Bovinae
Fossil range: Miocene to Recent |
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| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Animalia
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| Phylum: |
Chordata
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| Class: |
Mammalia
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| Order: |
Artiodactyla
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| Family: |
Bovidae
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| Subfamily: |
Bovinae
Gray, 1821 | |
| Tribes |
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Bovini
Boselaphini
Strepsicerotini |
The biological subfamily bovines includes a diverse group of 10 species of medium-sized to large ungulates, including domestic cattle, Bison, the Water Buffalo, the Yak, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the members of the group is obscure, and their classification into loose tribes rather than formal sub-groups reflects this uncertainty. General characteristics include a cloven hoof and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having a true horn.
In most countries, bovines are used for food. Cows are eaten almost everywhere, except in most parts of India where bovines are considered sacred by most Hindus.
Systematics and Classification
- FAMILY BOVIDAE
- Subfamily Bovinae
- Tribe Boselaphini
- Genus Tetracerus
- Four-horned Antelope, Tetracerus quadricornis
- Genus Boselaphus
- Nilgai or blue bull, Boselaphus tragocamelus (not to be confused with the extinct Bluebuck Hippotragus leucophaeus, Hippotraginae)
- Tribe Bovini
- Genus Bubalus
- Genus Bos
- Aurochs, Bos primigenius (extinct)
- Banteng, Bos javanicus
- Gaur, Bos gaurus
- Gayal, Bos frontalis (domestic gaur)
- Yak, Bos mutus
- Domestic Cattle, Bos taurus (increasingly considered a subspecies of Bos primigenius)
- Kouprey, Bos sauveli
- Genus Pseudonovibos
- Kting Voar, Pseudonovibos spiralis
- Genus Pseudoryx
- Saola, Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
- Genus Syncerus
- African Buffalo, Syncerus caffer
- Genus Bison
- American Bison, Bison bison
- Wisent, Bison bonasus
- Steppe Wisent, Bison priscus (extinct)
- Tribe Strepsicerotini
- Genus Tragelaphus (antelope-like)
- Sitatunga, Tragelaphus spekeii
- Nyala, Tragelaphus angasii
- Bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus
- Mountain Nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni
- Lesser Kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis
- Greater Kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros
- Bongo, Tragelaphus eurycerus
- Genus Taurotragus
- Common Eland, Taurotragus oryx
- Giant Eland, Taurotragus derbianus
Etymology
Bovine is derived form Latin bos, "ox", through Late Latin bovinus.
Bibliography
- International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17ΔбГ specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Bull.Zool.Nomencl., 60:81-84.
References
External links
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Extant Artiodactyla species |
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Suborder Ruminantia |
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Antilocapridae |
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Antilocapra |
Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) | |
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Giraffidae |
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Okapia |
Okapi (Okapia johnstoni) |
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Giraffa |
Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) | |
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Moschidae |
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Moschus |
Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster) · Siberian Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus) · Dwarf Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii) · Black Musk Deer (Moschus fuscus) | |
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Tragulidae |
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Hyemoschus |
Water Chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus) |
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Moschiola |
Indian Spotted Chevrotain (Moschiola meminna) · Moschiola kathygre |
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Tragulus |
Java Mouse-deer (Tragulus javanicus) · Lesser Mouse-deer (Tragulus kanchil) · Greater Mouse-deer (Tragulus napu) · Philippine Mouse-deer (Tragulus nigricans) · Vietnam Mouse-deer (Tragulus versicolor) · Williamson's Mouse-deer (Tragulus williamsoni) | |
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Cervidae |
Large family listed below |
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Bovidae |
Large family listed below | | |
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Family Cervidae |
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Muntiacus |
Indian Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) · Reeves's Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) · Hairy-fronted Muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons) · Fea's Muntjac (Muntiacus feae) · Bornean Yellow Muntjac (Muntiacus atherodes) · Roosevelt's muntjac (Muntiacus rooseveltorum) · Gongshan muntjac (Muntiacus gongshanensis) · Giant Muntjac (Muntiacus vuquangensis) · Truong Son Muntjac (Muntiacus truongsonensis) · Leaf muntjac (Muntiacus putaoensis) |
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Elaphodus |
Tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) | |
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Cervinae |
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Cervus |
Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) · Elk (Cervus canadensis) · Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris) · Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) · Barasingha (Cervus duvaucelii) · Eld's Deer (Cervus eldii) · Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) · Rusa Deer (Cervus timorensis) · Philippine Sambar (Cervus mariannus) · Philippine Spotted Deer (Cervus alfredi) |
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Axis |
Chital (Axis axis) · Hog deer (Axis porcinus) · Calamian Deer (Axis calamianensis) · Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii) |
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Elaphurus |
Père David's Deer (Elaphurus davidianus) |
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Fallow Deer (Dama dama) · Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) | |
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Hydropotinae |
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Hydropotes |
Water deer (Hydropotes inermis) | |
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Odocoileinae |
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Odocoileus |
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) · Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) |
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Blastocerus |
Marsh Deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) |
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Ozotoceros |
Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) |
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Mazama |
Red Brocket (Mazama americana) · Merida Brocket (Mazama bricenii) · Dwarf Brocket (Mazama chunyi) · Gray Brocket (Mazama gouazoubira) · Pygmy Brocket (Mazama nana) · Yucatan Brown Brocket (Mazama pandora) · Little Red Brocket (Mazama rufina) |
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Pudú |
Northern Pudu (Pudu mephistophiles) · Pudú (Pudu pudu) |
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Hippocamelus |
Taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis) · South Andean Deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) |
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Capreolus |
Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) · Siberian Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus) |
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Rangifer |
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) |
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Alces |
Moose (Alces alces) | | | |
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Family Bovidae |
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Cephalophinae |
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Cephalophus |
Abbott's Duiker (Cephalophus spadix) · Ader's Duiker (Cephalophus adersi) · Bay Duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis) · Black Duiker (Cephalophus niger) · Black-fronted Duiker (Cephalophus nigrifrons) · Blue Duiker (Cephalophus monticola) · Harvey's Duiker (Cephalophus harveyi) · Jentink's Duiker (Cephalophus jentinki) · Maxwell's Duiker (Cephalophus maxwellii) · Red Forest Duiker (Cephalophus natalensis) · Ogilby's Duiker (Cephalophus ogilbyi) · Peters's Duiker (Cephalophus callipygus) · Red-flanked Duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus) · Ruwenzori Duiker (Cephalophus rubidis) · Weyns's Duiker (Cephalophus weynsi) · White-bellied Duiker (Cephalophus leucogaster) · Yellow-backed Duiker (Cephalophus Sylvicultor) · Zebra Duiker (Cephalophus zebra) |
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Sylvicapra |
Common Duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) | |
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Hippotraginae |
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Hippotragus |
Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus) · Sable Antelope (Hippotragus niger) |
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Oryx |
East African Oryx (Oryx beisa) · Scimitar Oryx (Oryx dammah) · Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) · Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx) |
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Addax |
Addax (Addax nasomaculatus) | |
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Reduncinae |
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Upemba Lechwe (Kobus anselli) · Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) · Kob (Kobus kob) · Lechwe (Kobus leche) · Nile Lechwe (Kobus megaceros) · Puku (Kobus vardonii) |
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Redunca |
Southern Reedbuck (Redunca arundinum) · Mountain Reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula) · Bohor Reedbuck (Redunca redunca) | |
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Aepycerotinae |
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Aepyceros |
Impala (Aepyceros melampus) | |
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Peleinae |
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Pelea |
Grey Rhebok (Pelea capreolus) | |
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Alcelaphinae |
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Beatragus |
Hirola (Beatragus hunteri) |
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Damaliscus |
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Alcelaphus |
Hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) · Red Hartebeest (Alcelaphus caama) · Lichtenstein's Hartebeest (Alcelaphus lichtensteinii) |
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Connochaetes |
Black Wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) · Blue Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) | |
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Pantholopinae |
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Pantholops |
Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) | |
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Large subfamily listed below |
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Bovinae |
Large subfamily listed below |
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Antilopinae |
Large subfamily listed below | | |
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Family Bovidae (subfamily Caprinae) |
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Ammotragus |
Barbary Sheep (Ammotragus lervia) |
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Budorcas |
Takin (Budorcas taxicolor) |
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Capra |
Wild Goat (Capra aegagrus) · West Caucasian Tur (Capra caucasia) · East Caucasian Tur (Capra cylindricornis) · Markhor (Capra falconeri) · Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex) · Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana) · Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) · Siberian Ibex (Capra sibirica) · Walia Ibex (Capra walie) |
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Hemitragus |
Nilgiri Tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius) · Arabian Tahr (Hemitragus jayakari) · Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) |
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Red Goral (Naemorhedus baileyi) · Japanese Serow (Nemorhaedus crispus) · Long-tailed Goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) · Gray Goral (Naemorhedus goral) · Mainland Serow (Nemorhaedus sumatraensis) · Taiwan Serow (Nemorhaedus swinhoei) |
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Oreamnos |
Mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) |
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Ovibos |
Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) |
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Ovis |
Argali (Ovis ammon) · Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) · Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) · Dall Sheep (Ovis dalli) · Mouflon (Ovis musimon) · Snow sheep (Ovis nivicola) · Urial (Ovis orientalis) |
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Bharal (Pseudois nayaur) · Dwarf Blue Sheep (Pseudois schaeferi) |
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Rupicapra |
Pyrenean Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) · Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) | | |
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Family Bovidae (subfamily Bovinae) |
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Boselaphini |
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Tetracerus |
Four-horned Antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis) |
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Boselaphus |
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) | |
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Bovini |
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Bubalus |
Domestic buffalo (Bubalus bubalus) · Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) · Mountain Anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) · Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) |
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Bos |
Banteng (Bos javanicus) · Gaur (Bos gaurus) · Yak (Bos mutus) · Cattle (Bos taurus) · Kouprey (Bos sauveli) |
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Pseudonovibos |
Kting Voar (Pseudonovibos spiralis) |
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Pseudoryx |
Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) |
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Syncerus |
African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) |
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Bison |
American Bison (Bison bison) · Wisent (Bison bonasus) | |
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Strepsicerotini |
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Tragelaphus |
Sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekeii) · Nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) · Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) · Mountain Nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) · Lesser Kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) · Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) · Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) |
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Taurotragus |
Common Eland (Taurotragus oryx) · Giant Eland (Taurotragus derbianus) | | | |
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Family Bovidae (subfamily Antilopinae) |
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Ammodorcas |
Dibatag (Ammodorcas clarkei) |
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Antidorcas |
Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) |
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Antilope |
Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) |
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Gazella |
Mountain Gazelle (Gazella gazella) · Neumann's Gazelle (Gazella erlangeri) · Speke's Gazelle (Gazella spekei) · Dorcas Gazelle (Gazella dorcas) · Saudi Gazelle (Gazella saudiya) · Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) · Thomson's Gazelle (Gazella thomsonii) · Red-fronted Gazelle (Gazella rufifrons) · Dama Gazelle (Gazella dama) · Grant's Gazelle (Gazella granti) · Soemmerring's Gazelle (Gazella soemmerringii) · Cuvier's Gazelle (Gazella cuvieri) · Rhim Gazelle (Gazella leptoceros) · Goitered Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) |
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Litocranius |
Gerenuk (Litocranius walleri) |
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Procapra |
Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa) · Goa (Procapra picticaudata) · Przewalski's Gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) | |
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Pantholops |
Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) |
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Saiga |
Saiga Antelope (Saiga tatarica) | |
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Neotragini |
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Dorcatragus |
Beira (Dorcatragus megalotis) |
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Madoqua |
Günther's Dik-dik (Madoqua guntheri) · Kirk's Dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii) · Silver Dik-dik (Madoqua piacentinii) · Salt's Dik-dik (Madoqua saltiana) |
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Neotragus |
Bates's Pygmy Antelope (Neotragus batesi) · Suni (Neotragus moschatus) · Royal Antelope (Neotragus pygmaeus) |
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Oreotragus |
Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) |
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Ourebia |
Oribi (Ourebia ourebi) |
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Raphicerus |
Steenbok (Raphicerus campestris) · Cape Grysbok (Raphicerus melanotis) · Sharpe's Grysbok (Raphicerus sharpei) | | | |
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Suborder Suina |
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Suidae |
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Babyrousa |
Babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) |
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Hylochoerus |
Giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) |
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Phacochoerus |
Desert Warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) · Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) |
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Porcula |
Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania) |
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Potamochoerus |
Bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus) · Red River Hog (Potamochoerus porcus) |
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Sus |
Bearded Pig (Sus barbatus) · Indo-chinese Warty Pig (Sus bucculentus) · Visayan Warty Pig (Sus cebifrons) · Celebes Warty Pig (Sus celebensis) · Flores Warty Pig (Sus heureni) · Oliver's Warty Pig (Sus oliveri) · Philippine Warty Pig (Sus philippensis) · Boar (Sus scrofa) · Timor Warty Pig (Sus timoriensis) · Javan Pig (Sus verrucosus) | |
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Tayassuidae |
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Tayassu |
White-lipped Peccary (Tayassu pecari) |
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Catagonus |
Chacoan Peccary (Catagonus wagneri) |
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Pecari |
Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu) · Giant Peccary (Pecari maximus) | | | |
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Suborder Tylopoda |
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Camelidae |
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Lama |
Llama (Lama glama) · Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) |
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Vicugna |
Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) · Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) |
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Camelus |
Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) · Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus) | | | |
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Cetartiodactyla |
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Hippopotamidae |
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Hippopotamus |
Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) |
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Choeropsis |
Pygmy Hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) | | | | |
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; from the article "Bovinae". Image Credit.
