elephantine ... and you couldn't _fix_ them -- source code was locked up tight, and programming tools were expensive, hard to find, and bletcherous to use once you had found them. We didn't know how good we had it back then. In the 1990s, Microsoft became more noxious and omnipresent than IBM had ever been. Then, in the 1980s IBM had its own troubles with Microsoft and lost its strategic way, receding from the hacker community's view. In the late 1990s IBM re-invented itself as a services company, began to release open-source software through its AlphaWorks group, and began shipping Linux systems and building ties to the Linux community. To the astonishment of all parties, IBM emerged as a staunch friend of the hacker community and open source development. This lexicon includes a number of entries attributed to `IBM'; these derive from some rampantly unofficial jargon lists circulated within IBM's formerly beleaguered hacker underground. Source: Jargon File.
Aerospace 1: International Business Machine Corporation. (references)
  2: International Business Machines (Corp.). (references)
Forestry Insect Bark Mountain. (references)
Technology 1: International Business Machines. (references)
  2: International Business Machine. (references)
  3: International Business Machines. (references)
  4: International Business Machines Corporation, a giant present and historic leader in mainframe and PC computing. Having survived an enormous downturn of bad fortunes in the 1980s, IBM has struggled back with new products and joint ventures. In 1997, IBM announced that network software would all be sold under the banner eNetwork Software. IBM developed a superior operating system called OS/2, but poor marketing and timing resulted in a loss of momentum to Microsoft's Windows and Windows 2000 operating systems. IBM's joint venture with Apple Corporation resulted in the Power Mac and Power PC desktop computers. Most interesting is the IBM Global Campus initiative and the IBM Higher Education home page. See also EduQuest, IAT, and IKE. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Common Expressions: IBM

Expressions Definition
Early IBM disk storage The IBM 350 was part of the IBM RAMAC 305, the computer that introduced disk storage technology to the world on September 4, 1956. RAMAC stood for "Random Access Method of Accounting and Control." The 350 stored 5 million characters. It had fifty 24-inch diameter disks with 100 recording surfaces. Each surface had 100 tracks. The disks spun at 1200 RPM. Data transfer rate was 8,800 characters per second. Two independent access arms moved up and down to select a disk and in and out to select a recording track, all under servo control. A third arm was added as an option. Several improved models were added in the 1950s. The IBM RAMAC 305 system with 350 disk storage leased for $3,200 per month. The 350 was officially withdrawn in 1969. (references)
IBM 1013 The IBM 1013, a device manufactured by IBM transmitted 80-column cards to another 1013 and received from another 1013. (references)
IBM 1130 The IBM 1130 Computing System was introduced in 1965. It was IBM's least-expensive computer to date, and was aimed at price-sensitive, computing-intensive technical markets like education and engineering. The IBM 1800 was a process control variant of the 1130 with two extra instructions (CMP and DCM) and extra I/O capabilities. (references)
IBM 1132 The IBM 1132 Line Printer was part of the IBM 1130 Computer. It printed 120 character lines at 80 lines per minute. The character set consisted of numbers, upper-case letters and some special characters. (references)
IBM 1360 The IBM 1360 Photo-Digital Storage System, or PDSS, was an online archival storage system for large data centers. It was the first storage device designed to hold a terabit of data, a number that sounds fairly impressive even today, and considerably more so in 1967 when it was released. (references)
IBM 1400 series Programming languages for the 1400 series included Autocoder (assembly language), COBOL, FORTRAN and Report Program Generator (RPG). The 1400 series was replaced by System/360 and low end machines like IBM System 3, System/32, System/34, System/36, System/38 and AS/400. The 1400's were officially withdrawn in the early 1970s. (references)
IBM 1403 The IBM 1403 Printer was introduced as part of the IBM 1401 computer in 1959, but had an especially long life in the IBM product line. The original model could print 600 lines of text per minute. The standard model had 100 print positions. An additional 32 positions were available as an option. A print chain with five copies of the character set spun horizontally in front of the ribbon and paper and hammers struck the paper from behind at exactly the right moment to print a character as it went by. (references)
IBM 1410 The IBM 1410 was a variable wordlength decimal computer that was announced by IBM on September 12 1960 and marketed as a midrange "Business Computer". It was withdrawn on March 30 1970. The 1410 was similar in design to the very popular IBM 1401, but it had one major difference. Addresses were five characters long and allowed a maximum memory of 80,000 characters, much larger than than the 16,000 characters permitted by the 1401's three character addresses. (references)
IBM 1440 The IBM 1440 was an IBM computer designed as a low-cost system for smaller businesses. It was announced on October 11, 1962 and withdrawn on February 8, 1971. (references)
IBM 1442 IBM 1442 was an IBM card reader and card punch. It was used on the IBM 1130, the IBM 1800 and System/360. The 1442 could read up to 400 punch cards per minute. Cards were read and punched one column at a time and binary cards were permitted. It was even possible possible to create "IBM Doilies," cards with every possible hole punched. Few other pieces of IBM equipment could do this without sustaining damage. (references)
------------------ 80 common expressions abridged ---------------

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Expressions: IBM

Expressions Domain Definition
IBM (1) Environment Individual-based model. (references)
IBM 1403 Computing IBM 1403 A printer used with the IBM 360 mainframe, a successor to the 1401. (1999-01-11). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 1620 Computing IBM 1620 A computer built by IBM and released in late 1959. The 1620 cost from around $85,000(?)up to hundreds of thousands of dollars(?), according to the configuration. It was billed as a "small scientific computer" to distinguish it from the business-oriented IBM 1401. It was regarded as inexpensive, and many schools started out with one. It was either developed for the US Navy to teach computing, or as a replacement for the very successful IBM 650 which did quite well in the low end scientific market. Rumor has it that the Navy called this computer the CADET - Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try. The ALU used lookup tables to add, subtract and multiply but it could do address increments and the like without the tables. You could change the number base by adjusting the tables, which were input during the boot sequence from Hollerith cards. The divide instruction required additional hardware, as did floating point operations. The basic machine had 20,000 decimal digits of ferrite core memory arranged as a 100 by 100 array of 12-bit locations, each holding two digits. Each digit was stored as four numeric bits, one flag bit and one parity bit. The numeric bits stored a decimal digit (values above nine were illegal). Memory was logically divided into fields. On the high-order digit of a field the flag bit indicated the end of the field. On the low-order digit it indicated a negative number. A flag bit on the low order of the address indicated indirect addressing if you had that option installed. A few "illegal" bit combinations were used to store things like record marks and "numeric blanks". On a subroutine call it stored the return address in the five digits just before the entry point to the routine, so you had to build your own stack to do recursion. The enclosure was gray, and the core was about four or five inches across. The core memory was kept cool inside a temperature-controlled box. The machine took a few minutes to warm up after power on before you could use it. If it got too hot there was a thermal cut-out switch that would shut it down. Memory could be expanded up to 100,000 digits in a second cabinet. The cheapest package used paper tape for I/O. You could also get punched cards and later models could be hooked up to a 1311 disk drive (a two-megabyte washing machine), a 1627 plotter, and a 1443 line printer. Because the 1620 was popular with colleges, IBM ran a clearing house of software for a nominal cost such as Snobol, COBOL, chess games, etc. The model II, released about three years later, could add and subtract without tables. The clock period decreased from 20 to 10 microseconds, instruction fetch sped up by a few cycles and it added index registers of some sort. Some of the model I's options were standard on the model II, like indirect addressing and the console teletype changed from a model C to a Selectric. Later still, IBM marketed the IBM 1710. A favorite use was to tune a FM radio to pick up the "interference" from the lights on the console. With the right delay loops you could generate musical notes. Hackers wrote interpreters that played music from notation like "C44". 1620 consoles were used as props to represent Colossus in the film "The Forbin Project", though most of the machines had been scrapped by the time the film was made. A fully configured 1620 (http://uranus.ee.auth.gr/TMTh/exhibit.htm). IBM 1620 console picture (http://www.foldoc.org/pub/IBM1620-console.jpg). ["Basic Programming Concepts and the IBM 1620 Computer", Leeson and Dimitry, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962]. (1997-08-05). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 1710 Computing IBM 1710 An IBM 1620 with additional features useful for industrial process control: A/D converters, D/A converters, general-purpose I/O lines, and interrupts. [Date?] (1997-07-20). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 2741 Computing IBM 2741 golf ball printer. Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 3270 Computing IBM 3270 A class of terminals made by IBM known as "Display Devices", normally used to talk to IBM mainframes. The 3270 attempts to minimize the number of I/O interrupts required by accepting large blocks of data, known as datastreams, in which both text and control (or formatting functions) are interspersed allowing an entire screen to be "painted" as a single output operation. The concept of "formatting" in these devices allows the screen to be divided into clusters of contiguous character cells for which numerous attributes (color, highlighting, character set, protection from modification) can be set. Further, using a technique known as 'Read Modified' the changes from any number of formatted fields that have been modified can be read as a single input without transferring any other data, another technique to enhance the terminal throughput of the CPU. The 3270 had twelve, and later twenty-four, special Programmed Function Keys, or PF keys. When one of these keys was pressed, it would cause the device to generate an I/O interrupt and present a special code identifying which key was pressed. Application program functions such as termination, page-up, page-down or help could be invoked by a single key-push, thereby reducing the load on very busy processors. A version of the IBM PC called the "3270 PC" was released in October 1983. It included 3270 terminal emulation.tn3270 is modified version of Telnet which acts as a 3270 terminal emulator and can be used to connect to an IBM computer over a network. See also broken arrow. (1995-02-07). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 360 Computing IBM 360 The generic name for the CPUs and architecture released by IBM in 1964. The 360 was marketed as a general purpose computer with 'all round' functionality - hence 360 (degrees). Models ranged from the 360/20 to the 360/65 and later the 360/95, with typical memory configurations from 16K to 1024K. Elements of the architecture, such as the basic instruction set are still in use on IBM mainframes today. Associated operating systems included DOS, OS/MFT and OS/MVT. The 360 architecture was based on an 8-bit byte, 16 general purpose registers, 24-bit addressing, and a PSW (Program Status Word) including a location counter. Gene Amdahl, then an IBM employee, is generally acknowledged as the 360's chief architect. He later went on to found Amdahl Corporation, a manufacture of PCM mainframe equipment. The 360's predecessors were the smaller IBM 1401 and the large IBM 7090 series. See also ABEND, ALC, BAL, Big Red Switch, HCF, mode bit, PL360, PL/S. (1999-01-24). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 3720 Computing IBM 3720 A communications controller made by IBM, suitable for use in an IBM S/390. Official service support was withdrawn in 1999 in favor of the IBM 3745. (http://www.ibm.com/search?q=3720&realm=Networking). (2000-02-21). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 650 Computing IBM 650 A computer, produced ca. 1955 and in use in the late 1950s, with rotating magnetic drum storage and punched card input. Its memory words could store 10-digit decimal numbers and each instruction had two addresses, one for the operand and one for address of the next instruction on the drum. SOAP was its (optimizing) assembler. Languages used on it included BACAIC, BALITAC, BELL, CASE SOAP III, DRUCO I, EASE II, ELI, ESCAPE, FAST, FLAIR, FORTRANSIT, FORTRUNCIBLE, GAT, IPL, Internal Translator, KISS, MITILAC, MYSTIC, OMNICODE, PIT, RELATIVE, RUNCIBLE, SIR, SOAP, Speedcoding, SPIT, SPUR. [More details?] (1995-03-30). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 704 Computing IBM 704 A large, scientific computer made by IBM and used by the largest commercial, government and educational institutions. The IBM 704 had 36-bit memory words, 15-bit addresses and instructions with one address. A few index register instructions had the infamous 15-bit decrement field in addition to the 15-bit address. The 704, and IBM 709 which had the same basic architecture, represented a substantial step forward from the IBM 650's magnetic drum storage as they provided random access at electronic speed to core storage, typically 32k words of 36 bits each. [Or did the 704 actually come *before* the 650?] A typical 700 series installation would be in a specially built room of perhaps 1000 to 2000 square feet, with cables running under a raised floor and substantial air conditioning. There might be up to eight magnetic tape transports, each about 3 x 3 x 6 feet, on one or two "channels." The 1/2 inch tape had seven tracks and moved at 150 inches per second, giving a read/write speed of 15,000 six bit characters (plus parity) per second. In the center would be the operator's console consisting of cabinets and tables for storage of tapes and boxes of cards; and a card reader, a card punch, and a line printer, each perhaps 4 x 4 x 5 feet in dimension. Small jobs could be entered via punched cards at the console, but as a rule the user jobs were transferred from cards to magnetic tape by off-line equipment and only control information was entered at the console (see SPOOL). Before each job, the operating system was loaded from a read-only system tape (because the system in core could have been corrupted by the previous user), and then the user's program, in the form of card images on the input tape, would be run. Program output would be written to another tape (typically on another channel) for printing off-line. Well run installations would transfer the user's cards to tape, run the job, and print the output tape with a turnaround time of one to four hours. The processing unit typically occupied a position symmetric but opposite the operator's console. Physically the largest of the units, it included a glass enclosure a few feet in dimension in which could be seen the "core" about one foot on each side. The 36-bit word could hold two 18-bit addresses called the "Contents of the Address Register" (CAR) and the "Contents of the Decrement Register" (CDR). On the opposite side of the floor from the tape drives and operator's console would be a desk and bookshelves for the ever-present (24 hours a day) "field engineer" dressed in, you guessed it, a gray flannel suit and tie. The maintenance of the many thousands of vacuum tubes, each with limited lifetime, and the cleaning, lubrication, and adjustment of mechanical equipment, was augmented by a constant flow of bug reports, change orders to both hardware and software, and hand-holding for worried users. The 704 was oriented toward scientific work and included floating point hardware and the first Fortran implementation. Its hardware was the basis for the requirement in some programming languages that loops must be executed at least once. The IBM 705 was the business counterpart of the 704. The 705 was a decimal machine with a circular register which could hold several variables (numbers, values) at the same time. Very few 700 series computers remained in service by 1965, but the IBM 7090, using transistors but similar in logical structure, remained an important machine until the production of the earliest integrated circuits. [Was the 704 scientific, business or general purpose? Difference between 704 and 709?] (1996-01-24). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 7040 Computing IBM 7040 A scaled down version of the IBM 7090. (1997-02-23). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 705 Computing IBM 705 A business-oriented counterpart of the IBM 704. The 705 was a decimal machine with a circular register which could hold several values at the same time. Languages included ACOM, Autocode, ELI, PRINT, PRINT I, SOHIO, SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLY. (2000-06-01). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 709 Computing IBM 709 A computer made by IBM oriented towards scientific work. The 709 had the same basic architecture as the IBM 704 but with many I/O and performance refinements over the 704. The IBM 709 (like the 704) had 36-bit memory words, 15-bit addresses and instructions with one address. A few index register instructions had the infamous 15-bit decrement field in addition to the 15-bit address. The IBM 7090 was a transistorized version of the 709. [Difference between 704 and 709?] (1999-01-19). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 7090 Computing IBM 7090 A transistorized version of the IBM 709 which was a very popular high end computer in the early 1960s. The 7090 had 32Kbytes of 36-bit core memory and a hardware floating point unit. Fortran was its most popular language, but it supported many others. It was later upgraded to the IBM 7094, and a scaled down version, the IBM 7040 was also introduced. IBM 7090s controlled the Mercury and Gemini space flights, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (until well into the 1980s), and the CTSS time sharing system at MIT. The 7090 was not good at unit record I/O, so in small configurations an IBM 1401 was used for SPOOL I/O and in large configurations (such as a 7090/94) a 7040/44 would be directly coupled and dedicated to handling printers and card readers. (See the film Dr Strangelove). (1999-01-19). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 7094 Computing IBM 7094 A faster version of the IBM 7090 with more index registers. (1997-02-23). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM 801 Computing IBM 801 The original IBM RISC processor, developed as a research project. It was named after the building in which it was designed. [Features? Dates?] (1995-03-01). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM compatible Computing IBM compatible A computer which can use hardware and software designed for the IBM PC (or, less often, IBM mainframes). This was once a key phrase in marketing a new PC clone but now in 1998 is rarely used, the non-IBM wintel personal computer manufacturers such as Compaq, Dell and Gateway 2000 and OS vendor Microsoft having taken control of the market, marginalizing IBM. (1998-07-30). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM Customer Engineer Computing IBM Customer Engineer (CE) A hardware guy from IBM. [Are/were any CEs female?] (1998-07-08). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM discount Computing IBM discount A price increase. Outside IBM, this derives from the common perception that IBM products are generally overpriced (see clone); inside, it is said to spring from a belief that large numbers of IBM employees living in an area cause prices to rise. [Jargon File] (1995-02-07). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM discount Computing IBM discount n. A price increase. Outside IBM, this derives from the common perception that IBM products are generally overpriced (see clone); inside, it is said to spring from a belief that large numbers of IBM employees living in an area cause prices to rise. Source: Jargon File..
IBM PC Aerospace International Business Machines Personal Computer. (references)
IBM PC Computing IBM PC International Business Machines Personal Computer. IBM PCs and compatible models from other vendors are the most widely used computer systems in the world. They are typically single user personal computers, although they have been adapted into multi-user models for special applications. Note: "IBM PC" is used in this dictionary to denote IBM and compatible personal computers, and to distinguish these from other personal computers, though the phrase "PC" is often used elsewhere, by those who know no better, to mean "IBM PC or compatible". There are hundreds of models of IBM compatible computers. They are based on Intel's microprocessors: Intel 8086, Intel 8088, Intel 80286, Intel 80386, Intel 486 or Pentium. The models of IBM's first-generation Personal Computer (PC) series have names: IBM PC, IBM PC XT, IBM PC AT, Convertible and Portable. The models of its second generation, the Personal System/2 (PS/2), are known by model number: Model 25, Model 30. Within each series, the models are also commonly referenced by their CPU clock rate. All IBM personal computers are software compatible with each other in general, but not every program will work in every machine. Some programs are time sensitive to a particular speed class. Older programs will not take advantage of newer higher-resolution display standards. The speed of the CPU (microprocessor) is the most significant factor in machine performance. It is determined by its clock rate and the number of bits it can process internally. It is also determined by the number of bits it transfers across its data bus. The second major performance factor is the speed of the hard disk. CAD and other graphics-intensive application programs can be sped up with the addition of a mathematics coprocessor, a chip which plugs into a special socket available in almost all machines. Intel 8086 and Intel 8088-based PCs require EMS (expanded memory) boards to work with more than one megabyte of memory. All these machines run under MS-DOS. The original IBM PC AT used an Intel 80286 processor which can access up to 16 megabytes of memory (though standard MS-DOS applications cannot use more than one megabyte without EMS). Intel 80286-based computers running under OS/2 can work with the maximum memory. Although IBM sells printers for PCs, most printers will work with them. As with display hardware, the software vendor must support a wide variety of printers. Each program must be installed with the appropriate printer driver. The original 1981 IBM PC's keyboard was severely criticized by typists for its non-standard placement of the return and left shift keys. In 1984, IBM corrected this on its AT keyboard, but shortened the backspace key, making it harder to reach. In 1987, it introduced its Enhanced keyboard, which relocated all the function keys and placed the control key in an awkward location for touch typists. The escape key was relocated to the opposite side of the keyboard. By relocating the function keys, IBM made it impossible for software vendors to use them intelligently. What's easy to reach on one keyboard is difficult on the other, and vice versa. To the touch typist, these deficiencies are maddening. An "IBM PC compatible" may have a keyboard which does not recognize every key combination a true IBM PC does, e.g.shifted cursor keys. In addition, the "compatible" vendors sometimes use proprietary keyboard interfaces, preventing you from replacing the keyboard. The 1981 PC had 360K floppy disks. In 1984, IBM introduced the 1.2 megabyte floppy disk along with its AT model. Although often used as backup storage, the high density floppy is not often used for interchangeability. In 1986, IBM introduced the 720K 3.5" microfloppy disk on its Convertible laptop computer. It introduced the 1.44 megabyte double density version with the PS/2 line. These disk drives can be added to existing PCs. Fixed, non-removable, hard disks for IBM compatibles are available with storage capacities from 20 to over 600 megabytes. If a hard disk is added that is not compatible with the existing disk controller, a new controller board must be plugged in. However, one disk's internal standard does not conflict with another, since all programs and data must be copied onto it to begin with. Removable hard disks that hold at least 20 megabytes are also available. When a new peripheral device, such as a monitor or scanner, is added to an IBM compatible, a corresponding, new controller board must be plugged into an expansion slot (in the bus) in order to electronically control its operation. The PC and XT had eight-bit busses; the AT had a 16-bit bus. 16-bit boards will not fit into 8-bit slots, but 8-bit boards will fit into 16-bit slots. Intel 80286 and Intel 80386 computers provide both 8-bit and 16-bit slots, while the 386s also have proprietary 32-bit memory slots. The bus in high-end models of the PS/2 line is called "Micro Channel". EISA is a non-IBM rival to Micro Channel. The original IBM PC came with BASIC in ROM. Later, Basic and BasicA were distributed on floppy but ran and referenced routines in ROM. IBM PC and PS/2 models PC range Intro CPU Features PCAug 1981 8088 Floppy disk system XTMar 1983 8088 Slow hard disk XT/370Oct 1983 8088 IBM 370 mainframe emulation 3270 PCOct 1983 8088 with 3270 terminal emulation PCjrNov 1983 8088 Floppy-based home computer PC PortableFeb 1984 8088 Floppy-based portable ATAug 1984 286 Medium-speed hard disk ConvertibleApr 1986 8088 Microfloppy laptop portable XT 286Sep 1986 286 Slow hard disk PS/2 range Intro CPU Features Model 1987-08-25 8086 PC bus (limited expansion) Model 1987-04-30 8086 PC bus Model 30 1988-09-286 286 PC bus Model 1987-04-50 286 Micro Channel bus Model 50ZJun 1988 286 Faster Model 50 Model 55 SXMay 1989 386SX Micro Channel bus Model 1987-04-60 286 Micro Channel bus Model 1988-06-70 386 Desktop, Micro Channel bus Model P1989-05-70 386 Portable, Micro Channel bus Model 1987-04-80 386 Tower, Micro Channel bus IBM PC compatible specifications CPU CPU Clock Bus Floppy Hard bus speed width RAM disk disk OS bit MHz bit byte inch byte Mbyte 8088 16 4.8-9.58 1M* 5.25 360K 10-40 DOS 3.5 720K 3.5 1.44M 8086 16 6-12 16 1M* 20-60 286 16 6-25 16 1-8M* 5.25 360K 20-300 DOS 5.25 1.2M OS/2 386 32 16-33 32 1-16M** 3.5 720K Unix 3.5 1.44M 40-600 386SX 32 16-33 16 1-16M** 40-600 *Under DOS, RAM is expanded beyond 1M with EMS memory boards **Under DOS, RAM is expanded beyond 1M with normal "extended" memory and a memory management program. See also BIOS, display standard. (1995-05-12). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM PC AT Computing IBM PC AT ("Advanced Technology") A version of the IBM PC, released in Aug 1984 with an Intel 80286 processor, a 16-bit bus, a medium-speed hard disk and a 1.2 megabyte floppy disk drive. It had a larger case than the PC, which allowed it to accept "tall cards". The AT keyboard corrected the PC's non-standard placement of the return and left shift keys but shortened the backspace key, making it harder to reach. (1995-03-01). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM PC XT Computing IBM PC XT An IBM PC with a (slow) hard disk. The XT was released in March 1983. It had an Intel 8088 CPU. The XT/370, released in October 1983, added IBM 370 mainframe emulation, and the XT 286 followed in September 1986 with an Intel 80286 CPU [Why?]. (1996-05-21). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM PC, getting files from Aerospace See PC. (references)
IBM PCjr Computing IBM PCjr (IBM PC Junior) A floppy disk-based home computer with an Intel 8088 CPU and a chiclet keyboard, released in November 1983. The PCjr could be expanded to have two floppy drives and 640 kilobytes of RAM using sidecars. Some even had a mouse and could run drawing programs with popup menus. (1995-10-06). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..
IBM Systems Engineer Computing IBM Systems Engineer (SE) A software guy from IBM. [Are/were any SEs female?] (1998-07-08). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing..

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: IBM

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
Entry Source Expression Field
IBM English International Brotherhood of Magicians N/A
IBM Italian Ingegneria biomedica Medicine, Engineering & Technology
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Extended Definition: IBM

IBM

IBM might be an acronym or abbreviation for:

  • Inclusion body myositis
  • Integrated Bituminious Mining
  • International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
  • History of IBM (International Business Machines Corporation)
  • International Brotherhood of Magicians
  • Interacting boson model
  • Injection blow molding
  • IBM railway station is in Scotland


Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; from the article "IBM (disambiguation)". Image Credit.
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Extended Definition: IBM

IBM

International Business Machines Corporation
Type Public (NYSE: IBM)
Founded 1889, incorporated 1911
Headquarters Armonk, New York, USA
Key people Samuel J. Palmisano, Chairman & CEO
Mark Loughridge SVP & CFO
Dan Fortin, President (Canada)
Frank Kern, President (Asia Pacific)
Nick Donofrio, EVP (Innovation & Technology)
Mike Rhodin, President IOT Northeast Europe
Dominique Cerutti, President IOT Southwest Europe
Industry Computer hardware
Computer software
Consulting
IT Services
Products See products listing
Revenue ▲ $98.8 billion USD (+4% FY '07 to '08)
Net income ▲ $10.8 billion USD (+18% FY '07 to '08)
Employees 386,558 (2007)
Subsidiaries ADSTAR
FileNet
Informix
Iris Associates
Lotus Software
Rational Software
Sequent Computer Systems
Tivoli Systems, Inc.
Website www.ibm.com
Entrance to IBM's secure headquarters complex in Armonk
Entrance to IBM's secure headquarters complex in Armonk

International Business Machines Corporation, abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue," NYSE: IBM, is a multinational computer technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA. The company is one of the few information technology companies with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and offers infrastructure services, hosting services, and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology.[1]

IBM has been known through most of its recent history as the world's largest computer company; with over 388,000 employees worldwide, IBM is the largest information technology employer in the world. Despite falling behind Hewlett-Packard in total revenue since 2006, it remains the most profitable. IBM holds more patents than any other U.S. based technology company.[2] It has engineers and consultants in over 170 countries and IBM Research has eight laboratories worldwide.[3] IBM employees have earned three Nobel Prizes, four Turing Awards, five National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science.[4] As a chip maker, IBM has been among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders in past years, and in 2007 IBM ranked second in the list of largest software companies in the world.[5]

History

Main article: History of IBM
See also: Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR) and Herman Hollerith
See also: List of IBM products

The company which became IBM was founded in 1896 as the Tabulating Machine Company[6] by Herman Hollerith, in Broome County, New York (Endicott, New York, Where it still maintains very limited operations). It was incorporated as Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR) on June 16, 1911, and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1916. IBM adopted its current name in 1924, when it became a Fortune 500 company.

In the 1950s, IBM became the dominant vendor in the emerging computer industry with the release of the IBM 701 and other models in the IBM 700/7000 series of mainframes. The company's dominance became even more pronounced in the 1960s and 1970s with the IBM System/360 and IBM System/370 mainframes, however antitrust actions by the United States Department of Justice, the rise of minicomputer companies like Digital Equipment Corporation and Data General, and the introduction of the microprocessor all contributed to dilution of IBM's position in the industry, eventually leading the company to diversify into other areas including personal computers, software, and services.

In 1981 IBM introduced the IBM Personal Computer which is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. Descendants of the IBM PC compatibles make up the majority of microcomputers on the market today, though IBM sold its PC division to the Chinese company Lenovo on May 1, 2005 for $655 million in cash and $600 million in Lenovo stock.

On January 25, 2007, Ricoh announced purchase of IBM Printing Systems Division for $725 million and investment in 3-year joint venture to form a new Ricoh subsidiary, InfoPrint Solutions Company; Ricoh will own a 51% share, and IBM will own a 49% share in InfoPrint.

Controversies

The author Edwin Black has alleged that, during World War II, IBM CEO Thomas J. Watson used overseas subsidiaries to provide the Third Reich with unit record data processing machines, supplies and services that helped the Nazis to efficiently track down European Jews, with sizable profits for the company. IBM denies that they had control over these subsidiaries after the Nazis took power. A lawsuit against IBM based on these allegations was dismissed. In support of the Allied war effort in World War II, from 1943 to 1945 IBM produced approximately 346,500 M1 Carbine (Caliber .30 carbine) light rifles for the U.S. Military.[7]

Current projects

Eclipse

Main article: Eclipse (software)

Eclipse is a platform-independent, Java-based software framework. Eclipse was originally a proprietary product developed by IBM as a successor of the VisualAge family of tools. Eclipse has subsequently been released as free/open source software under the Eclipse Public License.

developerWorks

Main article: developerWorks

developerWorks is a website run by IBM for software developers and IT professionals. It contains a large number of how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software s and code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals. Subjects range from open, industry-standard technologies like Java, Linux, SOA and web services, web development, Ajax, PHP, and XML to IBM's products (WebSphere, Rational, Lotus, Tivoli and DB2). In 2007 developerWorks was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame.[8]

alphaWorks

Main article: alphaWorks

alphaWorks is IBM's source for emerging software technologies. These technologies include:

  • Flexible Internet Evaluation Report Architecture - A highly flexible architecture for the design, display, and reporting of Internet surveys.
  • IBM History Flow Visualization Application - A tool for visualizing dynamic, evolving documents and the interactions of multiple collaborating authors.
  • IBM Linux on POWER Performance Simulator - A tool that provides users of Linux on Power a set of performance models for IBM's POWER processors.
  • Database File Archive And Restoration Management - An application for archiving and restoring hard disk files using file references stored in a database.
  • Policy Management for Autonomic Computing - A policy-based autonomic management infrastructure that simplifies the automation of IT and business processes.
  • FairUCE - A spam filter that verifies sender identity instead of filtering content.
  • Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) SDK - A Java SDK that supports the implementation, composition, and deployment of applications working with unstructured information.
  • Accessibility Browser - A web-browser specifically designed to assist people with visual impairments, to be released as open-source software. Also known as the "A-Browser," the technology will aim to eliminate the need for a mouse, relying instead completely on voice-controls, buttons and predefined shortcut keys.

Semiconductor design and manufacturing

IBM's Wii "Broadway" CPU
IBM's Wii "Broadway" CPU

Virtually all modern console gaming systems use microprocessors developed by IBM. The Xbox 360 contains the Xenon tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months.[9] Sony's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. Nintendo's seventh-generation console, Wii, features an IBM chip codenamed Broadway. The older Nintendo GameCube also utilizes the Gekko processor, designed by IBM.

In May 2002, IBM and Butterfly.net, Inc. announced the Butterfly Grid, a commercial grid for the online video gaming market.[10] In March 2006, IBM announced separate agreements with Hoplon Infotainment, Online Game Services Incorporated (OGSI), and RenderRocket to provide on-demand content management and blade server computing resources.[11]

Open Client Offering

IBM announced it will launch its new software, called "Open Client Offering" which is to run on Microsoft's Windows, Linux and Apple's Macintosh. The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that "Open Client Offering" is to cut costs of managing whether Linux or Apple relative to Windows. There will be no necessity for companies to pay Microsoft for its licenses for operations since the operations will no longer rely on software which is Windows-based. One of Microsoft's office alternatives is the Open Document Format software, whose development IBM supports. It is going to be used for several tasks like: word processing, presentations, along with collaboration with Lotus Notes, instant messaging and blog tools as well as an Internet Explorer competitor – the Firefox web browser. IBM plans to install Open Client on 5 percent of its desktop PCs.

UC2: Unified Communications and Collaboration

UC2 (Unified Communications and Collaboration) is an IBM and Cisco joint project based on Eclipse and OSGi. It will offer the numerous Eclipse application developers a unified platform for an easier work environment.

The software based on UC2 platform will provide major enterprises with easy-to-use communication solutions, such as the Lotus based Sametime. In the future the Sametime users will benefit from such additional functions as click-to-call and voice mailing.[12]

Internal programs

Extreme Blue is a company initiative that uses experienced IBM engineers, talented interns, and business managers to develop high-value technology. The project is designed to analyze emerging business needs and the technologies that can solve them. These projects mostly involve rapid-prototyping of high-profile software and hardware projects.

In May 2007, IBM unveiled Project Big Green -- a re-direction of $1 billion per year across its businesses to increase energy efficiency.

IBM Software Group

This group is one of the major divisions of IBM. The various brands include:

  • Information Management Software — database servers and tools, text analytics, content management, business process management and business intelligence.
  • Lotus Software — Groupware, collaboration and business software. Acquired in 1995.
  • Rational Software — Software development and application lifecycle management. Acquired in 2002.
  • Tivoli Software — Systems management. Acquired in 1996.
  • WebSphere — Integration and application infrastructure software.

Environmental record

IBM has a long history of dealing with its environmental problems. It established a corporate policy on environmental protection in 1971, with the support of a comprehensive global environmental management system. According to IBM’s stats, its total hazardous waste decreased by 44 percent over the past five years, and has decreased by 94.6 percent since 1987. IBM's total hazardous waste calculation consists of waste from both non-manufacturing and manufacturing operations. Waste from manufacturing operations includes waste recycled in closed-loop systems where process chemicals are recovered and for subsequent reuse, rather than just disposing and using new chemical materials. Over the years, IBM has redesigned processes to eliminate almost all closed loop recycling and now uses more environmental-friendly materials in their place.[13]

IBM was recognized as one of the "Top 20 Best Workplaces for Commuters" by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2005. This was to recognize the Fortune 500 companies that provided their employees with excellent commuter benefits that helped reduce traffic and air pollution.[14]

However, the birthplace of IBM, Endicott, suffered IBM's pollution for decades. IBM used liquid cleaning agents in its circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks incidents were recorded, including one 1979 leak of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind volatile organic compounds in the town's soil and aquifer. Trace elements of volatile organic compounds have been identified in the Endicott’s drinking water, but the levels are within regulatory limits. Also, from 1980, IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals, including trichloroethane, Freon, benzene and perchloroethene to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the villagers. IBM Endicott has been identified by the Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution, though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found. Despite the amount of pollutant, state health officials cannot say whether air or water pollution in Endicott has actually caused any health problems. Village officials say tests show that the water is safe to drink.[15]

Solar power

Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd. (TOK) and IBM are collaborating to establish new, low-cost methods for bringing the next generation of solar energy products to market,this is, CIGS (Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenide) solar cell modules. Use of thin film technology, such as CIGS, has great promise in reducing the overall cost of solar cells and further enabling their widespread adoption.[16] [17]

IBM is exploring four main areas of photovoltaic research: using current technologies to develop cheaper and more efficient silicon solar cells, developing new solution processed thin film photovoltaic devices, concentrator photovoltaics, and future generation photovoltaic architectures based upon nanostructures such as semiconductor quantum dots and nanowires. [18]

Dr. Supratik Guha is the leading scientist in IBM photovoltaics. [19]

Corporate culture of IBM

Big Blue is a nickname for IBM; several theories exist regarding its origin. One theory, substantiated by people who worked for IBM at the time, is that IBM field reps coined the term in the 1960s, referring to the color of the mainframes IBM installed in the 1960s and early 1970s. "All blue" was a term used to describe a loyal IBM customer, and business writers later picked up the term.[20][21] Another theory suggests that Big Blue simply refers to the Company's logo. A third theory suggests that Big Blue refers to a former company dress code that required many IBM employees to wear only white shirts and many wore blue suits.[22][20] In any event, IBM keyboards, typewriters, and some other manufactured devices, have played on the "Big Blue" concept, using the color for enter keys and carriage returns.

Sales

IBM has often been described as having a sales-centric or a sales-oriented business culture. Traditionally, many IBM executives and general managers are chosen from the sales force. The current CEO, Sam Palmisano, for example, joined the company as a salesman and, unusually for CEOs of major corporations, has no MBA or postgraduate qualification. Middle and top management are often enlisted to give direct support to salesmen when pitching sales to important customers.

The uniform

A dark (or gray) suit, white shirt, and a "sincere" tie[23] was the public uniform for IBM employees for most of the 20th Century. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s, CEO Lou Gerstner relaxed these codes, normalizing the dress and behavior of IBM employees to resemble their counterparts in other large technology companies.

IBM company values and "Jam"

In 2003, IBM embarked on an ambitious project to rewrite company values. Using its Jam technology, the company hosted Intranet-based online discussions on key business issues with 50,000 employees over 3 days. The discussions were analyzed by sophisticated text analysis software (eClassifier) to mine online comments for themes. As a result of the 2003 Jam, the company values were updated to reflect three modern business, marketplace and employee views: "Dedication to every client's success", "Innovation that matters - for our company and for the world", "Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships".[24]

In 2004, another Jam was conducted during which 52,000 employees exchanged best practices for 72 hours. They focused on finding actionable ideas to support implementation of the values previously identified. A new post-Jam Ratings event was developed to allow IBMers to select key ideas that support the values. The board of directors cited this Jam when awarding Palmisano a pay rise in the spring of 2005.[25]

In July and September 2006, Palmisano launched another jam called InnovationJam. InnovationJam was the largest online brainstorming session ever with more than 150,000 participants from 104 countries. The participants were IBM employees, members of IBM employees' families, universities, partners, and customers. InnovationJam was divided in two sessions (one in July and one in September) for 72 hours each and generated more than 46,000 ideas. In November 2006, IBM declared that they will invest $US 100 million in the 10 best ideas from InnovationJam.[26]

Open source

IBM has been influenced by the Open Source Initiative, and began supporting Linux in 1998.[27] The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM Linux Technology Center, which includes over 300 Linux kernel developers.[28] IBM has also released code under different open-source licenses, such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse (worth approximately US$40 million at the time of the donation)[29] and the Java-based relational database management system (RDBMS) Apache Derby. IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see SCO v. IBM).

Project Management Center of Excellence

The IBM Project Management Center of Excellence (PM COE) is a program dedicated to defining and executing the steps IBM must take to strengthen its project management capabilities. Functioning as IBM's think tank, the PM COE combines external industry trends and directions with IBM business, organizational, and geographic requirements and insight. Upon this foundation deliverables (such as project management policy, practices, methods, and tools) are developed.

All IBM Project Managers (PMs) on the Project Management track (dimension) must complete either accreditation or IBM certification. Junior PMs (Associate PM and Advisory PM) are accredited after self-assessment and authorization from supervisors. Senior PMs (Senior PM and Executive PM) must go through a stringent IBM certification process. By validating project managers' expertise and skills against consistent worldwide standards, certification helps maintain customer confidence in the high quality of IBM professionals and it recognizes IBM professionals for their skills and experience.

Becoming certified is public recognition of achieving a significant career milestone and demonstrating expertise in the profession. Prior to applying for IBM certification each individual must have:

  1. successfully passed PMI exam (i.e. be a certified PMP).
  2. verifiable documentation and approval for mastery/expertise in a well-defined set of PM skills.
  3. several years of PM experience spanning at least 3 verifiable projects within the immediate 5 years (including specific role, team size, and budget requirements).
  4. verifiable documentation and proof of at least one area of specialty.
  5. demonstrated the use of IBM's Worldwide Project Management Method (WWPMM).
  6. completed extensive classroom and online education and testing.

IBM PM Certification is a well-defined review and verification process with many intricate details. In its most simplified form, it broadly involves:

  1. Candidate preparing a detailed package with proof of above requirements.
  2. Package review, approval, and support by at least two levels of Senior Management.
  3. Package review and re-verification by PM COE expert.
  4. Personal interviews with the PM COE Certification board.
  5. Candidates whose experience, skills, knowledge and education are deemed valid, verifiable and accurate, are certified by the board as either Certified Senior Project Manager (CSPM) or Certified Executive Project Manager (CEPM).

IBM PM Certification is a significant achievement for any IBMer. It is a deliberately long process with multiple checkpoints designed to ensure the integrity, fairness and validity of the certification.

Corporate affairs

Diversity and workforce issues

IBM's efforts to promote workforce diversity and equal opportunity date back at least to World War I, when the company hired disabled veterans. IBM was the only technology company ranked in Working Mother magazine's Top 10 for 2004, and one of two technology companies in 2005 (the other company being Hewlett-Packard).[30][31]

On September 21, 1953, Thomas J. Watson, the CEO at the time, sent out a very controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needed to hire the best people, regardless of their race, ethnic origin, or gender. In 1984, IBM added sexual preference. He stated that this would give IBM a competitive advantage because IBM would then be able to hire talented people its competitors would turn down.[32]

The company has traditionally resisted labor union organizing, although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States.

In the 1990s, two major pension program changes, including a conversion to a cash balance plan, resulted in an employee class action lawsuit alleging age discrimination. IBM employees won the lawsuit and arrived at a partial settlement, although appeals are still underway. IBM also settled a major overtime class-action lawsuit in 2006.[33]

Historically IBM has had a good reputation of long-term staff retention with few large scale layoffs. In more recent years there have been a number of broad sweeping cuts to the workforce as IBM attempts to adapt to changing market conditions and a declining profit base. After posting weaker than expected revenues in the first quarter of 2005, IBM eliminated 14,500 positions from its workforce, predominantly in Europe. In May 2005, IBM Ireland said to staff that the MD(Micro-electronics Division) facility was closing down by the end of 2005 and offered a settlement to staff. However, all staff that wished to stay with the Company were redeployed within IBM Ireland. The production moved to a company called Amkor in Singapore who purchased IBM's Microelectronics business in Singapore and is widely agreed that IBM promised this Company a full load capacity in return for the purchase of the facility. On June 8, 2005, IBM Canada Ltd. eliminated approximately 700 positions. IBM projects these as part of a strategy to "rebalance" its portfolio of professional skills & businesses. IBM India and other IBM offices in China, the Philippines and Costa Rica have been witnessing a recruitment boom and steady growth in number of employees due to lower wages.

On October 10, 2005, IBM became the first major company in the world to formally commit to not using genetic information in its employment decisions. This came just a few months after IBM announced its support of the National Geographic Society's Genographic Project.

Gay rights

IBM provides employees' same-sex partners with benefits and provides an anti-discrimination clause. The Human Rights Campaign has consistently rated IBM 100% on its index of gay-friendliness since 2003 (in 2002, the year it began compiling its report on major companies, IBM scored 86%).[34]

Logos

The logo that was used from 1924 to 1946. The logo is in a form intended to suggest a globe, girdled by the word "International".[35]

The logo that was used from 1947 to 1956. The familiar "globe" was replaced with the simple letters "IBM" in a typeface called "Beton Bold."[36]

The logo that was used from 1956 to 1972. The letters "IBM" took on a more solid, grounded and balanced appearance.[37]

In 1972, the horizontal stripes now replaced the solid letters to suggest "speed and dynamism." This logo (in two versions, 8-bar and 13-bar), as well as the previous one, was designed by graphic designer Paul Rand.[38]

Logos designed in the 1970s tended to be sensitive to the technical limitations of photocopiers, which were then being widely deployed. A logo with large solid areas tended to be poorly copied by copiers in the 1970s, so companies preferred logos that avoided large solid areas. The 1972 IBM logos are an example of this tendency. With the advent of digital copiers in the mid-1980s this technical restriction had largely disappeared; at roughly the same time, the 13-bar logo was abandoned for almost the opposite reason – it was difficult to render accurately on the low-resolution digital printers (240 dots per inch) of the time.

Board of directors

Current members of the board of directors of IBM are:

  • Cathleen Black President, Hearst Magazines
  • William Brody President, Johns Hopkins University
  • Ken Chenault Chairman and CEO, American Express Company
  • Juergen Dormann Chairman of the Board, ABB Ltd
  • Michael Eskew Chairman and CEO, United Parcel Service, Inc.
  • Shirley Ann Jackson President, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
  • Minoru Makihara Senior Corporate Advisor and former Chairman, Mitsubishi Corporation
  • Lucio Noto Managing Partner, Midstream Partners LLC
  • James W. Owens Chairman and CEO, Caterpillar Inc.
  • Samuel J. Palmisano Chairman, President and CEO, IBM
  • Joan Spero President, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
  • Sidney Taurell, Chairman and CEO, Eli Lilly and Company
  • Lorenzo Zambrano Chairman and CEO, Cemex SAB de CV

See also

  • IBM AIX (operating system)
  • IBM OS/2
  • IBM PS/2
  • IBM PC-DOS
  • IBM PC
  • IBM System/360
  • IBM System/370
  • IBM ESA/390
  • IBM System z9, IBM System z10
  • IBM System p, POWER6
  • IBM System i
  • IBM PC compatible (or IBM PC clone)
  • List of Computer System Manufacturers
  • List of IBM acquisitions and spinoffs
  • List of IBM products
  • List of IBM facilities
  • SCO v. IBM
  • IBM Rochester
  • IBM and the Holocaust
  • IBM's Deep Thought (chess computer)
  • Extreme Blue
  • IEEE

References and footnotes

  1. Nanotechnology & Nanoscience.
  2. IBM maintains patent lead, moves to increase patent quality (2006-01-10).
  3. Worldwide IBM Research Locations. IBM. Retrieved on 2006-06-21.
  4. Awards & Achievements. IBM. Retrieved on 2006-07-01.
  5. Software Top 100: the world's largest software companies (2008-04-28).
  6. Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray, "Computer a History of the Information Machine - Second Edition", Westview Press, page 37 2004
  7. Addendum to IBM Statement on Nazi-era Book and Lawsuit.
  8. developerWorks blogs : Michael O'Connell : dW wins Jolt Hall of Fame award; Booch, Ambler, dW authors also honored. IBM (2007-03-27). Retrieved on 2007-04-23.
  9. IBM delivers Power-based chip for Microsoft Xbox 360 worldwide launch. IBM (2005-10-25).
  10. Butterfly and IBM introduce first video game industry computing grid. IBM (2002-05-09).
  11. IBM joins forces with game companies around the world to accelerate innovation. IBM (2006-03-21).
  12. IBM and Cisco: Attempt to Unite the Communication Software Developers
  13. http://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/world/environmental/pollution.shtml ibm.com. "Environmental Protection" May 3, 2008
  14. http://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/world/environmental/index.shtml "Environmental Protection", May 3, 2008
  15. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E4DF1631F936A25750C0A9629C8B63&fta=y "In an I.B.M. Village, Pollution Fears Taint Relations With Neighbors". March 15, 2004. New York Times Online. May 1, 2008
  16. http://www.tok.co.jp/en/news/2008/pdf/080616.pdf
  17. http://www.ibm.com/ibm/green/index.shtml
  18. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/24203.wss
  19. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/24203.wss
  20. a b (2006) Postphenomenology: A Critical Companion to Ihde. State University of New York Press, 228. ISBN 0-7914-6787-2. 
  21. (2004) Logos, Letterheads & Business Cards: Design for Profit. Rotovision, 15. ISBN 2-88046-750-0. 
  22. The Essential Guide to Computing: The Story of Information Technology. Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR, 55. ISBN 0-13-019469-7. 
  23. Smith, Paul Russell (1999). Strategic Marketing Communications: New Ways to Build and Integrate Communications. Kogan Page, 24. ISBN 0749429186. 
  24. Samuel J. Palmisano (2004-04-27). Speeches. IBM.
  25. "Leading Change When Business Is Good: The HBR Interview--Samuel J. Palmisano" (December 2004). Harvard Business Review. Harvard University Press. 
  26. IBM to invest $100M in new business areas (2006-11-14).
  27. IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever. IBM (1999-03-02). Archived from the original on 1999-11-10.
  28. Farrah Hamid (2006-05-24). IBM invests in Brazil Linux Tech Center. LWN.net.
  29. Interview: The Eclipse code donation. IBM (2001-11-01).
  30. 100 best companies for working mothers 2004. Working Mother Media, Inc.. Archived from the original on 2004-10-17.
  31. 100 best companies 2005. Working Mother Media, Inc.. Retrieved on 2006-06-26.
  32. IBM's EO Policy letter is IBM's foundation for diversity. IBM.
  33. IBM settles overtime lawsuit for $65 million.
  34. HRC Corporate Equality Index Score International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) profile
  35. "IBM Archives: International Business Machines (1924-1946)." Accessed January 16, 2007.
  36. "IBM Archives: IBM in transition (1947-1956)." Accessed January 16, 2007.
  37. "IBM Archives: IBM continuity (1956-1972)." Accessed January 16, 2007.
  38. "IBM Archives: IBM international recognition (1972- )." Accessed January 16, 2007.

Further reading

Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. 2002 Who Says Elephants Can't Dance? HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-715448-8
Robert Slater 1999 Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner McGraw Hill
Emerson W. Pugh 1996 Building IBM: Shaping an Industry Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Robert Heller 1994 The Fate of IBM Little Brown
Paul Carroll 1993 Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM Crown Publishers
Roy A Bauer et al 1992 The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM (AS/400) Oxford University Press
Thomas J Watson Jr. 1990 Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond Bantam
Robert Sobel 1988 IBM vs. Japan: The Struggle for the Future
David Mercer 1987 IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed [1] Kogan Page
Richard Thomas DeLamarter 1986 Big Blue: IBM's Use and Abuse of Power Macmillan
Buck Rodgers 1986 The IBM Way Harper & Row
Robert Sobel 1981 IBM: Colossus in Transition ISBN 0-8129-1000-1
Samme Chittum 2004 In an I.B.M. Village, Pollution Fears Taint Relations With Neighbors New York Times
Robert Sobel 1981 Thomas Watson, Sr.: IBM and the Computer Revolution (biography of Thomas J. Watson) ISBN 1-893122-82-4

External links

Business data
International Business Machines Corporation
Corporate Directors
Cathleen Black, Kenneth I. Chenault, Juergen Dormann, Michael L. Eskew, Shirley Ann Jackson, Minoru Makihara, Lucio A. Noto, James W. Owens, Samuel J. Palmisano, Joan E. Spero, Sidney Taurel, Lorenzo H. Zambrano
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Annual Revenue: ▲$98.8 billion USD (FY 2007) · Employees: 386,558 (2007) · Stock Symbol: NYSE: IBM · Website: www.ibm.com
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Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; from the article "IBM". Image Credit.
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Topics by Level of Interest: IBM

Topics sorted by level of Interest Level (1=low, 600=high)     Topics sorted Alphabetically Level (1=low, 600=high)
IBM 2540 146     Early IBM disk storage 37
List of IBM products 140     History of IBM 70
IBM 96     History of IBM mainframe operating systems 67
IBM 1620 95     IBM 96
History of IBM 70     IBM (alternative meanings) 2
SCO v. IBM 68     IBM 101 4
History of IBM mainframe operating systems 67     IBM 1013 2
IBM Lotus Notes 66     IBM 1130 32
IBM System/36 63     IBM 1132 4
IBM Rational Unified Process 48     IBM 1360 10
IBM Personal Computer 46     IBM 1400 series 8
IBM Selectric typewriter 41     IBM 1401 37
IBM System/360 41     IBM 1403 7
IBM POWER 39     IBM 1410 3
Early IBM disk storage 37     IBM 1440 5
IBM 1401 37     IBM 1442 3
IBM AIX (operating system) 36     IBM 1500 2
IBM System/34 35     IBM 1620 95
IBM Informix 33     IBM 1620 Model I 8
IBM 1130 32     IBM 1620 Model II 7
IBM PC compatible 32     IBM 1627 4
IBM System/370 31     IBM 1710 3
IBM DB2 31     IBM 1711 3
IBM mainframe utility programs 30     IBM 1712 2
IBM WebSphere Commerce 30     IBM 1720 3
IBM System i 29     IBM 1800 5
IBM PC keyboard 27     IBM 2022 2
IBM Global Services 26     IBM 2030 2
IBM IntelliStation 26     IBM 2250 4
IBM WebSphere 26     IBM 2260 2
IBM WebSphere Application Server 25     IBM 2540 146
IBM Personal System/2 25     IBM 2741 7
IBM BladeCenter 25     IBM 2780/3780 3
IBM CP-40 24     IBM 2991 3
IBM Rational ClearCase 24     IBM 2997 3
IBM 704/9/90 FORTRAN Assembly Program 23     IBM 305 RAMAC 18
IBM 700/7000 series 23     IBM 3179G 3
IBM WebSphere MQ 22     IBM 3196 3
IBM RPG 22     IBM 3270 20
IBM Roadrunner 21     IBM 3270 PC 5
IBM PCjr 21     IBM 3480 Family 15
IBM India 21     IBM 3590 10
IBM 650 20     IBM 3592 10
IBM Tivoli Storage Manager 20     IBM 3624 8
IBM General Parallel File System 20     IBM 370 3
IBM 3270 20     IBM 3705 Communications Controller 15
IBM Millipede 20     IBM 3720 3
IBM System z9 19     IBM 3730 2
List of IBM acquisitions and spinoffs 18     IBM 3732 2
IBM 305 RAMAC 18     IBM 3745 5
IBM Lotus Sametime 18     IBM 3790 4
IBM Deep Blue 18     IBM 37xx 2
IBM Systems Network Architecture 18     IBM 3850 7
IBM Rational Purify 18     IBM 386SLC 5
IBM mainframe 17     IBM 3890 9
IBM Common User Access 17     IBM 407 6
IBM Future Systems project 17     IBM 4300 4
IBM Lotus Expeditor 16     IBM 4683 3
IBM Lotus SmartSuite 16     IBM 4690 OS 13
IBM System p 16     IBM 4758 4
IBM 7030 Stretch 16     IBM 5100 11
IBM 3480 Family 15     IBM 5110 6
IBM System/3 15     IBM 5120 4
IBM Remote Supervisor Adapter 15     IBM 513 5
IBM Fellow 15     IBM 514 5
IBM 3705 Communications Controller 15     IBM 519 5
IBM T220/T221 LCD monitors 15     IBM 5250 6
IBM System/360 Model 67 15     IBM 5363 4
IBM 7 track 14     IBM 550 3
IBM Information Management System 14     IBM 557 7
IBM System z 14     IBM 5880 3
IBM PS/1 14     IBM 5x86C 3
IBM WebExplorer 13     IBM 602 5
IBM 7090 13     IBM 603 3
IBM System/34, 36 System Support Program 13     IBM 604 8
IBM 4690 OS 13     IBM 610 4
IBM PureQuery 13     IBM 6150 RT 11
IBM System/38 13     IBM 632 7
IBM Building, Seattle 13     IBM 6400 2
IBM Monochrome Display Adapter 13     IBM 6405 3
IBM Rational Software Architect 12     IBM 650 20
IBM Lotus Organizer 12     IBM 7 track 14
IBM Workplace 12     IBM 700/7000 series 23
IBM Series/1 12     IBM 701 8
IBM 7950 Harvest 12     IBM 702 5
IBM OpenDX 12     IBM 7030 Stretch 16
IBM 729 12     IBM 704 10
IBM Type-III Library 11     IBM 704/9/90 FORTRAN Assembly Program 23
IBM Personal Computer/AT 11     IBM 7040 4
IBM Internet Security Systems 11     IBM 7044 2
IBM Public License 11     IBM 7070 6
IBM 5100 11     IBM 7080 5
IBM Big Blue 11     IBM 709/90 9PAC 3
IBM 6150 RT 11     IBM 709 4
IBM Lotus Domino 11     IBM 7090 13
IBM Rational Software Modeler 11     IBM 7090/94 IBSYS 6
IBM 3590 10     IBM 716 2
IBM 1360 10     IBM 726 8
IBM 3592 10     IBM 727 9
IBM Basic assembly language 10     IBM 728 8
IBM SAN Volume Controller 10     IBM 729 12
IBM RS64 10     IBM 7302 5
IBM Rational Business Developer Extension 10     IBM 7330 8
IBM Rational Application Developer 10     IBM 738 3
IBM Peterlee Relational Test Vehicle (PRTV) 10     IBM 740 4
IBM System Object Model 10     IBM 7950 Harvest 12
IBM System Storage 10     IBM 80 series Card Sorters 7
Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor 10     IBM 8000 3
IBM 704 10     IBM 801 4
IBM Rational Asset Manager 10     IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine 3
IBM Rational Functional Tester 10     IBM 8100 5
IBM Lotus Quickr 10     IBM 8100 DPCX 3
IBM PC-DOS 10     IBM 8100 DPPX 4
IBM Lotus Word Pro 10     IBM 8514 9
IBM Lotus Connections 10     IBM 9020 4
IBM System x 10     IBM Academic Operating System 6
IBM VisualAge 9     IBM Academy of Technology 3
IBM CPC 9     IBM Advanced Function Printing (AFP) 5
IBM z6 9     IBM Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking 4
IBM Lotus Forms 9     IBM Advanced Program-to-Program Communication 4
IBM Multicolor Graphics Adapter 9     IBM Aggregate Backup And Recovery System 2
IBM Lotus Freelance Graphics 9     IBM Airline Control Program 5
IBM 8514 9     IBM AIX (operating system) 36
IBM ESA/390 9     IBM AIX Parallel System Support Programs (PSSP) 2
IBM 727 9     IBM AIX SMIT 7
IBM NORC 9     IBM AMS 7
IBM 3890 9     IBM and the Holocaust 7
IBM Tivoli Directory Server 9     IBM AP-101 5
IBM WebSphere Process Server 9     IBM Aptiva 5
IBM 1400 series 8     IBM Balanced Configuration Unit 3
IBM railway station 8     IBM Basic assembly language 10
IBM 726 8     IBM Big Blue 11
IBM Canada Head Office Building 8     IBM BladeCenter 25
IBM 3624 8     IBM Building 2
IBM Product Test 8     IBM Building, Johannesburg 3
IBM Current 8     IBM Building, Seattle 13
IBM Mwave 8     IBM Business System 12 6
IBM Information Management Software 8     IBM C2T 3
IBM System/7 8     IBM Canada Head Office Building 8
IBM 728 8     IBM CASCON 3
IBM 701 8     IBM Cassette BASIC 2
IBM 7330 8     IBM Centers for Advanced Studies 3
IBM Rochester 8     IBM Common User Access 17
IBM Personal Computer XT 8     IBM Concurrent Copy 2
IBM WebSphere Message Broker 8     IBM Configuration Management Version Control (CMVC) 3
IBM Research 8     IBM CP-40 24
IBM 1620 Model I 8     IBM CPC 9
IBM ThinkPad Butterfly keyboard 8     IBM Cross System Coupling Facility (XCF) 3
IBM 604 8     IBM Cross System Product (CSP) 2
IBM Lotus QuickPlace 8     IBM Cup 2
IBM and the Holocaust 7     IBM Current 8
IBM PC Series 7     IBM Data Language One (DL/1) 5
IBM 632 7     IBM DB2 31
IBM 1403 7     IBM DB2 Commonstore 4
IBM WebSphere Application Server Community Edition 7     IBM Deep Blue 18
IBM 80 series Card Sorters 7     IBM Deep Thunder 2
IBM WebSphere Information Integration 7     IBM DeveloperWorks 6
IBM Tivoli Framework 7     IBM Director 6
IBM M44/44X 7     IBM DisplayWrite 3
IBM AIX SMIT 7     IBM Displaywriter System 4
IBM AMS 7     IBM EasyWriter 3
IBM PS/ValuePoint 7     IBM Electric typewriter 5
IBM 1620 Model II 7     IBM Electromatic Table Printing Machine 4
IBM Virtual Universe Community 7     IBM Electromatic typewriter 3
IBM 3850 7     IBM Enterprise Generation Language 5
IBM Generalized Markup Language 7     IBM Enterprise Storage Server 4
IBM Floating Point Architecture 7     IBM ES/9000 family 5
IBM i5/OS 7     IBM ESA/390 9
IBM Tivoli Access Manager 7     IBM eServer 4
IBM 557 7     IBM Extended Density Format 3
IBM 2741 7     IBM Fellow 15
IBM System/32 7     IBM Floating Point Architecture 7
IBM SystemBuilder 7     IBM Future Systems project 17
IBM Parallel Sysplex 6     IBM General Parallel File System 20
IBM DeveloperWorks 6     IBM Generalized Markup Language 7
IBM Open Class 6     IBM Geneva ERS 4
IBM 407 6     IBM Geographically Dispersed Parallel Sysplex 5
IBM High Availability Cluster Multiprocessing 6     IBM Global Mirror 5
IBM 5110 6     IBM Global Services 26
IBM Rational Rose XDE 6     IBM Graphical Data Display Manager (GDDM) 5
IBM Solid Logic Technology 6     IBM Haifa Labs 3
IBM Informix-4GL 6     IBM Hardware Management Console 5
IBM WebSphere Integration Developer 6     IBM HAScript 3
IBM Informix C-ISAM 6     IBM High Availability Cluster Multiprocessing 6
IBM Lotus Domino Web Access 6     IBM High Level Assembler (HLASM) 3
IBM PC Convertible 6     IBM History Flow tool 4
IBM Rational Method Composer 6     IBM Home Page Reader 3
IBM 5250 6     IBM Houston Automated Spooling Program 4
IBM Business System 12 6     IBM HTTP Server 5
IBM SSEC 6     IBM i5/OS 7
IBM 7090/94 IBSYS 6     IBM India 21
IBM PL/S 6     IBM Information Management Software 8
IBM Intelligent Printer Data Stream (IPDS) 6     IBM Information Management System 14
IBM 7070 6     IBM Informix 33
IBM Director 6     IBM Informix C-ISAM 6
IBM Thinkpad 380 6     IBM Informix Dynamic Server 5
IBM NetVista 6     IBM Informix-4GL 6
IBM Academic Operating System 6     IBM iNotes Webmail Redirect 5
IBM Airline Control Program 5     IBM Intelligent Printer Data Stream (IPDS) 6
IBM Project Big Green 5     IBM IntelliStation 26
IBM OLIVER (CICS interactive test/debug) 5     IBM Internet Security Systems 11
IBM JX 5     IBM IS1 2
Legacy IBM PC Emulator 5     IBM J9 5
IBM Tivoli Workload Scheduler 5     IBM JX 5
IBM J9 5     IBM LAN Server 4
IBM Hardware Management Console 5     IBM Lightweight Third-Party Authentication 4
IBM Rome Software Lab 5     IBM Load Libraries 2
IBM 3270 PC 5     IBM Lotus Approach 5
IBM RAD6000 5     IBM Lotus Connections 10
IBM WebFountain 5     IBM Lotus Domino 11
IBM ES/9000 family 5     IBM Lotus Domino Web Access 6
IBM 602 5     IBM Lotus Expeditor 16
IBM Data Language One (DL/1) 5     IBM Lotus Forms 9
IBM 7302 5     IBM Lotus Freelance Graphics 9
IBM 3745 5     IBM Lotus Notes 66
IBM Standard Modular System 5     IBM Lotus Organizer 12
IBM OfficeVision 5     IBM Lotus QuickPlace 8
IBM 702 5     IBM Lotus Quickr 10
IBM 386SLC 5     IBM Lotus Sametime 18
IBM Rational ClearCase UCM 5     IBM Lotus SmartSuite 16
IBM Informix Dynamic Server 5     IBM Lotus Web Conferencing 3
IBM 1800 5     IBM Lotus Word Pro 10
IBM Workplace OS 5     IBM LPFK 2
IBM 1440 5     IBM LU6.2 4
IBM Aptiva 5     IBM LUM 2
IBM 519 5     IBM M44/44X 7
IBM ThinkPad ThinkLight 5     IBM mainframe 17
IBM 8100 5     IBM mainframe expanded storage 3
IBM WebSphere DataStage 5     IBM mainframe utility programs 30
IBM 513 5     IBM MIDAW 3
IBM HTTP Server 5     IBM midrange computer 4
IBM Graphical Data Display Manager (GDDM) 5     IBM Millipede 20
IBM Advanced Function Printing (AFP) 5     IBM Monochrome Display Adapter 13
IBM Electric typewriter 5     IBM MT/ST 3
IBM 7080 5     IBM Multicolor Graphics Adapter 9
IBM WebSphere Edge Server 5     IBM Multiple console support 2
IBM iNotes Webmail Redirect 5     IBM Mwave 8
IBM Lotus Approach 5     IBM NetRexx 3
IBM Global Mirror 5     IBM NetVista 6
IBM System Management Facilities 5     IBM Network Control Program 3
IBM Portable Personal Computer 5     IBM New York Scientific Center 2
IBM Geographically Dispersed Parallel Sysplex 5     IBM NICA 3
IBM Spufi 5     IBM NORC 9
IBM AP-101 5     IBM OD390 2
IBM Workplace Web Content Management 5     IBM Office/36 4
IBM System/4 Pi 5     IBM OfficeVision 5
IBM Enterprise Generation Language 5     IBM OLIVER (CICS interactive test/debug) 5
IBM ViaVoice 5     IBM OMEGAMON 3
IBM 514 5     IBM Open Class 6
IBM 709 4     IBM OpenDX 12
IBM VNET 4     IBM OpenPower 3
IBM 5363 4     IBM p690 3
IBM UniData 4     IBM PALM processor 3
IBM 101 4     IBM Parallel Sysplex 6
IBM 8100 DPPX 4     IBM PC compatible 32
IBM 1627 4     IBM PC Convertible 6
IBM RSCT 4     IBM PC keyboard 27
IBM 801 4     IBM PC Series 7
IBM ViVA 4     IBM PC-DOS 10
IBM 9020 4     IBM PCjr 21
IBM Resource Access Control Facility 4     IBM Peridot (software) 3
IBM Lightweight Third-Party Authentication 4     IBM Personal Computer/AT 11
IBM Electromatic Table Printing Machine 4     IBM Personal Computer 46
IBM 4300 4     IBM Personal Computer XT 8
IBM LAN Server 4     IBM Personal System/2 25
IBM System/23 4     IBM Peterlee Relational Test Vehicle (PRTV) 10
IBM WebSphere DataPower SOA Appliances 4     IBM PL/S 6
IBM 1132 4     IBM Portable Personal Computer 5
IBM Houston Automated Spooling Program 4     IBM POWER 39
IBM DB2 Commonstore 4     IBM Product Test 8
IBM 7040 4     IBM Program temporary fix 2
IBM 610 4     IBM Project Big Green 5
IBM LU6.2 4     IBM Project Joshua Blue 4
IBM 3790 4     IBM PS/1 14
IBM eServer 4     IBM PS/ValuePoint 7
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin 4     IBM Public License 11
IBM UniVerse 4     IBM PureQuery 13
IBM Advanced Program-to-Program Communication 4     IBM Query Management Facility 3
IBM 5120 4     IBM RAD6000 5
IBM Rational ClearQuest 4     IBM railway station 8
IBM Displaywriter System 4     IBM Rational Application Developer 10
IBM Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking 4     IBM Rational Asset Manager 10
IBM midrange computer 4     IBM Rational Business Developer Extension 10
IBM Redbooks 4     IBM Rational ClearCase 24
IBM Works 4     IBM Rational ClearCase UCM 5
IBM 740 4     IBM Rational ClearQuest 4
IBM Project Joshua Blue 4     IBM Rational Functional Tester 10
IBM System R 4     IBM Rational Method Composer 6
IBM History Flow tool 4     IBM Rational Purify 18
IBM Tivoli Workload Scheduler LoadLeveler 4     IBM Rational Rose XDE 6
IBM Geneva ERS 4     IBM Rational Software Architect 12
IBM Simon 4     IBM Rational Software Modeler 11
IBM TXSeries 4     IBM Rational Unified Process 48
IBM 2250 4     IBM Redbooks 4
IBM Office/36 4     IBM Remote Supervisor Adapter 15
IBM Enterprise Storage Server 4     IBM Research 8
IBM 4758 4     IBM Resource Access Control Facility 4
IBM 8000 3     IBM Roadrunner 21
IBM Balanced Configuration Unit 3     IBM Rochester 8
IBM NICA 3     IBM Rome Software Lab 5
IBM SCRIPT 3     IBM RPG 22
------------------ 406 topics related to abridged ---------------

Source: the editor, created by/for EVE to gauge likely levels of human interest in linguistically triggered topics (compiled across various sources, such as Wikipedia and specialty expression glosses).

"ibm" is a common misspelling or typo for: IGM, Bim, ICBM, ibms, IRBM.

Synonym: ibm
Position Synonym (sorted by strength)

Expression

 international business machines.
Source: Eve, based on meta analysis. Top

Computed Synonyms: IBM

 Rank

 Intensity 

 Word

 Synonyms

 Synonyms of synonym

 1   3.0171   IBM     international business machines     big blue   
 2   1.2198   IBM     ICBM     intercontinental ballistic missile   
 3   1.0085   IBM     short and small     low and small, undersized, small, short, shortness   
Source: calculated by Eve using graph theory. "Intensity" is a score indicating the number of overlapping cliques where the word pair is found (an integer before the decimal); the first digit after the decimal is the number of overlapping terminal characters up to 9; the second characters is number of leading common characters up to 9; the last two digits measure the Levenshtein distance subtracted from 100. Top

Computed Expressions: IBM

 Rank

 Intensity 

 Expression

 Synonyms

 Synonyms of synonym

 1   1.5587   IBM POWER     power shuttle     power, leverage   
 2   1.3398   IBM 5110     IBM 5100         
 3   1.3398   IBM 5100     IBM 5110         
 4   1.2284   IBM PC compatible     PC     computer, personal computer   
 5   1.0486   IBM PC compatible     personal computer     PC, computer   
Source: calculated by Eve using graph theory. "Intensity" is a score indicating the number of overlapping cliques where the word pair is found (an integer before the decimal); the first digit after the decimal is the number of overlapping terminal characters up to 9; the second characters is number of leading common characters up to 9; the last two digits measure the Levenshtein distance subtracted from 100. Top

Translations: IBM

Language Translations (or nearest inflections or synonyms, in parentheses)
Bahasa Malaysia syarikat IBM (IBM corp). Additional references: Bahasa Malaysia, Malaysia, Brunei, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Bahasa Malayu syarikat IBM (IBM corp). Additional references: Bahasa Malayu, Malaysia, Brunei, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Bohemian IBM (International Business Machines, IBM). Additional references: Bohemian, Czech Republic, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Catalan IBM (IBM). Additional references: Catalan, Spain, Andorra, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Central Danish International Business Machines (IBM). Additional references: Central Danish, Denmark, Germany, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Central Tai ไอบีเอ็มพีซี (IBM PC). Additional references: Central Tai, Thailand, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Cestina IBM (International Business Machines, IBM). Additional references: Cestina, Czech Republic, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Chinese Simplified ibm 生意合伙人 (ibm business partner), ibm硬盘驱动器 (ibm hard drive), ibm 墨水 (ibm ink), ibm 工作 (ibm job), ibm 便携式电脑 (ibm laptop), ibm 的标识 (ibm logo), ibm 微电子学 (ibm microelectronics), ibm笔记本 (ibm notebook), ibm 个人电脑照像机 (ibm pc camera), ibm 的硬盘 (ibm hard disk). Additional references: Chinese Simplified, China, Brunei, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Chinese Traditional ibm 的硬碟 (ibm hard disk), ibm 生意合伙人 (ibm business partner), 美國國際商用機器公司計算機 (ibm computer), ibm 電腦的保養 (ibm computer maintenance), ibm 電腦的伺服器 (ibm computer server), ibm 公司 (ibm corporation), 深藍 (IBM Deep Blue, deep blue), ibm 的下載 (ibm download), 美國國際商用機器公司的全球服務 (ibm global services), IBM公司生產的筆記本電腦 (ibm thinkpad, thinkpad). Additional references: Chinese Traditional, China, Brunei, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Croatian IBM (IBM), International Business Machines (IBM). Additional references: Croatian, Croatia, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Czech IBM (International Business Machines, IBM). Additional references: Czech, Czech Republic, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Danish International Business Machines (IBM). Additional references: Danish, Denmark, Germany, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Dansk International Business Machines (IBM). Additional references: Dansk, Denmark, Germany, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Deutsch International Business Machines (IBM). Additional references: Deutsch, Germany, Austria, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Dutch IBM (IBM). Additional references: Dutch, Netherlands, Aruba, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Français International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). Additional references: Français, France, Algeria, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
French International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). Additional references: French, France, Algeria, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
German International Business Machines (IBM). Additional references: German, Germany, Austria, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
High German International Business Machines (IBM). Additional references: High German, Germany, Austria, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Hochdeutsch International Business Machines (IBM). Additional references: Hochdeutsch, Germany, Austria, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Hungarian Interkontinentális Ballisztikus Rakéta (IBM, ICBM, intercontinental ballistic missile). Additional references: Hungarian, Hungary, Austria, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Latvian firma IBM (IBM, international business machines corporation). Additional references: Latvian, Latvia, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Latviska firma IBM (IBM, international business machines corporation). Additional references: Latviska, Latvia, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Lettisch firma IBM (IBM, international business machines corporation). Additional references: Lettisch, Latvia, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Lettish firma IBM (IBM, international business machines corporation). Additional references: Lettish, Latvia, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Magyar Interkontinentális Ballisztikus Rakéta (IBM, ICBM, intercontinental ballistic missile). Additional references: Magyar, Hungary, Austria, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Malay syarikat IBM (IBM corp). Additional references: Malay, Malaysia, Brunei, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Malayu syarikat IBM (IBM corp). Additional references: Malayu, Malaysia, Brunei, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Melaju syarikat IBM (IBM corp). Additional references: Melaju, Malaysia, Brunei, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Melayu syarikat IBM (IBM corp). Additional references: Melayu, Malaysia, Brunei, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Russian фирма IBM (IBM, international business machines corporation), IBM PC (IBM PC), IBM-совместимый персональный компьютер (IBM compatible PC). Additional references: Russian, Russia, China, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Russian (transliteration) firma IBM (IBM, international business machines corporation), IBM PC (IBM PC), IBM-sovmestimyy personalʹnyy kompʹyuter (IBM compatible PC). Additional references: Russian, Russia, China, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Russki фирма IBM (IBM, international business machines corporation), IBM PC (IBM PC), IBM-совместимый персональный компьютер (IBM compatible PC). Additional references: Russki, Russia, China, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Russki (transliteration) firma IBM (IBM, international business machines corporation), IBM PC (IBM PC), IBM-sovmestimyy personalʹnyy kompʹyuter (IBM compatible PC). Additional references: Russki, Russia, China, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Serbian (transliteration) veliki plavi (IBM), interkontinetnalna balistička raketa (IBM, intercontinental ballistic missile). Additional references: Serbian (transliteration), IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Siamese ไอบีเอ็มพีซี (IBM PC). Additional references: Siamese, Thailand, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Sjaelland International Business Machines (IBM). Additional references: Sjaelland, Denmark, Germany, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Standard Malay syarikat IBM (IBM corp). Additional references: Standard Malay, Malaysia, Brunei, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Standard Thai ไอบีเอ็มพีซี (IBM PC). Additional references: Standard Thai, Thailand, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Thai ไอบีเอ็มพีซี (IBM PC). Additional references: Thai, Thailand, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Thaiklang ไอบีเอ็มพีซี (IBM PC). Additional references: Thaiklang, Thailand, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Turkish IBM PC (IBM PC), IBM adı altında pazarlanan program (IBM logo program). Additional references: Turkish, Turkey, Bulgaria, IBM. (volunteer & more translations)
Source: Eve, based on a combination of meta analysis and graph theory (for near and back translations). Top

Constructed Language Translations: IBM

Language Translations for “IBM” or closest synonym(s); back translations in parentheses.
Esperanto IBM (IBM). Additional references: Esperanto, IBM. (volunteer)
Pig Latin IBMWAY (IBM). Additional references: Pig Latin, IBM. (volunteer)
Terran B Internati (IBM, ISBN, ISC). Additional references: Terran B, IBM. (volunteer)
Source: compiled by the editor. Top