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Definition: Eupatorium

Part of Speech Definition
Noun 1. Large genus of chiefly tropical herbs having heads of white or purplish flowers.[Wordnet]
2. A genus of perennial, composite herbs including hemp agrimony, boneset, throughwort, etc.[Websters].

Sources: WordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

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Date "Eupatorium" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1772. (references)

Etymology:Eupatorium \Eu`pa*to"ri*um\, noun. [New Latin expression, from Eupator, king of Pontus, said to have used it as medicine.]. (references)

Specialty Definition: Eupatorium

Domain Definition
Antiquities Eupatorium or Eupatoria (Eupatorion or Eupatoria). (1) A town of Pontus, at the confluence of the Lycus and Iris. It was begun by Mithridates under the name Eupatoria, and received from Pompey, who finished it, the title of Magnopolis. (2) A town in the northwestern part of the Tauric Chersonesus, on the Sinus Carcinites. It was founded by one of the generals of Mithridates. (references)
Biology & Biotechnology An immense genus of chiefly tropical herbs (family Compositae) having heads of white or purplish flowers arranged in cymose clusters, a capillary pappus, and 5-angled achenes. Source: European Union. (references)
Wikipedic Eupatorium is a genus of plants, depending on the classification system it contains 36 to 600 species, most are perennials. Common species include the poisonous weed White Snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum),Joe-Pye weed (Eupatorium fistulosum) and the noxious weed Dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium). (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Common Expressions: Eupatorium

Expressions Definition
Eupatorium aya-pana Low spreading tropical American shrub with long slender leaves used to make a mildly stimulating drink resembling tea; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium. Source: Wordnet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
Eupatorium cannabinum Coarse European herb with palmately divided leaves and clusters of small reddish-purple flower heads. Source: Wordnet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
Eupatorium capillifolium Weedy plant of southeastern United States having divided leaves and long clusters of greenish flowers. Source: Wordnet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
Eupatorium coelestinum Rhizomatous plant of central and southeastern United States and West Indies having large showy heads of clear blue flowers; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium. Source: Wordnet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
Eupatorium maculatum North American herb having whorled leaves and terminal clusters of small pinkish or purple flower heads. Source: Wordnet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
Eupatorium perfoliatum Perennial herb of southeastern United States having white-rayed flower heads; formerly used as in folk medicine. Source: Wordnet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
Eupatorium purpureum North American herb having whorled leaves and terminal clusters of flowers spotted with purple. Source: Wordnet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
Eupatorium rugosum American herb having flat-topped clusters of small white flower heads; reputedly a cause of trembles and milk sickness; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium. Source: Wordnet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
Genus Eupatorium Large genus of chiefly tropical herbs having heads of white or purplish flowers. Source: Wordnet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Expressions: Eupatorium

Expressions Domain Definition
EUPATORIUM AMYGDALINUM Botanical The fruits are edible (!). The leaves repel insects. (references)
Eupatorium rugosum Aerospace White snakeroot is a native herb that grows in rich soils in eastern Canada. This plant has caused illness and death of humans and several types of livestock. Large losses of human life occurred in the 19th century from the mysterious milk sickness. Mortality ranged from 10 to 25%, and the population of entire villages left a location because they could not find the cause of the disease. It was later discovered that cattle had ingested white snakeroot and that a toxin was subsequently passed through the milk to humans and was toxic. With modern collection and combination techniques, milk sickness from commercial milk sources is no longer a problem. However, the resurgence of small-scale farming and home milk production may result in occasional cases of milk sickness (Kingsbury 1964, Stotts 1984, Cheeke and Schull 1985, Beier and Norman 1990). Several types of herbivorous livestock have also been poisoned by ingesting white snakeroot, resulting in a disease called trembles. Cattle, goats, horses, sheep, and swine have shown toxic reactions. Suckling animals can develop milk sickness as well. Trembles was more of a problem in the past, before the increased use of herbicides and prepared feeds. Poisoning was also more frequent when animals were allowed to range through bushlots. The amount of white snakeroot that must be ingested before death is variable, ranging from 1 to 20%. Symptoms can occur within a few days or up to 3 weeks later. Daily intake rates of 0.5-1.5% of body weight generally leads to the onset of symptoms. Drying the plant material does not completely remove the danger to animals (Doyle and Walkley 1949, Kingsbury 1964, Cheeke and Schull 1985, Beier and Norman 1990). Additional care must be taken with milk from cattle or goats that may have ingested white snakeroot. Many articles state that a lactating animal does not always show symptoms. However, milk from that animal can still cause milk sickness. Calves, humans, and cats have been poisoned in such cases. Dogs given the milk are also be at risk. Experimental work has shown that trembles can occur in rabbits and guinea pigs. White snakeroot grows in rich moist open woods and along water courses. Animals should not be allowed to graze this plant. Tremotol is a secondary aromatic alcohol with a sterol and ketone fraction. One of these ketones, tremetone, has been tested on chickens, with negative results, but was toxic to goldfish in experimental studies. In Iowa the concentration of tremotol was found to be highest during the summer (Kaufmann 1982). General symptoms of poisoning: 1- Cattle: a- appetite, loss of; b- ataxia; c- brain, congestion of; d- breathing, rapid; e- coma; f- constipation; g- death; h- depression; i- gait, unsteady; j- lungs, congestion of; k- nasal discharge; l- nausea; m- prostration; n- recumbency; o- trembling; p- urine, yellowish; q- vomiting; and r- weakness; 2- Dogs, Goats and Horses: a- breathing, labored; b- breathing, rapid; c- breathing, shallow; d- constipation; e- death; f- depression; g- gait, rigid; h- lungs, congestion of; i- nasal discharge; j- prostration; k- pupil dilation; l- recumbency; m- sweating; and n- trembling; and 3- Humans, Rabbits and Sheep: a- acidosis; b- death; c- nervousness; and d- trembling. (references)
Eupatorium scabrum Botanical Jamaicans in Panama make a tea from the leaves for a cold remedy. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Extended Definition: Eupatorium

Eupatorium

For the Crimean town, see Eupatoria.
Eupatorium
Eupatorium japonicum
Eupatorium japonicum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
(unranked): eudicot
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Tribe: Eupatorieae
Genus: Eupatorium
L.
Species

Some 36–60, and see text

Eupatorium is a genus of flowering plants, containing from 36 to 60 species depending on the classification system. Most are herbaceous perennial plants growing to 0.5–3 m tall. A few are shrubs. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most are commonly called bonesets, thoroughworts or "snakeroots".

Systematics and taxonomy

Eupatorium has at times been held to contain as many as 800 species[1], but many of these have been moved (at least by some authors) to other genera, including Ageratina, Chromolaena, Condylidium, Conoclinium, Critonia, Cronquistianthus, Eutrochium, Fleischmannia, Flyriella, Hebeclinium, Koanophyllon, Mikania, and Tamaulipa.

The classification of the tribe Eupatorieae, including species placed in Eupatorium in the present or past, is an area of ongoing research, so further changes are likely. What seems fairly certain by now is that there is a monophyletic group containing Eupatorium (about 42 species of white flowered plants in North America, Europe and Asia, but not South America) and the Joe-pye weeds (Eutrochium), and possibly others.[2]

Uses

Eupatorium species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera:[verification needed]

  • Bucculatrix eupatoriella (a leaf-miner) - only known from Common Boneset (E. perfoliatum)
  • V-pug (Chloroclystis v-ata)
  • Wormwood Pug (Eupithecia absinthiata)
  • Schinia trifascia
  • Coleophora case-bearers:
    • C. follicularis
    • C. trochilella
    • C. troglodytella

A few species or cultivars, such as E. sordidum and E. coelestinum cv. 'Album', are sometimes used as ornamental plants. In particular, they are good for structural or background plantings or to attract butterflies; especially E. itatiayense[verification needed], E. maximiliani[verification needed] and E. squalidum[verification needed] are known as good honey plants.

Tobacco leaf curl virus is a pathogen occasionally affecting plants of this genus.

Medical use

Boneset, although poisonous to humans and grazing livestock, has been used in folk medicine[3], for instance to excrete excess uric acid which causes gout. Eupatorium has many more presumed beneficial uses, including treatment of dengue fever, arthritis, certain infectious diseases, migraine, intestinal worms, malaria, and diarrhea. Boneset infusions are also considered an excellent remedy for influenza. Scientific research of these applications is rudimentary at present, however.

Caution is advised when using boneset, since it contains toxic compounds that can cause liver damage. Side effects include muscular tremors, weakness, and constipation; overdoses may be deadly.

Compounds that occur in this genus include Herniarin (7-O-methylumbelliferone, 7-methoxycoumarin; in aya-pana, E. ayapana).

Selected species

Hemp-agrimony, Eupatorium cannabinum
Common Boneset, Eupatorium perfoliatum

North America

  • Eupatorium album – White Thoroughwort[4][5]
  • Eupatorium altissimum[4][5]
  • Eupatorium capillifolium – "dog-fennel"[4][5]
  • Eupatorium compositifolium[4][5]
  • Eupatorium hyssopifolium – Hyssop-leaved Thoroughwort[4][5]
  • Eupatorium lancifolium[4][5]
  • Eupatorium leptophyllum[4][5]
  • Eupatorium leucolepis[4][5]
  • Eupatorium linearifolium (Eupatorium cuneifolium)[4][5]
  • Eupatorium mikanioides[4][5]
  • Eupatorium mohrii[4][5]
  • Eupatorium perfoliatum L. – Common Boneset[4][5]
  • Eupatorium resinosum – Pine Barren Boneset[4][5][6]
  • Eupatorium rotundifolium – Round-leaved Thoroughwort[4][5]
  • Eupatorium semiserratum[4][5]
  • Eupatorium serotinum – Late Boneset, Late Thoroughwort[4][5]
  • Eupatorium sessilifolium L. – Upland Boneset[4][5]

Europe

  • Eupatorium cannabinum – Hemp-agrimony[4][5]

Asia

  • Eupatorium amabile[4][7]
  • Eupatorium benguetense C. Robinson[4]
  • Eupatorium camiguinense Merr.[4]
  • Eupatorium chinense L.[4][7]
  • Eupatorium formosanum Hayata[4][7]
  • Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. – fujibakama, pei lan[4]
  • Eupatorium japonicum[8]
  • Eupatorium lindleyanum DC.[4][7]
  • Eupatorium luchuense Nakai[4][7]
  • Eupatorium nodiflorum DC.[4]
  • Eupatorium quaternum DC.[4]
  • Eupatorium sambucifolium Elmer[4]
  • Eupatorium shimadai Kitam.[4]
  • Eupatorium squamosum D. Don[4]
  • Eupatorium tashiroi Hayata[4][7]
  • Eupatorium toppingianum Elmer[4]
  • Eupatorium variabile Makino[4]
  • Eupatorium yakushimaense Masam. & Kitam[4]

Uncategorized

Moved to other genera

  • Eupatorium amygdalinum (moved to Ayapana)
  • Eupatorium ayapana – aya-pana, Water Hemp (moved to Ayapana)
  • Eupatorium coelestinum – mistflower (moved to Conoclinium)
  • Eupatorium collinum (moved to Chromolaena collina)[9][10]
  • Eupatorium gayanum – asmachilca (moved to Aristeguietia gayana[11][12])
  • Eupatorium ligustrinum (moved to Ageratina ligustrina[13])
  • Eupatorium maculatum (moved to Eutrochium maculatum) Joe-Pye Weed
  • Eupatorium megalophyllum (moved to Bartlettina sordida)
  • Eupatorium purpureum (moved to Eutrochium purpureum)
  • Eupatorium rugosum (moved to Ageratina altissima)
  • Eupatorium sordidum (moved to Bartlettina sordida)[14][15]

Footnotes

  1. Whittemore (1987)
  2. Ito et al. (2000), Schmidt & Schilling (2006)
  3. Sharma et al. (1999)
  4. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Schmidt & Schilling (2000)
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Eupatorium". Flora of North America.
  6. DL Byers (1998). "Effect of cross proximity on progeny fitness in a rare and a common species of Eupatorium (Asteraceae)". American Journal of Botany 85: 644. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/85/5/644. 
  7. a b c d e f "Eupatorium". Digital Flora of Taiwan.
  8. "Eupatorium Linn.". Dinghushan Plant Checklist.
  9. "Eupatorium collinum". nomen.at.
  10. "Eupatorium collinum". Henriette's Herbal.
  11. Database entry Ayapana - Ayapana triplinervis - Ayapana - Eupatorium ayapana - Ayapana - Eupatorium triplinerve
  12. Fine Chem Trading (ChemFinder - UK) - Supplier MS8888
  13. "Eupatorium ligustrinum DC.". United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area, Germplasm Resources Information Network.
  14. "Eupatorium sordidum Less.". USDA PLANTS.
  15. Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.; Garnock-Jones, P.J. (First electronic edition, Landcare Research, June 2004). "B. sordida". Flora of New Zealand. Retrieved on 2008-01-28.

References

  • Ito, Motomi; Watanabe, Kuniaki; Kita, Yoko; Kawahara, Takayuki; Crawford, D.J. & Yahara, Tetsukazu (2000): Phylogeny and Phytogeography of Eupatorium (Eupatorieae, Asteraceae): Insights from Sequence Data of the nrDNA ITS Regions and cpDNA RFLP. Journal of Plant Research 113(1): 79-89. doi:10.1007/PL00013913 (HTML abstract)
  • Lamont, E.E. (1995): Taxonomy of Eupatorium Section Verticillata (Asteraceae). New York Botanical Garden Press. ISBN 0-89327-391-0
  • Schmidt, Gregory J. & Schilling, Edward E. (2000): Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data. Am. J. Bot. 87(5): 716-726. PMID 10811796 PDF fulltext
  • Sharma, Om P.; Dawra, Rajinder K.; Kurade, Nitin P. & Sharma. Pritam D. (1999): A review of the toxicosis and biological properties of the genus Eupatorium. Natural Toxins 6(1): 1–14. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199802)6:1%3C1::AID-NT3%3E3.0.CO;2-E (HTML abstract)
  • Whittemore, Alan (1987): The Sectional Nomenclature of Eupatorium (Asteraceae). Taxon 36(3): 618-620. doi:10.2307/1221856

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; from the article "Eupatorium". Image Credit.
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Topics by Level of Interest: Eupatorium

Topics sorted by level of Interest Level (1=low, 600=high)     Topics sorted Alphabetically Level (1=low, 600=high)
Eupatorium 31     Eupatorium 31
Eupatorium purpureum 8     Eupatorium ayapana 6
Eupatorium cannabinum 8     Eupatorium cannabinum 8
Eupatorium capillifolium 7     Eupatorium capillifolium 7
Eupatorium perfoliatum 6     Eupatorium fistulosum 6
Eupatorium fistulosum 6     Eupatorium megalophyllum 5
Eupatorium ayapana 6     Eupatorium perfoliatum 6
Eupatorium megalophyllum 5     Eupatorium purpureum 8

Source: the editor, created by/for EVE to gauge likely levels of human interest in linguistically triggered topics (compiled across various sources, such as Wikipedia and specialty expression glosses).

Synonym: Eupatorium
Position Synonym (sorted by strength)

Expression

 genus eupatorium.
Source: Eve, based on meta analysis. Top

Computed Synonyms: eupatorium

 Rank

 Intensity 

 Word

 Synonyms

 Synonyms of synonym

 1   1.0090   eupatorium     agrimony     liverwort, bur, burdock, acrimony, hairline   
 2   1.0090   eupatorium     liverwort     hepatica, agrimony, liver, american liverwort, liverwurst   
 3   1.0089   eupatorium     boneset     gravel root, thoroughwort, Joe-Pye   
Source: calculated by Eve using graph theory. "Intensity" is a score indicating the number of overlapping cliques where the word pair is found (an integer before the decimal); the first digit after the decimal is the number of overlapping terminal characters up to 9; the second characters is number of leading common characters up to 9; the last two digits measure the Levenshtein distance subtracted from 100. Top

Translations: Eupatorium

Language Translations (or nearest inflections or synonyms, in parentheses)
Chinese Simplified 蕑 (Eupatorium chinense, climbing plant). Additional references: Chinese Simplified, China, Brunei, eupatorium. (volunteer & more translations)
Chinese Traditional 蕑 (Eupatorium chinense, climbing plant). Additional references: Chinese Traditional, China, Brunei, eupatorium. (volunteer & more translations)
Français eupatoire (agrimony, eupatorium, liverwort). Additional references: Français, France, Algeria, eupatorium. (volunteer & more translations)
French eupatoire (agrimony, eupatorium, liverwort). Additional references: French, France, Algeria, eupatorium. (volunteer & more translations)
Japanese ヒヨドリバナ属の植物 (boneset, eupatorium), ヒヨドリバナ属 (eupatorium). Additional references: Japanese, Japan, Taiwan, eupatorium. (volunteer & more translations)
Source: Eve, based on a combination of meta analysis and graph theory (for near and back translations). Top

Constructed Language Translations: Eupatorium

Language Translations for “eupatorium” or closest synonym(s); back translations in parentheses.
Athag athageupathagatathagorathagiathagum (eupatorium). Additional references: Athag, eupatorium. (volunteer)
Double Dutch ageupagatagoragiagum (eupatorium). Additional references: Double Dutch, eupatorium. (volunteer)
Leet 3|_||º/-\+¤2||_|[V] (eupatorium). Additional references: Leet, eupatorium. (volunteer)
Oppish opeupopatoporopiopum (eupatorium). Additional references: Oppish, eupatorium. (volunteer)
Pig Latin eupatoriumway (eupatorium). Additional references: Pig Latin, eupatorium. (volunteer)
Terran B eupatoire (eupatorium). Additional references: Terran B, eupatorium. (volunteer)
Ubbi Dubbi ubeupubatuborubiubum (eupatorium). Additional references: Ubbi Dubbi, eupatorium. (volunteer)
Source: compiled by the editor. Top