"Capparis" is also a family name, see e.g. Melpomene Capparis.

Capparis
Native Caper or pua pilo, Capparis sandwichiana
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae (unranked) Eurosids II Order: Brassicales Family: Capparaceae Genus: Capparis
Species
Many, see text

Capparis is a plant genus in the family Capparaceae which is included in the Brassicaceae in the unrevised APG II system, but more recently this is considered unnecessary. These plants are shrubs or lianas and are collectively known as caper shrubs or caperbushes. Capparis species occur over a wide range of habitat in the subtropical and tropical zones.

Uses and ecology

The well-known caper is a pickled flower bud of Capparis spinosa.

Caperbushes are mainly used by humans for their fruit, which are rich in micronutrients. C. spinosa, simply known as caper, yields fruit and more importantly flower buds, which are widely used pickled as a vegetable condiment. The fruit of other species, such as karir (C. decidua), are also used for cooking; C. mitchellii and the Wild passionfruit (the local subspecies of C. spinosa) are well-known bush tucker in Australia. Mabinlang seeds (C. masaikai) are eaten as sweets.

Mabinlang is also used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Aspalathos, the root of a shrub contained for example in the sacred Ancient Egyptian incense kp.t (kyphi), is sometimes considered to be C. spinosa. Other species have also recorded uses in herbalism and folk medicine; dedicated research is largely lacking however. Mabinlins are sweet-tasting proteins found in Mabinlang seed (and possibly in other Capparis species); at least one of them is highly resistant to heat. The market for mabinlins is presently not large, but this is mainly due to insufficient supply rather than to lack of demand.

Caperbushes from arid regions - chiefly C. decidua - are highly useful in landscape gardening, afforestation and reforestation. They can stop soil erosion and preserve agricultural land. Any large-flowered species can be used to attract butterflies. The Crimson Rose (Atrophaneura hector), a spectacular swallowtail butterfly of South Asia, likes to visit flowers of C. spinosa in the winter months for example.

Many birds eat ripe Capparis spinosa fruit and seeds.

The fruit and seeds of caperbushes are relished by many birds and other animals such as spiny-tailed lizards. Capparis plants are highly important as food for certain Lepidoptera caterpillars, many of them Colotini or Pierini:

• Appias lyncida (Chocolate Albatross) - recorded on C. heyneana and C. roxburghii
• Astraptes fulgerator (Two-barred Flasher) - recorded on C. frondosa^[1]
• Belenois aurota (Caper White or Pioneer) - recorded on C. zeylanica
• Cepora nerissa (Common Gull) - mainly on C. zeylanica
• Hebomoia glaucippe (Great Orangetip) - recorded on C. monii, C. roxburghii and C. "sepiaria"
• Ixias marianne (White Orangetip) - recorded on C. grandis^{[verification needed]}
• Leptosia nina (Psyche) - recorded on C. zeylanica and others
• Pareronia ceylonica (Dark Wanderer) - recorded on C. heyneana^{[verification needed]}
• Pareronia valeria (Common Wanderer) - recorded on C. zeylanica^{[verification needed]}

The plant pathogenic ascomycete fungus Mycosphaerella capparis was described from a caperbush. Some species of Capparis are becoming rare, mainly due to habitat destruction, and a few are seriously threatened with extinction.

Selected species

• Capparis arborea (F.Muell.) Maiden – Brush Caper
• Capparis baducca
• Capparis crotonantha
• Capparis cynophallophora – Jamaican Caper
• Capparis decidua (= C. aphylla) – karir (kirir, k(h)air, karril, etc)

Drawing of Capparis micracantha, showing its parts. Francisco Manuel Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, etc (1880-1883)

• Capparis discolor
• Capparis fascicularis DC.
  • Capparis fascicularis var. fascicularis
• Capparis flexuosa L. – Limber Caper
• Capparis frondosa
• Capparis grandis
• Capparis hastata
• Capparis heterophylla
• Capparis heyneana
• Capparis humistrata (F.Muell.) F.Muell.
• Capparis indica
• Capparis lasiantha R.Br. ex DC.
• Capparis lucida (DC.) R.Br. ex Benth.
• Capparis masaikai – Mabinlang
• Capparis micracantha
• Capparis mirifica
• Capparis mitchellii – "wild orange" (Australia), merne atwakeye (Arrernte)
• Capparis mollicella
• Capparis monii

Drawing of Capparis "sepiaria", showing its parts. Francisco Manuel Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, etc (1880-1883)

• Capparis nobilis (Endl.) F.Muell. ex Benth.
• Capparis ornans F.Muell. ex Benth.
• Capparis pachyphylla
• Capparis panamensis
• Capparis prisca
• Capparis pyrifolia – Pea-leaved Caper
• Capparis roxburghii
• Capparis sandwichiana – Native Caper, maiapilo^{[verification needed]}, pua pilo (Hawaiian)
• Capparis sepiaria L. – a cryptic species complex
  • Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia (Lam.) Tölken
  • Capparis sepiaria var. subglabra (Oliv.) De Wolf
• Capparis shanesiana F.Muell.
• Capparis spinosa – Caper
  • Capparis spinosa ssp. nummularia – Wild passionfruit, merne arrutnenge (Arrernte)
• Capparis sprucei
• Capparis thozetiana (F.Muell.) F.Muell.
• Capparis tomentosa Lam.
• Capparis uniflora
• Capparis zeylandica L. (= C. linearis Blanco) – kapchip (Wayuunaiki)

Formerly placed here

• Boscia oleoides (as Capparis oleoides)

See also

• Caparica (Almada)

Footnotes

www.kapari.com

References

• Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2006): Problems with DNA barcodes for species delimitation: ‘ten species’ of Astraptes fulgerator reassessed (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 4(2): 127–132. doi:10.1017/S147720000500191X PDF fulltext
• Hébert, Paul D.N.; Penton, Erin H.; Burns, John M.; Janzen, Daniel H. & Hallwachs, Winnie (2004): Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the semitropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. PNAS 101(41): 14812-14817. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406166101 PDF fulltext Supporting Appendices

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; from the article "Capparis". Image Credit.

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