Harmaline
| Harmaline | |
|---|---|
 | |
| IUPAC name | 7-methoxy-1-methyl -3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole[1] |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [304-21-2] |
| SMILES | CC1=C2C(=C3C=CC (=CC3=N2)OC)CCN1[1] |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C13H14N2O[1] |
| Molar mass | 214.263 g/mol[1] |
| Melting point |
232–234 °C[2] |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references | |
Harmaline is a fluorescent psychoactive indole alkaloid from the group of harmala alkaloids and beta-carbolines. It is the reduced hydrated form of harmine.
Occurrence in nature
Various plants contain harmaline including Banisteriopsis caapi (a jungle vine) and Peganum harmala (Syrian Rue) as well as the hallucinogenic drink ayahuasca, which is traditionally brewed using Banisteriopsis caapi.
Effects
Harmaline is a central nervous system stimulant and a "reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA)."[3] It being a reversible MAO-A inhibitor means that it competes with tyramine for binding to MAO-A, so foods containing some tyramine can be safely consumed (wine and aged cheese should probably be avoided for 12 hours prior to consuming harmaline containing plants). The reversibility means that, instead of binding permanently to MAO-A for weeks until the body replaces the MAO-A enzyme molecules, harmaline binds only transiently, so tyramine can be metabolized as well by competing with harmaline for the binding site on the enzyme.[4] This means that the risk of a hypertensive crisis, a dangerous high blood pressure crisis from eating tyramine-rich foods such as cheese, is potentially lower with harmaline than with non-reversible MAOI's, especially after 24 hours following ingestion.
Depending upon the dosage, harmaline induces temporary oneirophrenia and ataxia. Harmaline, on the higher end of its safe dosage range, has hallucinogenic properties, but it differentiates itself significantly from the "classical" hallucinogens in its pharmacology. Since harmaline is a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it could increase the effect of some drugs problematically. Harmaline causes no known physical or psychological dependence.
United States Patent Number 5591738 describes a method for treating various chemical dependencies via the administration of harmaline and or other beta-carbolines.[5]
Harmaline has also been shown to induce "vasorelaxant effects" in "isolated rat aorta."[6]
Harmaline has both protective and toxic effects on neurons.[5]
History
In the year 1841 harmaline was isolated from Peganum harmala by Goegel.[5] It was first synthesized in 1930 by Hasenfratz.[5]
External links
- Antileishmanial activity of harmaline and other tryptamine derivatives A. Tudor Evans, Simon L. Croft, Department of Medical Protozoology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WCIE 7HT, UK
References
- a b c d PubChem
- Data from the Sigma Aldrich Catalog (German)
- Edward J. Massaro, Handbook of Neurotoxicology
- Therapeutic applications of selective and non-sele...[Neurotoxicology. 2004] - PubMed Result
- a b c d Method of treating chemical dependency using .beta.-carboline alkaloids, derivatives and salts thereof
- Berrougui,-H; Martin-Cordero,-C; Khalil,-A; Hmamouchi,-M; Ettaib,-A; Marhuenda,-E; Herrera,-M-D. Vasorelaxant effects of harmine and harmaline extracted from Peganum harmala L. seeds in isolated rat aorta. Pharmacol-Res. 2006 Aug; 54(2): 150-7
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Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; from the article "Harmaline". Image Credit.
