Webster's Online Dictionary
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Definition: Bible

Part of Speech Definition
Noun 1. The sacred writings of the Christian religions.[Wordnet]
2. A book regarded as authoritative in its field.[Wordnet]
3. A book.[Websters]
4. The Book by way of eminence, -- that is, the book which is made up of the writings accepted by Christians as of divine origin and authority, whether such writings be in the original language, or translated; the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments; -- sometimes in a restricted sense, the Old Testament; as, King James's Bible; Douay Bible; Luther's Bible. Also, the book which is made up of writings similarly accepted by the Jews; as, a rabbinical Bible.[Websters]
5. A book containing the sacred writings belonging to any religion; as, the Koran is often called the Mohammedan Bible.[Websters]
6. A book with an authoritative exposition of some topic, respected by many who are experts in the field.[Websters].

Sources: WordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

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"Bible" is a common misspelling or typo for: bibles, bibble, Bibler.

Date "Bible" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1369. (references)

Etymology:Bible \Bi"ble\ (b[imac]"b'l), noun. [French expression bible, from Latin expression biblia, plural, from the Greek expression bibli`a, plural of bibli`on, diminutive of bi`blos, by`blos, book, prop. Egyptian papyrus.]. (references)

Specialty Definition: Bible

Domain Definition
Computing Bible n. 1. One of a small number of fundamental source books such as Knuth, K&R, or the Camel Book. 2. The most detailed and authoritative reference for a particular language, operating system, or other complex software system. Source: Jargon File.
Bible 1: The Bible is the name given to the revelation of God to man contained in sixty-six books or pamphlets, bound together and forming one book and only one, for it has in reality one author and one purpose and plan, and is the development of one scheme of the redemption of man. I. ITS NAMES.-- (1) The Bible, i.e. The Book, from the Greek "ta biblia," the books. The word is derived from a root designating the inner bark of the linden tree, on which the ancients wrote their books. It is the book as being superior to all other books. But the application of the word BIBLE to the collected books of the Old and New Testaments is not to be traced farther back than the fifth century of our era. (2) The Scriptures, i.e. the writings, as recording what was spoken by God. (3) The Oracles, i.e. the things spoken, because the Bible is what God spoke to man, and hence also called (4) The Word. (5) The Testaments or Covenants, because it is the testimony of God to man, the truths to which God bears witness; and is also the covenant or agreement of God with man for his salvation. (6) The Law, to express that it contains God�s commands to men. II. COMPOSITION.--The Bible consists of two great parts, called the Old and New Testaments, separated by an interval of nearly four hundred years. These Testaments are further divided into sixty-six books, thirty-nine in the Old Testament and twenty-seven in the New. These books are a library in themselves being written in every known form old literature. Twenty-two of them are historical, five are poetical, eighteen are prophetical, twenty-one are epistolary. They contain logical arguments, poetry, songs and hymns, history, biography, stories, parables, fables, eloquence, law, letters and philosophy. There are at least thirty-six different authors, who wrote in three continents, in many countries, in three languages, and from every possible human standpoint. Among these authors were kings, farmers, mechanics, scientific men, lawyers, generals, fishermen, ministers and priests, a tax-collector, a doctor, some rich, some poor, some city bred, some country born--thus touching all the experiences of men extending over 1500 years. III. UNITY.--And yet the Bible is but one book, because God was its real author, and therefore, though he added new revelations as men could receive them, he never had to change what was once revealed. The Bible is a unit, because (1) It has but one purpose, the salvation of men. (2) The character of God is the same. (3) The moral law is the same. (4) It contains the development of one great scheme of salvation. IV. ORIGINAL LANGUAGES.--The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, a Shemitic language, except that parts of the books of Ezra (Ezra 5:8; 6:12; 7:12-26) and of Daniel (Daniel 2:4-7,28) and one verse in Jeremiah (Jeremiah 10:11) were written in the Chaldee language. The New Testament is written wholly in Greek. V. ANCIENT MANUSCRIPTS OF THE ORIGINAL.--There are no ancient Hebrew manuscripts older than the tenth century, but we know that these are in the main correct, because we have a translation of the Hebrew into Greek, called the Septuagint, made nearly three hundred years before Christ. Our Hebrew Bibles are a reprint from what is called the Masoretic text. The ancient Hebrew had only the consonant printed, and the vowels were vocalized in pronunciation, but were not written. Some Jewish scholars living at Tiberias, and at Sora by the Euphrates, from the sixth to the twelfth century, punctuated the Hebrew text, and wrote is the vowel points and other tone-marks to aid in the reading of the Hebrew; and these, together with notes of various kinds, they called Masora (tradition), hence the name Masoretic text. 0f the Greek of the New Testament there are a number of ancient manuscripts They are divided into two kinds, the Uncials, written wholly in capitals, and the Cursives, written in a running hand. The chief of these are-- (1) the Alexandrian (codex Alexandrinus, marked A), so named because it was found in Alexandria in Egypt, in 1628. It date back to A.D. 350, and is now in the British Museum. (2) The Vatican (codex Vaticanus, B), named from the Vatican library at Rome, where it is kept. Its date is A.D. 300 to 325. (3) The Sinaitic (codex Sinaiticus) so called from the convent of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai, there it was discovered by or Tichendorf in 1844. It is now at St. Petersburg Russia. This is one of the earliest best of all the manuscripts. VI. TRANSLATIONS.--The Old Testament was translated into Greek by a company of learned Jews at Alexandria, who began their labor about the year B.C. 286. It is called the Septuagint, i.e. the seventy, from the tradition that it was translated by seventy (more exactly seventy-two) translators. The Vulgate, or translation of the Bible into Latin by Jerome, A.D. 385-405, is the authorized version of the Roman Catholic Church. The first English translation of the whole Bible was by John Deuteronomy Wickliffe (1324-1384). Then followed that of William Tyndale (1525) and several others. As the sum and fruit of all these appeared our present Authorized Version, or King James Version, in 1611. It was made by forty-seven learned men, in two years and nine months, with a second revision which took nine months longer. These forty-seven formed themselves into six companies, two of whom met at Westminster, two at Oxford and two at Cambridge. The present English edition is an improvement, in typographical and grammatical correctness, upon this revision, and in these respects is nearly perfect. See Versions. A REVISED VERSION of this authorized edition was made by a group of American and English scholars, and in 1881 the Revised New Testament was published simultaneously in the United States and England. Then followed the Revised Old Testament in 1885, and the Apocrypha in 1894. The American revision committee was permitted to publish its own revision, which appeared in 1901 as the American Standard Version. Modern-speech translations have been made from time to time between 1898-1945. Among these were Moulton�s Modern Reader�s Bible, the Twentieth century New Testament, Weymouth�s, Moffatt�s, and the American translation. As a result of the modern-speech translations that have appeared and been widely received, the American Revision Committee set to work again, and in 1946 the Revised Standard Version of the New Testament was published. VII. DIVISIONS INTO CHAPTERS AND VERSES.--The present division of the whole Bible into chapters was made by Cardinal Hugo Deuteronomy St. Gher about 1250. The present division into verses was introduced by Robert Stephens in his Greek Testament, published in 1551, in his edition of the Vulgate, in 1555. The first English Bible printed with these chapters and verses was the Geneva Bible, in 1560. VIII. CIRCULATION OF THE BIBLE.--The first book ever printed was the Bible; and more Bibles have been printed than any other book. It has been translated, in its entirety or in part, into more than a thousand languages and dialects and various systems for the blind. The American Bible Society (founded in 1816) alone has published over 356 million volumes of Scripture. (references)
  2: Bible Bible, the English form of the Greek name _Biblia_, meaning "books," the name which in the fifth century began to be given to the entire collection of sacred books, the "Library of Divine Revelation." The name Bible was adopted by Wickliffe, and came gradually into use in our English language. The Bible consists of sixty-six different books, composed by many different writers, in three different languages, under different circumstances; writers of almost every social rank, statesmen and peasants, kings, herdsmen, fishermen, priests, tax-gatherers, tentmakers; educated and uneducated, Jews and Gentiles; most of them unknown to each other, and writing at various periods during the space of about 1600 years: and yet, after all, it is only one book dealing with only one subject in its numberless aspects and relations, the subject of man's redemption. It is divided into the Old Testament, containing thirty-nine books, and the New Testament, containing twenty-seven books. The names given to the Old in the writings of the New are "the scriptures" (Matt. 21:42), "scripture" (2 Pet. 1:20), "the holy scriptures" (Rom. 1:2), "the law" (John 12:34), "the law of Moses, the prophets, and the psalms" (Luke 24:44), "the law and the prophets" (Matt. 5:17), "the old covenant" (2 Cor. 3:14, R.V.). There is a break of 400 years between the Old Testament and the New. (See APOCRYPHA.) The Old Testament is divided into three parts:, 1. The Law (Torah), consisting of the Pentateuch, or five books of Moses. 2. The Prophets, consisting of (1) the former, namely, Joshua, Judges, the Books of Samuel, and the Books of Kings; (2) the latter, namely, the greater prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, and the twelve minor prophets. 3. The Hagiographa, or holy writings, including the rest of the books. These were ranked in three divisions:, (1) The Psalms, Proverbs, and Job, distinguished by the Hebrew name, a word formed of the initial letters of these books, _emeth_, meaning truth. (2) Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther, called the five rolls, as being written for the synagogue use on five separate rolls. (3) Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and 1 and 2 Chronicles. Between the Old and the New Testament no addition was made to the revelation God had already given. The period of New Testament revelation, extending over a century, began with the appearance of John the Baptist. The New Testament consists of (1) the historical books, viz., the Gospels, and the Acts of the Apostles; (2) the Epistles; and (3) the book of prophecy, the Revelation. The division of the Bible into chapters and verses is altogether of human invention, designed to facilitate reference to it. The ancient Jews divided the Old Testament into certain sections for use in the synagogue service, and then at a later period, in the ninth century A.D., into verses. Our modern system of chapters for all the books of the Bible was introduced by Cardinal Hugo about the middle of the thirteenth century (he died 1263). The system of verses for the New Testament was introduced by Stephens in 1551, and generally adopted, although neither Tyndale's nor Coverdale's English translation of the Bible has verses. The division is not always wisely made, yet it is very useful. (See VERSION.). Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary.
Business That portion of the cylinder shell which houses the pin chambers, especially those of a key knob cylinder or certain rim cylinders. (references)
Dream Interpretation 1: To dream that you villify{sic} the teachings of the Bible, forewarns you that you are about to succumb to resisted temptations through the seductive persuasiveness of a friend.
2: To dream of the Bible, foretells that innocent and disillusioned enjoyment will be proffered for your acceptance. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted ....
Energy The "Golden Rule" safe driving book. (references)
Literature 1: Bible means simply a book, but is now exclusively confined to the "Book of Books." (Greek, biblos, a book.)
2: The Unrighteous Bible, 1652 (Cambridge Press). So called from the printer's error, "Know ye not that the unrighteous shall inherit the Kingdom of God?" (1 Cor. vi. 9).
3: The Great Bible. The same as Matthew Parker's Bible (q.v.).
4: (i) BIBLES NAMED FROM ERRORS OF TYPE, or from archaic words:-
5: The headings of the chapters were prefixed by Miles Smith, Bishop of Gloucester, one of the translators.
6: The Idle Bible, 1809. In which the "idole shepherd" (Zech. xi. 17) is printed "the idle shepherd."
7: The Mazarine Bible. The earliest book printed in movable metal type. It contains no date. Copies have been recently sold from 3,900. Called the Mazarine Bible from the Bibliothque Mazarine, founded in Paris by Cardinal Mazarine in 1648.
8: The Place-maker's Bible. So called from a printer's error in Matt. v. 9, "Blessed are the placemakers [peace-makers], for they shall be called the children of God."
9: The Printers' Bible makes David pathetically complain that "the printers [princes] have persecuted me without a cause" (Ps. cxix. 161).
10: The Treacle Bible, 1549 (Beck's Bible), in which the word "balm" is rendered "treacle." The Bishops' Bible has tryacle in Jer. iii. 28; xlvi. 11; and in Ezek. xxvii. 17.
11: The Vinegar Bible. So called because the heading to Luke xx. is given as "The parable of the Vinegar" (instead of Vineyard). Printed at the Clarendon Press in 1717.
12: The Wicked Bible. So called because the word not is omitted in the seventh commandment, making it, "Thou shalt commit adultery." Printed by Barker and Lucas, 1632.
13: To these may be added: the Discharge Bible, the Ears to Ear Bible, Rebecca's Camels Bible, the Rosin Bible, the Standing Fishes Bible, and some others.
14: Bishop's Bible. The revised edition of Archbishop Parker's version. Published 1568.
15: Coverdale's Bible, 1535. Translated by Miles Coverdale, afterwards Bishop of Exeter. This was the first Bible sanctioned by royal authority.
16: The Revised Version. Published in May, 1885. The work was begun in June, 1870, by twenty-five scholars, ten of whom died before the version was completed. The revisers had eighty-five sessions, which extended over fourteen years.
17: Cranmer's Bible, 1539. This is Coverdale's Bible corrected by Archbishop Cranmer. It was printed in 1540, and in 1549 every parish church was enjoined to have a copy under a penalty of 40s. a month.
18: The Douay Bible, 1581. A translation made by the professors of the Douay College for the use of English boys destined for the Catholic priesthood.
19: The Geneva Bible. The Bible translated by the English exiles at Geneva. The same as the "Breeches Bible" (q.v.).
20: (ii) BIBLES NAMED FROM PROPER NAMES, or dignities.
21: King James's Bible. The Authorised Version; so called because it was undertaken by command of James I. Published 1611.
22: Matthew Parker's Bible, or "The Great Bible," published in the reign of Henry VIII. under the care of Archbishop Parker and his staff (1539-1541). In 1572 several prolegomena were added.
23: Matthews' Bible is Tindal's version. It was so called by John Rogers, superintendent of the English churches in Germany, and was published with notes under the fictitious name of Thomas Matthews, 1537.
24: The Bug Bible, 1551. So called because Psalm xci. 5 is translated, "Thou shalt not be afraid of bugges [bogies] by nighte."
25: Sacy's Bible. So called from Isaac Louis Sacy (Le-maistre), director of the Port Royal Monastery. He was imprisoned for three years in the Bastille for his Jansenist opinions, and translated the Bible during his captivity (1666-1670).
26: Tyndale's Bible. William Tyndale, or Tindal, having embraced the Reformed religion, retired to Antwerp, where he printed an English translation of the Scriptures. All the copies were bought up, whereupon Tyndale printed a revised edition. The book excited the rancour of the Catholics, who strangled the "heretic" and burnt his body near Antwerp in 1536.
27: The Breeches Bible. So called because Genesis iii. 7 was rendered, "The eyes of them bothe were opened.... and they sowed figge-tree leaves together, and made themselves breeches." By Whittingham, Gilby, and Sampson, 1579.
28: Wyclif's Bible, 1380, but first printed in 1850.
29: (iii) VERSIONS.
30: The Authorised Version, 1611. (See King James's Bible.). Source: Brewer's Dictionary.
Slang in 1811 BIBLE. A boatswain's great axe. Sea term. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Common Expressions: Bible

Expressions Definition
Alan Bible Alan Harvey Bible (November 20, 1909 - September 12, 1988) was a United States politician who served as a Democratic Senator from Nevada. (references)
Alan Bible Botanical Garden The Alan Bible Botanical Garden is a desert botanical garden located at the Alan Bible Visitor Center, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, 601 Nevada Highway, Boulder City, Nevada. The garden is named in honor of Senator Alan Bible (1909-1988). (references)
Alaska Bible College Alaska Bible College is a small, private, four-year institution in Glennallen, Alaska established in 1966 as a nondenominational Christian school, with a focus on ministry and biblical education. The college is accredited by the Association for Biblical Higher Education. (references)
Alleged inconsistencies in the Bible Further, failure to understand the culture of the peoples of the Bible may also cause certain passages to appear inconsistent to a modern reader, when an ancient reader never would have noticed a problem. Hebrew "slaves" were very different from African "slaves" in the New World, even though the same English word is used for both. Most biblical "slavery" is closer to what we would now call indentured servitude.[http://www.christian-thinktank.com/qnoslave.html], although the Old Testament, as well as passages in the New Testament state that slaves were the property of their owners, assigning values to types of slaves and examples of punishments. (references)
American Bible Society The American Bible Society (ABS) is a group, founded in 1816, that publishes, distributes, and translates the Bible. (references)
Amplified Bible The Amplified Bible (AMP) is an English translation of the Holy Bible produced by The Lockman Foundation. The first edition was published in 1965. It is largely a revision of the American Standard Version of 1901, with reference made to various texts in the original languages. It is designed to "amplify" the text by using a system of punctuation and other typographical features to bring out all shades of meaning present in the original texts. (references)
Anchor Bible Series The Anchor Bible Series is a scholarly and commercial co-venture that has been setting a high standard since 1956, when individual volumes of the series began publication. Each volume covers all, or a portion, of one or more books of the Old Testament, the New Testament or the Apocrypha. The volumes contain in-depth introductions and commentaries, complemented by original translations; many have full critical notes that include alternate readings and alternative translations. Synopses of informed discussion of the historical origins and the manuscripts' traditions are also provided. These volumes are not designed for the casual Bible reader, but for the educated layman who is already prepared with a general understanding of and interest in modern biblical scholarship, although a foreword to the volumes asserts that "no special formal training in biblical studies" is needed to comprehend the content. (references)
Appalachian Bible College Appalachian Bible College is a small, non-profit, private, Christian college North of Beckley, West Virginia. While unaffiliated with any particular denomination, it is generally an evangelical institution. It is operated on a 100% dormitory residential basis and has a very strict single-penalty code of conduct. (references)
Associated Bible Students The Associated Bible Students is the branch of the Bible Student movement that follows the most closely the teachings and views of Charles Taze Russell, also known as "Pastor Russell". The Bible Students practice regular reading and study of the Bible and hold Bible Study classes utilizing the six volumes of "Studies in the Scriptures", written by Pastor Russell. (references)
Association Free Lutheran Bible School and Seminary Association Free Lutheran Bible School and the Association of Free Lutheran Theological Seminary are located in Plymouth, Minnesota at the national offices of the Association of Free Lutheran Congregations. (references)
------------------ 163 common expressions abridged ---------------

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Expressions: Bible

Expressions Domain Definition
Bible Christians Literature A Protestant sect founded in 1815 by William O'Bryan, a Wesleyan, of Cornwall; also called Bryanites (3 syl.). Source: Brewer's Dictionary.
BIBLE OATH Slang in 1811 BIBLE OATH. Supposed by the vulgar to be more binding than an oath taken on the Testament only, as being the bigger book, and generally containing both the Old and New Testament. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue.
Bible paper Art A strong, thin, opaque printing paper made from new cotton or linen rags, or from flax fiber, used to reduce the bulk of large volumes such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, bibles, and prayer books that would otherwise be too thick to be easily handled. Sometimes used synonymously with India paper. (references)
Bible Statistics Literature The Number of Authors is 50. About 30 books are mentioned in the Bible, but not included in the canon. Source: Brewer's Dictionary.
Bible style Art A general term for any flexible leather binding that has rounded corners, especially one of dark color. (references)
Bishop's Bible Literature 1: (The ). (See under Bible, page 131, col. 2.)
2: (See Bible. ). Source: Brewer's Dictionary.
BREECHES BIBLE Slang in 1811 BREECHES BIBLE. An edition of the Bible printed in 1598, wherein it is said that Adam and Eve sewed figleaves together, and made themselves breeches. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue.
Discharge Bible Literature 1: (The), 1806. "I discharge [charge] thee before God." (1 Tim. v. 21.)
2: The English translation of the Bible sanctioned by the Roman Catholic Church. The Old Testament was published by the English college at Douay, in France, in 1609; but the New Testament was published at Rheims in 1582. The English college at Douay was founded by William Allen (afterwards cardinal) in 1568. The Douay Bible translates such words as repentance by the word penance, etc., and the whole contains notes by Roman Catholic divines. Source: Brewer's Dictionary.
Family bible Law FAMILY BIBLE. 1. A Bible containing an account of the births, marriages, and deaths of the members of a family. 2. An entry, by the father, made in a Bible, stating that Peter, his eldest son, was born in. lawful wedlock of Maria, his wife, at a time specified, is evidence to prove the legitimacy of Peter. 4 Campb. 401. But the entry, in order to be evidence, must be an original entry, and, when it is not so, the loss of the original must be proved before the copy can be received. 6 Serg. Rawle, 135. See 10 Watts, R. 82. (references)
Geneva Bible Literature 1: (The). The wine cup or beer pot. The pun is on Geneva, which is the synonym of gin. (Latin, bibo, I drink [gin].)
2: The English version in use prior to the present one; so called because it was originally printed at Geneva (in 1560).
3: "Eh bien, Gudyil, lui dit le vieux major, quelle-diable de discipline? Vous avez d�j� lu la Bible de Gen�ve ce matin." - Les Puritains d'Ecosse, part iii. chap. 2. Source: Brewer's Dictionary.
Gutenberg Bible Art The earliest known book to have been produced from movable type, probably printed between 1450 and 1455 at Mainz, Germany by Johann Gutenberg and his associate Peter Schoffer, with the financial assistance of a merchant named Johann Fust. Also known as the Mazarin Bible because a copy was found by a French bookseller in the private library of the bibliophile Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661) one hundred years after his death. It is a Latin bible printed in black ink in gothic type set in two 42-line columns per page. Of approximately 180 copies printed, only forty-eight copies are known to have survived, which makes them very rare and valuable. Twelve are printed on vellum and thirty-six on paper. The British Library owns two copies, and the Bibliotheque nationale de France one. In the United States, there are thirteen copies, one each at the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, the Huntington Library in California, and libraries at Harvard, Princeton, and Yale. The Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City owns three copies. See also: incunabula. (references)
Key and the Bible Literature 1: (A). Employed to discover whether plaintiff or defendant is guilty. The Bible is opened either at Ruth, chap. i., or at the 51st Psalm; and a door-key is so placed inside the Bible, that the handle projects beyond the book. The Bible, being tied with a piece of string, is then held by the fourth fingers of the accuser and defendant, who must repeat the words touched by the wards of the key. It is said, as the words are repeated, that the key will turn towards the guilty person, and the Bible fall to the ground.
2: 1572. The second edition of the "Great Bible," with corrections, etc., by Archbishop Parker.
3: 1537. A version of the Bible in English, edited by John Rogers, superintendent of the English Church in Germany, and published by him under the fictitious name of Thomas Matthews. Source: Brewer's Dictionary.
Mazarin Bible Art See: Gutenberg Bible. (references)
Mazarine Bible Literature 1: (The). The earliest book printed in movable metal type. It contains no date, but a copy in the Biblioth�que Mazarine contains the date of the illuminator Cremer (1456), so that the book must have been printed before that date. Called "Mazarine" from Cardinal Mazarin, who founded the library in 1688.
2: In 1873, at the Perkin's sale. Lord Ashburnhain gave 3,400 for a copy in vellum, and Mr. Quaritch, bookseller, gave 2,690 for one on paper. At the Thorold sale, in 1884, Mr. Quaritch gave 3,900 for a copy. In 1887 he bought one for 2,600; and in 1889 he gave 2,000 for a copy slightly damaged.
3: (See Biblia .)
4: Printed at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1717. So called because it has the word vinegar instead of vineyard in the running head-line of Luke xxii.
5: (See Bible .). Source: Brewer's Dictionary.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Extended Definition: Bible

Bible

Bible most frequently refers to the canonical collections of religious writings or books of Judaism and Christianity.

Bible may also refer to:

  • Bible (writing), the standard reference used by writers for information on a particular setting
  • The Bible (band), an independent UK band
  • The Bible: In the Beginning, a 1966 film

See also

  • Tijuana bible

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; from the article "Bible (disambiguation)". Image Credit.
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Extended Definition: Bible

Bible

Part of a series on
The Bible
Biblical canon and books
Tanakh: Torah · Nevi'im · Ketuvim Old Testament · Hebrew Bible · New Testament · New Covenant · Deuterocanon · Antilegomena · Chapters & verses · Jefferson Bible
Apocrypha: Jewish · OT · NT
Development and authorship
Panbabylonism · Jewish Canon · Old Testament canon · New Testament canon · Mosaic authorship · Pauline epistles · Johannine works
Translations and manuscripts
Septuagint · Samaritan Pentateuch · Dead Sea scrolls · Targums · Peshitta · Vetus Latina · Vulgate · Masoretic text · Gothic Bible · Luther Bible · English Bibles
Biblical studies
Dating the Bible · Biblical criticism · Higher criticism · Textual criticism · Novum Testamentum Graece · NT textual categories · Documentary hypothesis · Synoptic problem · The Bible and history‎ · Biblical archaeology
Interpretation
Hermeneutics · Pesher · Midrash · Pardes · Allegorical · Literalism · Prophecy
Views
Inerrancy · Infallibility ·
Criticism · Islamic · Qur'anic · Gnostic · Judaism and Christianity · Law in Christianity
The Bible is
  • Part of Category:Judaism
(see The Hebrew Bible below)
  • Part of a series on Christianity
(see The New Testament below)

The Bible is the collection of religious writings of Judaism and of Christianity.[1] The exact composition of the Bible is dependent on the religious traditions of specific denominations. Modern Rabbinic Judaism generally recognizes a single set of canonical books that comprise the Tanakh, the Jewish version of the Bible.[2] The Christian Bible includes the same books as the Tanakh (referred to in this context as the Old Testament), but in a different order, together with specifically Christian books collectively called the New Testament. Among some Christian traditions, the Bible includes additional Jewish books that were not accepted into the Tanakh.

The Hebrew Bible comprises three parts: the Torah ("Teaching", also known as the Pentateuch or "Five Books of Moses"), the Prophets, and the Writings. It was primarily written in Hebrew with some small portions written in Aramaic.

The Christian Bible includes the twenty-seven books of the New Testament, which were originally written in Greek,[3] preceded by the protocanonical books of the Old Testament and sometimes a number of deuterocanonical books: Eastern Orthodox Churches use all of the books that were incorporated into the Septuagint, the earliest Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible;[4] Roman Catholics include some of these books in their canon; and many Protestant Bibles follow the Jewish canon, excluding the additional books. Some editions of the Christian Bible have a separate Biblical apocrypha section for books not considered canonical.

According to the United Bible Society, as of December 31, 2007, translations of the full Bible were available for 438 languages, translations of one of the two testaments in 1,168 additional languages, and portions of the text existed in 848 additional languages. This means that partial or full translations of the Bible exist in a total of 2,454 languages. [5]

Etymology

An American family Bible dating to 1859 A.D.
An American family Bible dating to 1859 A.D.

According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible[6] is from Anglo-Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin, as used in the phrase biblia sacra ("holy book" - "In the Latin of the Middle Ages, the neuter plural for Biblia (gen. bibliorum) gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun (biblia, gen. bibliae, in which singular form the word has passed into the languages of the Western world."[7]). This stemmed from the Greek term τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια (ta biblia ta hagia), "the holy books", which derived from βιβλίον (biblion),[8] "paper" or "scroll," the ordinary word for "book", which was originally a diminutive of βύβλος (byblos, "Egyptian papyrus"), possibly so called from the name of the Phoenician port Byblos from which Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece.

Biblical scholar Mark Hamilton states that the Greek phrase Ta biblia ("the books") was "an expression Hellenistic Jews used to describe their sacred books several centuries before the time of Jesus,"[9] and would have referred to the Septuagint.[10] The Online Etymology Dictionary states, "The Christian scripture was referred to in Greek as Ta Biblia as early as c.223."

Tanakh

Main article: Tanakh

The Tanakh (Hebrew: תנ"ך) consists of 24 books. Tanakh is an acronym for the three parts of the Hebrew Bible: the Torah ("Teaching/Law" also known as the Pentateuch), Nevi'im ("Prophets"), and Ketuvim ("Writings," or Hagiographa), and is used commonly by Jews but unfamiliar to many English speakers and others (Alexander 1999, p. 17). (See Table of books of Judeo-Christian Scripture).

Torah

Main article: Torah

The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the "Five Books" of Moses, thus Chumash from Hebrew meaning "fivesome," and Pentateuch from Greek meaning "five scroll-cases."

The Torah comprises the following five books:

  • 1. Genesis, Ge—Bereshit (בראשית)
  • 2. Exodus, Ex—Shemot (שמות)
  • 3. Leviticus, Le—Vayikra (ויקרא)
  • 4. Numbers, Nu—Bamidbar (במדבר)
  • 5. Deuteronomy, Dt—Devarim (דברים)

The Hebrew book titles come from the first words in the respective texts. The Hebrew title for Numbers, however, comes from the fifth word of that text.

The Torah focuses on three moments in the changing relationship between God and people. The first eleven chapters of Genesis provide accounts of the creation (or ordering) of the world, and the history of God's early relationship with humanity. The remaining thirty-nine chapters of Genesis provide an account of God's covenant with the Hebrew patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (also called Israel), and Jacob's children (the "Children of Israel"), especially Joseph. It tells of how God commanded Abraham to leave his family and home in the city of Ur, eventually to settle in the land of Canaan, and how the Children of Israel later moved to Egypt. The remaining four books of the Torah tell the story of Moses, who lived hundreds of years after the patriarchs. His story coincides with the story of the liberation of the Children of Israel from slavery in Ancient Egypt, to the renewal of their covenant with God at Mount Sinai, and their wanderings in the desert until a new generation would be ready to enter the land of Canaan. The Torah ends with the death of Moses.

The Torah contains the commandments, of God, revealed at Mount Sinai (although there is some debate amongst Jewish scholars, if this was written down completely in one moment, or if it was spread out during the 40 years in the wandering in the desert). These commandments provide the basis for Halakha (Jewish religious law). Tradition states that the number of these is equal to 613 Mitzvot or 613 commandments. There is some dispute as to how to divide these up (mainly between the Ramban and Rambam). Everyone agrees though that there are 613.

The Torah is divided into fifty-four portions which are read in turn in Jewish liturgy, from the beginning of Genesis to the end of Deuteronomy, each Sabbath. The cycle ends and recommences at the end of Sukkot, which is called Simchat Torah.

Nevi'im

Main article: Nevi'im

The Nevi'im, or "Prophets," tell the story of the rise of the Hebrew monarchy, its division into two kingdoms, and the prophets who, in God's name, warned the kings and the Children of Israel about the punishment of God. It ends with the conquest of the Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians and the conquest of the Kingdom of Judah by the Babylonians, and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Portions of the prophetic books are read by Jews on the Sabbath (Shabbat). The Book of Jonah is read on Yom Kippur.

According to Jewish tradition, Nevi'im is divided into eight books. Contemporary translations subdivide these into seventeen books.

The Nevi'im comprise the following eight books:

  • 6. Joshua, Js—Yehoshua (יהושע)
  • 7. Judges, Jg—Shoftim (שופטים)
  • 8. Samuel, includes First and Second, 1Sa–2Sa—Shemuel (שמואל)
  • 9. Kings, includes First and Second, 1Ki–2Ki—Melakhim (מלכים)
  • 10. Isaiah, Is—Yeshayahu (ישעיהו)
  • 11. Jeremiah, Je—Yirmiyahu (ירמיהו)
  • 12. Ezekiel, Ez—Yekhezkel (יחזקאל)
  • 13. Twelve, includes all Minor Prophets—Tre Asar (תרי עשר)
    • a. Hosea, Ho—Hoshea (הושע)
    • b. Joel, Jl—Yoel (יואל)
    • c. Amos, Am—Amos (עמוס)
    • d. Obadiah, Ob—Ovadyah (עבדיה)
    • e. Jonah, Jh—Yonah (יונה)
    • f. Micah, Mi—Mikhah (מיכה)
    • g. Nahum, Na—Nahum (נחום)
    • h. Habakkuk, Hb—Havakuk (חבקוק)
    • i. Zephaniah, Zp—Tsefanya (צפניה)
    • j. Haggai, Hg—Khagay (חגי)
    • k. Zechariah, Zc—Zekharyah (זכריה)
    • l. Malachi, Ml—Malakhi (מלאכי)
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Ketuvim

Main article: Ketuvim

The Ketuvim, or "Writings" or "Scriptures," may have been written during or after the Babylonian Exile but no one can be sure. According to Rabbinic tradition, many of the psalms in the book of Psalms are attributed to David; King Solomon is believed to have written Song of Songs in his youth, Proverbs at the prime of his life, and Ecclesiastes at old age; and the prophet Jeremiah is thought to have written Lamentations. The Book of Ruth is the only biblical book that centers entirely on a non-Jew. The book of Ruth tells the story of a non-Jew (specifically, a Moabite) who married a Jew and, upon his death, followed in the ways of the Jews; according to the Bible, she was the great-grandmother of King David. Five of the books, called "The Five Scrolls" (Megilot), are read on Jewish holidays: Song of Songs on Passover; the Book of Ruth on Shavuot; Lamentations on the Ninth of Av; Ecclesiastes on Sukkot; and the Book of Esther on Purim. Collectively, the Ketuvim contain lyrical poetry, philosophical reflections on life, and the stories of the prophets and other Jewish leaders during the Babylonian exile. It ends with the Persian decree allowing Jews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the Temple.

The Ketuvim comprise the following eleven books:

  • 14. Psalms, Ps—Tehillim (תהלים)
  • 15. Proverbs, Pr—Mishlei (משלי)
  • 16. Job, Jb—Iyyov (איוב)
  • 17. Song of Songs, So—Shir ha-Shirim (שיר השירים)
  • 18. Ruth, Ru—Rut (רות)
  • 19. Lamentations, La—Eikhah (איכה), also called Kinot (קינות)
  • 20. Ecclesiastes, Ec—Kohelet (קהלת)
  • 21. Esther, Es—Ester (אסתר)
  • 22. Daniel, Dn—Daniel (דניאל)
  • 23. Ezra, Ea, includes Nehemiah, Ne—Ezra (עזרא), includes Nehemiah (נחמיה)
  • 24. Chronicles, includes First and Second, 1Ch–2Ch—Divrei ha-Yamim (דברי הימים), also called Divrei (דברי)

Hebrew Bible translations and editions

Main article: Bible translations

The Tanakh was mainly written in Biblical Hebrew, with some portions (notably in Daniel and Ezra) in Biblical Aramaic.[11]

Some time in the 2nd or 3rd century BC, the Torah was translated into Koine Greek, and over the next century, other books were translated (or composed) as well. This translation became known as the Septuagint[12] and was widely used by Greek-speaking Jews, and later by Christians.[13] It differs somewhat from the later standardized Hebrew (Masoretic Text). This translation was promoted by way of a legend (primarily recorded as the Letter of Aristeas) that seventy (or in some sources, seventy-two) separate translators all produced identical texts.[14]

From the 800s to the 1400s, Jewish scholars today known as Masoretes compared the text of all known biblical manuscripts in an effort to create a unified, standardized text. A series of highly similar texts eventually emerged, and any of these texts are known as Masoretic Texts (MT). The Masoretes also added vowel points (called niqqud) to the text, since the original text only contained consonant letters. This sometimes required the selection of an interpretation, since some words differ only in their vowels—their meaning can vary in accordance with the vowels chosen. In antiquity, variant Hebrew readings existed, some of which have survived in the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea scrolls, and other ancient fragments, as well as being attested in ancient versions in other languages.[15]

Versions of the Septuagint contain several passages and whole books beyond what was included in the Masoretic texts of the Tanakh. In some cases these additions were originally composed in Greek, while in other cases they are translations of Hebrew books or variants not present in the Masoretic texts. Recent discoveries have shown that more of the Septuagint additions have a Hebrew origin than was once thought. While there are no complete surviving manuscripts of the Hebrew texts on which the Septuagint was based, many scholars believe that they represent a different textual tradition ("Vorlage") from the one that became the basis for the Masoretic texts.[15]

Jews also produced non-literal translations or paraphrases known as targums, primarily in Aramaic. They frequently expanded on the text with additional details taken from Rabbinic oral tradition.

The Torah of Judaism

Orthodox Judaism, as epitomized in the Pharisee sect, rejects any notion that the Written Torah and Oral Torah are distinct entities. The Written Torah (the Five Books of Moses), Prophets and Writings, form the corpus of what is God's word in written form. This body is completely incomprehensible without an Oral Tradition. For example, a Torah scroll contains no vowels, and no punctuation. Were it not for an Oral Tradition, the meaning of words would be unknown, as well as the sentence structure, where to begin and end verses, sections etc. are all reliant on an oral tradition. This is extended into what Orthodox Judaism classifies in the Legal parts of the Oral Tradition, as the rules of Biblical Exegesis, which defines how to interpret the text, which is also transmitted orally. The Oral Tradition, however, is much more broad. It includes Midrash, Halachic and Aggadic, Kabbalah, interpretation, and the legal portions, which are codified to some extent in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Sifre, Sifra, Mechilta, Talmuds (both Babylonian and Jerusalem).

The Sadducees were a minority group, that had some sway during the Hellenistic period, were the inheritors of their leader Zadok who believed that there was only a minimal oral tradition of interpreting the words of the Torah, and did not extend into extended biblical interpretation. They argued against the Rabbis in mostly legal matters, threatening the very existence of Judaism. The Sadducees became corrupted and took over positions in the Priestly service, some becoming the High Priest. Others incited unrest by subverting the Sanhedrin, by providing false testimony in which the new-moon would be declared, and hence the dates of the year for the festivals would be altered.

Masorti and Conservative Judaism state that the Oral Tradition is to some degree Divinely inspired, but disregard its legal elements in varying degrees. Reform Judaism also gives some credence to the Talmud containing the Legal elements of the Oral Torah, but, as with the written Torah, asserts that both were inspired by, but not dictated by, God. Reconstructionist Judaism, denies any connection of the Torah, Written or Oral with God.

Christian Bible

The Christian Bible consists of the Hebrew scriptures, which have been called the Old Testament, and some later writings known as the New Testament. Some groups within Christianity include additional books as part one or both of these sections of their sacred writings – most prominent among which are the biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical books.

In Judaism, the term Christian Bible is commonly used to identify only those books like the New Testament which have been added by Christians to the Masoretic Text, and excludes any reference to an Old Testament.[16]

Old Testament

The Old Testament is the collection of books written prior to the life of Jesus but accepted by Christians as scripture. Broadly speaking, it is the same as the Hebrew Bible, however it divides and orders them differently, and varies from Judaism in interpretation and emphasis, see for example Isaiah 7:14. Several Christian denominations also incorporate additional books into their canons of the Old Testament. A few groups consider particular translations to be divinely inspired, notably the Greek Septuagint, the Aramaic Peshitta, and the English King James Version.

Apocryphal or deuterocanonical books

The Septuagint (Greek translation, from Alexandria in Egypt under the Ptolemies) was generally abandoned in favour of the Masoretic text as the basis for translations of the Old Testament into Western languages from St. Jerome's Bible (the Vulgate) to the present day. In Eastern Christianity, translations based on the Septuagint still prevail. Some modern Western translations make use of the Septuagint to clarify passages in the Masoretic text, where the Septuagint may preserve a variant reading of the Hebrew text. They also sometimes adopt variants that appear in other texts e.g. those discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls.

A number of books which are part of the Greek Septuagint but are not found in the Hebrew (Rabbinic) Bible are often referred to as deuterocanonical books by Roman Catholics referring to a later secondary (i.e. deutero) canon. Most Protestants term these books as apocrypha. Evangelicals and those of the Modern Protestant traditions do not accept the deuterocanonical books as canonical, although Protestant Bibles included them in Apocrypha sections until around the 1820s. However, the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches include these books as part of their Old Testament.

The Roman Catholic Church recognizes the following books:

  • Tobit
  • Judith
  • 1 Maccabees
  • 2 Maccabees
  • Wisdom of Solomon
  • Ecclesiasticus
  • Baruch
  • Greek Additions to Esther
  • Greek Additions to Daniel

In addition to those, the Eastern Orthodox Church recognizes the following:

  • 3 Maccabees
  • 1 Esdras i.e. Greek Ezra paraphrase
  • Prayer of Manasseh
  • Psalm 151 as part of the Psalter

Some other Orthodox Churches include a few others, typically:

  • 2 Esdras i.e. Latin Esdras in the Russian and Georgian Bibles
  • Odes

The Anglican Church uses the Apocryphal books liturgically, but not to establish doctrine. Therefore, editions of the Bible intended for use in the Anglican Church include the Deuterocanonical books accepted by the Catholic church, plus 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh, which were in the Vulgate appendix.

There is also 4 Maccabees which is only accepted as canonical in the Georgian Church, but was included by St. Jerome in an appendix to the Vulgate, and is an appendix to the Greek Orthodox Bible, and it therefore sometimes included in collections of the Apocrypha.

New Testament

Main article: New Testament

The Bible as used by the majority of Christians includes the Rabbinic Hebrew Scripture and the New Testament, which relates the life and teachings of Jesus, the letters of the Apostle Paul and other disciples to the early church and the Book of Revelation.


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The New Testament is a collection of 27 books, of 4 different genres of Christian literature (Gospels, one account of the Acts of the Apostles, Epistles and an Apocalypse). Jesus is its central figure. The New Testament was written primarily in Koine Greek in the early Christian period, though a minority argue for Aramaic primacy. Nearly all Christians recognize the New Testament (as stated below) as canonical scripture. These books can be grouped into:

The Gospels

  • Synoptic Gospels
    • Gospel According to Matthew, Mt
    • Gospel According to Mark, Mk
    • Gospel According to Luke, Lk
  • Gospel According to John, Jn
  • Acts of the Apostles, Ac (continues Luke)

Pauline Epistles

  • Epistle to the Romans, Ro
  • First Epistle to the Corinthians, 1Co
  • Second Epistle to the Corinthians, 2Co
  • Epistle to the Galatians, Ga
  • Epistle to the Ephesians, Ep
  • Epistle to the Philippians, Pp
  • Epistle to the Colossians, Cl
  • First Epistle to the Thessalonians, 1Th
  • Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, 2Th
  • Pastoral Epistles
    • First Epistle to Timothy, 1Ti
    • Second Epistle to Timothy, 2Ti
    • Epistle to Titus, Tt
  • Epistle to Philemon, Pm
  • Epistle to the Hebrews, He

General Epistles, also called Jewish Epistles

  • Epistle of James, Jm
  • First Epistle of Peter, 1Pe
  • Second Epistle of Peter, 2Pe
  • First Epistle of John, 1Jn
  • Second Epistle of John, 2Jn
  • Third Epistle of John, 3Jn
  • Epistle of Jude, Jd
  • Revelation, or the Apocalypse Re

The order of these books varies according to Church tradition. The New Testament books are ordered differently in the Catholic/Protestant tradition, the Lutheran tradition, the Slavonic tradition, the Syriac tradition and the Ethiopian tradition.

Original language

The books of the New Testament were likely written in Koine Greek, the language of the earliest extant manuscripts, even though some authors often included translations from Hebrew and Aramaic texts. Certainly the Pauline Epistles were written in Greek for Greek-speaking audiences. See Greek primacy. Some scholars believe that some books of the Greek New Testament (in particular, the Gospel of Matthew) are actually translations of a Hebrew or Aramaic original. Of these, a small number accept the Syriac Peshitta as representative of the original. See Aramaic primacy.

Historic editions

See also: Biblical manuscript and Bible translations
The Codex Gigas from the 13th century, held at the Royal Library in Sweden.
The Codex Gigas from the 13th century, held at the Royal Library in Sweden.

When ancient scribes copied earlier books, they wrote notes on the margins of the page (marginal glosses) to correct their text—especially if a scribe accidentally omitted a word or line—and to comment about the text. When later scribes were copying the copy, they were sometimes uncertain if a note was intended to be included as part of the text. See textual criticism. Over time, different regions evolved different versions, each with its own assemblage of omissions and additions.

The autographs, the Greek manuscripts written by the original authors, have not survived. Scholars surmise the original Greek text from the versions that do survive. The three main textual traditions of the Greek New Testament are sometimes called the Alexandrian text-type (generally minimalist), the Byzantine text-type (generally maximalist), and the Western text-type (occasionally wild). Together they comprise most of the ancient manuscripts.

There are also several ancient translations, most important of which are in the Syriac dialect of Aramaic (including the Peshitta and the Diatessaron gospel harmony), in the Ethiopian language of Ge'ez, and in Latin (both the Vetus Latina and the Vulgate).

In 331, the Emperor Constantine commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople. Athanasius (Apol. Const. 4) recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans. Little else is known, though there is plenty of speculation. For example, it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists, and that Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus are examples of these Bibles. Together with the Peshitta, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles.[17]

The earliest surviving complete manuscript of the entire Bible is the Codex Amiatinus, a Latin Vulgate edition produced in eighth century England at the double monastery of Wearmouth-Jarrow.

The earliest printed edition of the Greek New Testament appeared in 1516 from the Froben press, by Desiderius Erasmus, who reconstructed its Greek text from several recent manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. He occasionally added a Greek translation of the Latin Vulgate for parts that did not exist in the Greek manuscripts. He produced four later editions of this text. Erasmus was Roman Catholic, but his preference for the Byzantine Greek manuscripts rather than the Latin Vulgate led some church authorities to view him with suspicion.

The first printed edition with critical apparatus (noting variant readings among the manuscripts) was produced by the printer Robert Estienne of Paris in 1550. The Greek text of this edition and of those of Erasmus became known as the Textus Receptus (Latin for "received text"), a name given to it in the Elzevier edition of 1633, which termed it as the text nunc ab omnibus receptum ("now received by all").

The churches of the Protestant Reformation translated the Greek of the Textus Receptus to produce vernacular Bibles, such as the German Luther Bible and the English King James Bible.

The discovery of older manuscripts, which belong to the Alexandrian text-type, including the 4th century Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus, led scholars to revise their view about the original Greek text. Attempts to reconstruct the original text are called critical editions. Karl Lachmann based his critical edition of 1831 on manuscripts dating from the 4th century and earlier, to demonstrate that the Textus Receptus must be corrected according to these earlier texts.

Later critical editions incorporate ongoing scholarly research, including discoveries of Greek papyrus fragments from near Alexandria, Egypt, that date in some cases within a few decades of the original New Testament writings.[18] Today, most critical editions of the Greek New Testament, such as UBS4 and NA27, consider the Alexandrian text-type corrected by papyri, to be the Greek text that is closest to the original autographs. Their apparatus includes the result of votes among scholars, ranging from certain {A} to doubtful {E}, on which variants best preserve the original Greek text of the New Testament.

Most variants among the manuscripts are minor, such as alternate spelling, alternate word order, the presence or absence of an optional definite article ("the"), and so on. Occasionally, a major variant happens when a portion of a text was accidentally omitted (or perhaps even censored), or was added from a marginal gloss. Fortunately, major variants tend to be easier to correct. Examples of major variants are the endings of Mark, the Pericope Adulteræ, the Comma Johanneum, and the Western version of Acts.

Critical editions that rely primarily on the Alexandrian text-type inform nearly all modern translations (and revisions of older translations).

However for reasons of tradition, especially the doctrine of the inerrancy of the King James Bible, some modern scholars prefer to use the Textus Receptus for the Greek text, or use the Majority Text which is similar to it but is a critical edition that relies on earlier manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. Among these scholars, some argue that the Byzantine tradition contains scribal additions, but these later interpolations preserve the orthodox interpretations of the biblical text—as part of the ongoing Christian experience—and in this sense are authoritative.

Christian theology

Main article: Christian theology

While individual books within the Christian Bible present narratives set in certain historical periods, most Christian denominations teach that the Bible itself has an overarching message.

There are among Christians wide differences of opinion as to how particular incidents as described in the Bible are to be interpreted and as to what meaning should be attached to various prophecies. However, Christians in general are in agreement as to the Bible's basic message. A general outline, as described by C. S. Lewis, is as follows:[19]

  1. At some point in the past, humanity chose to depart from God's will and began to sin.
  2. Because no one is free from sin, people cannot deal with God directly, so God revealed Himself in ways people could understand.
  3. God called Abraham and his progeny to be the means for saving all of humanity.
  4. To this end, He gave the Law to Moses.
  5. The resulting nation of Israel went through cycles of sin and repentance, yet the prophets show an increasing understanding of the Law as a moral, not just a ceremonial, force.
  6. Jesus brought a perfect understanding of the Mosaic Law, that of love and salvation.
  7. By His death and resurrection, all who believe are saved and reconciled to God.

Many Christians, Muslims, and Jews regard the Bible as inspired by God yet written by a variety of imperfect men over thousands of years. Many others, who identify themselves as Bible-believing Christians, regard both the New and Old Testament as the undiluted Word of God, spoken by God and written down in its perfect form by humans. Still others hold the Biblical infallibility perspective, that the Bible is free from error in spiritual but not scientific matters.

Belief in sacred texts is attested to in Jewish antiquity,[20][21] and this belief can also be seen in the earliest of Christian writings. Various texts of the Bible mention Divine agency in relation to prophetic writings,[22] the most explicit being 2 Tm 3:16: "All scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness."

In their book A General Introduction to the Bible, Norman Geisler and William Nix wrote: "The process of inspiration is a mystery of the providence of God, but the result of this process is a verbal, plenary, inerrant, and authoritative record."[23] Some biblical scholars[24][25][26] associate inspiration with only the original text; for example some American Protestants adhere to the 1978 Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy which asserted that inspiration applied only to the autographic text of Scripture.[27] Others, including some adherents to the King James Only view, attribute inerrancy to particular translations.

Canonization

Main article: Biblical Canon

The word "canon" etymologically means cane or reed. In early Christianity "canon" referred to a list of books approved for public reading. Books not on the list were referred to as "apocryphal" — meaning they were for private reading only. Under Latin usage from the fourth century on, canon came to stand for a closed and authoritative list in the sense of rule or norm.[28]

Hebrew Bible

Main article: Development of the Jewish Bible canon

The New Testament refers to the threefold division of the Hebrew Scriptures: the law, the prophets, and the writings. Luke 24:44 refers to the "law of Moses" (Pentateuch), the "prophets" which include certain historical books in addition to the books now called "prophets," and the psalms (the "writings" designated by its most prominent collection). The Hebrew Bible probably was canonized in these three stages: the law canonized before the Exile, the prophets by the time of the Syrian persecution of the Jews, and the writings shortly after AD 70 (the fall of Jerusalem). About that time, early Christian writings began being accepted by Christians as "scripture." These events, taken together, may have caused the Jews to close their "canon." They listed their own recognized Scriptures and also excluded both Christian and Jewish writings considered by them to be "apocryphal." In this canon the thirty-nine books found in the Old Testament of today's Christian Bibles were grouped together as twenty-two books, equaling the number of letters in the Hebrew alphabet. This canon of Jewish scripture is attested to by Philo, Josephus, the New Testament (Luke 11:51, Luke 24:44), and the Talmud.[28]

The New Testament writers assumed the inspiration of the Old Testament, probably earliest stated in 2 Timothy 3:16 which may be rendered "All Scripture is inspired of God" or "Every God-inspired Scripture is profitable for teaching." Both translations consider inspiration as a fact.[28]

Old and New Testaments

Main articles: Development of the Old Testament canon and Development of the New Testament canon

The Old Testament canon entered into Christian use in the Greek Septuagint translations and original books, and their differing lists of texts. In addition to the Septuagint, Christianity subsequently added various writings that would become the New Testament. Somewhat different lists of accepted works continued to develop in antiquity. In the fourth century a series of synods produced a list of texts equal to the 39-to-46-book canon of the Old Testament and to the 27-book canon of the New Testament that would be subsequently used to today, most notably the Synod of Hippo in AD 393. Also c. 400, Jerome produced a definitive Latin edition of the Bible (see Vulgate), the canon of which, at the insistence of the Pope, was in accord with the earlier Synods. With the benefit of hindsight it can be said that this process effectively set the New Testament canon, although there are examples of other canonical lists in use after this time. A definitive list did not come from an Ecumenical Council until the Council of Trent (1545–63).[29]

During the Protestant Reformation, certain reformers proposed different canonical lists than what was currently in use. Though not without debate, see Antilegomena, the list of New Testament books would come to remain the same; however, the Old Testament texts present in the Septuagint, but not included in the Jewish canon, fell out of favor. In time they would come to be removed from most Protestant canons. Hence, in a Catholic context these texts are referred to as deuterocanonical books, whereas in a Protestant context they are referred to as Apocrypha, the label applied to all texts excluded from the biblical canon which were in the Septuagint. It should also be noted, that Catholics and Protestants both describe certain other books, such as the Acts of Peter, as apocryphal.

Thus, the Protestant Old Testament of today has a 39-book canon—the number varies from that of the books in the Tanakh (though not in content) because of a different method of division—while the Roman Catholic Church recognizes 46 books as part of the canonical Old Testament. The term "Hebrew Scriptures" is only synonymous with the Protestant Old Testament, not the Catholic, which contains the Hebrew Scriptures and additional texts. Both Catholics and Protestants have the same 27-book New Testament Canon.

Ethiopian Orthodox canon

The Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is wider than for most other Christian groups. The Ethiopian Old Testament Canon includes the books found in the Septuagint accepted by other Orthodox Christians, in addition to Enoch and Jubilees which are ancient Jewish books that only survived in Ge'ez but are quoted in the New Testament, also Greek Ezra First and the Apocalypse of Ezra, 3 books of Meqabyan, and Psalm 151 at the end of the Psalter. The three books of Meqabyan are not be confused with the books of Maccabees. The order of the other books is somewhat different from other groups', as well. The Old Testament follows the Septuagint order for the Minor Prophets rather than the Jewish order.

Bible versions and translations

Further information: Bible translations
A Bible handwritten in Latin, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. This Bible was transcribed in Belgium in 1407 for reading aloud in a monastery.
A Bible handwritten in Latin, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. This Bible was transcribed in Belgium in 1407 for reading aloud in a monastery.

In scholarly writing, ancient translations are frequently referred to as "versions," with the term "translation" being reserved for medieval or modern translations.[citation needed] Bible versions are discussed below, while Bible translations can be found on a separate page.

The original texts of the Tanakh were in Hebrew, although some portions were in Aramaic. In addition to the authoritative Masoretic Text, Jews still refer to the Septuagint, the translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, and the Targum Onkelos, an Aramaic version of the Bible. There are several different ancient versions of the Tanakh in Hebrew, mostly differing by spelling, and the traditional Jewish version is based on the version known as Aleppo Codex. Even in this version by itself, there are words which are traditionally read differently than written (sometimes one word is written and another is read), because the oral tradition is considered more fundamental than the written one, and presumably mistakes had been made in copying the text over the generations.

The primary biblical text for early Christians was the Septuagint or (LXX). In addition they translated the Hebrew Bible into several other languages. Translations were made into Syriac, Coptic, Ge'ez and Latin, among other languages. The Latin translations were historically the most important for the Church in the West, while the Greek-speaking East continued to use the Septuagint translations of the Old Testament and had no need to translate the New Testament.

The earliest Latin translation was the Old Latin text, or Vetus Latina, which, from internal evidence, seems to have been made by several authors over a period of time. It was based on the Septuagint, and thus included books not in the Hebrew Bible.

Pope Damasus I assembled the first list of books of the Bible at the Council of Rome in 382 AD. He commissioned Saint Jerome to produce a reliable and consistent text by translating the original Greek and Hebrew texts into Latin. This translation became known as the Latin Vulgate Bible and in 1546 at the Council of Trent was declared by the Church to be the only authentic and official Bible in the Latin rite.

Bible translations for many languages have been made through the various influences of Catholicism, Orthodox, Protestant, etc especially since the Protestant Reformation. The Bible has seen a notably large number of English language translations.

The work of Bible translation continues, including by Christian organisations such as Wycliffe Bible Translators (wycliffe.net), New Tribes Missions (ntm.org) and the Bible Societies (biblesociety.org). Of the world's 6,900 languages, 2,400 have some or all of the Bible, 1,600 (spoken by more than a billion people) have translation underway, and some 2,500 (spoken by 270 million people) are judged as needing translation to begin.[30]

Characteristics of early Bible texts

See also: Chapters and verses of the Bible
  • The use of numbered chapters and verses was not introduced until the Middle Ages and later. The system used in English was developed by Stephanus (Robert Estienne of Paris) (as noted below)
  • Early manuscripts of the letters of Paul and other New Testament writings show no punctuation whatsoever. [1] The punctuation was added later by other editors, according to their own understanding of the text.

Differences in Bible translations

This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress.
This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress.
See also: Bible translations: Approaches.

As Hebrew and Greek, the original languages of the Bible, have idioms and concepts not easily translated, there is an on going critical tension about whether it is better to give a word for word translation or to give a translation that gives a parallel idiom in the target language. For instance, in the English language Catholic translation, the New American Bible, as well as the Protestant translations of the Christian Bible, translations like the King James Version, the New Revised Standard Version, and the New American Standard Bible are seen as fairly literal translations (or "word for word"), whereas translations like the New International Version and New Living Translation attempt to give relevant parallel idioms. The Living Bible and The Message are two paraphrases of the Bible that try to convey the original meaning in contemporary language. The further away one gets from word to word translation, the text becomes easier to read while relying more on the theological, linguistic or cultural understanding of the translator, which one would not normally expect a lay reader to require.

One translation of the Bible, the New World Translation, used mainly by Jehovah's Witnesses, is seen as controversial by some because of the renderings of key verses. However, this Bible also takes a "word for word" translation stance.

Inclusive language

Traditionally, English masculine pronouns have been used interchangeably to refer to the male gender and to all people. For instance, "All men are mortal" is not intended to imply that males are mortal but females are immortal. English language readers and hearers have had to interpret masculine pronouns (and such words as "man" and "mankind") based on context. Further, both Hebrew and Greek, like some of the Latin-origin languages, use the male gender of nouns and pronouns to refer to groups that contain both sexes. This creates some difficulty in determining whether a noun or pronoun should be translated using terms that refer to men only, or generically to men and women inclusively. Context sometimes, but not always, helps determine whether to decode them in a gender-insensitive or gender-specific way.

Contemporary language has changed in many cases to reflect criticism of the use of the masculine gender, which has been characterized as discriminatory. Current style guides, such as APA, MLA, NCTE, and others, have published statements encouraging, and in some cases requiring, the use of inclusive language, which avoids language this approach regards as sexist or class-distinctive.

Until recently, virtually all English translations of the Bible have used masculine nouns and pronouns both specifically (to refer to males) and generically (when the reference is not necessarily gender-specific). Recent examples of translations which incorporate gender-inclusive language include the New Revised Standard Version, the Revised English Bible, and Today's New International Version.

Comparison of Traditional vs Gender-Inclusive Translations of Rom. 12:6-8
Original New International Version Today's New International Version
We have different gifts, according to the grace given us. If a man's gift is prophesying, let him use it in proportion to his faith. If it is serving, let him serve; if it is teaching, let him teach; if it is encouraging, let him encourage; if it is contributing to the needs of others, let him give generously; if it is leadership, let him govern diligently; if it is showing mercy, let him do it cheerfully. We have different gifts, according to the grace given to each of us. If your gift is prophesying, then prophesy in accordance with your faith; if it is serving, then serve; if it is teaching, then teach; if it is to encourage, then give encouragement; if it is giving, then give generously; if it is to lead, do it diligently; if it is to show mercy, do it cheerfully.

Chapters and verses

Main article: Chapters and verses of the Bible
See Tanakh for the Jewish textual tradition.

The Hebrew Masoretic text contains verse endings as an important feature. According to the Talmudic tradition, the verse endings are of ancient origin. The Masoretic textual tradition also contains section endings called parashiyot, which are indicated by a space within a line (a "closed" section") or a new line beginning (an "open" section). The division of the text reflected in the parashiyot is usually thematic. The parashiyot are not numbered.

In early manuscripts (most importantly in Tiberian Masoretic manuscripts, such as the Aleppo codex) an "open" section may also be represented by a blank line, and a "closed" section by a new line that is slightly indented (the preceding line may also not be full). These latter conventions are no longer used in Torah scrolls and printed Hebrew Bibles. In this system the one rule differentiating "open" and "closed" sections is that "open" sections must always begin at the beginning of a new line, while "closed" sections never start at the beginning of a new line.

Another related feature of the Masoretic text is the division of the sedarim. This division is not thematic, but is almost entirely based upon the quantity of text.

The Byzantines also introduced a chapter division of sorts, called Kephalaia. It is not identical to the present chapters.

The current division of the Bible into chapters and the verse numbers within the chapters has no basis in any ancient textual tradition. Rather, they are medieval Christian inventions. They were later adopted by many Jews as well, as technical references within the Hebrew text. Such technical references became crucial to medieval rabbis in the historical context of forced debates with Christian clergy (who used the chapter and verse numbers), especially in late medieval Spain.[31] Chapter divisions were first used by Jews in a 1330 manuscript and for a printed edition in 1516. However, for the past generation, most Jewish editions of the complete Hebrew Bible have made a systematic effort to relegate chapter and verse numbers to the margins of the text.

The division of the Bible into chapters and verses has often elicited severe criticism from traditionalists and modern scholars alike. Critics charge that the text is often divided into chapters in an incoherent way, or at inappropriate rhetorical points, and that it encourages citing passages out of context, in effect turning the Bible into a kind of textual quarry for clerical citations. Nevertheless, the chapter divisions and verse numbers have become indispensable as technical references for Bible study.

Stephen Langton is reputed to have been the first to put the chapter divisions into a Vulgate edition of the Bible, in 1205. They were then inserted into Greek manuscripts of the New Testament in the 1400s. Robert Estienne (Robert Stephanus) was the first to number the verses within each chapter, his verse numbers entering printed editions in 1551 (New Testament) and 1571 (Hebrew Bible).[32][33]

Biblical criticism

Main articles: Biblical criticism and Criticism of the Bible

Biblical criticism refers to the investigation of the Bible as a text, and addresses questions such as authorship, dates of composition, and authorial intention. It is not the same as Criticism of the Bible, which is an assertion against the Bible being a source of information or ethical guidance.

Higher criticism

Main articles: Higher criticism and Lower criticism

The traditional view of the Mosaic authorship of the Torah came under sporadic criticism from medieval scholars including Isaac ibn Yashush, Abraham ibn Ezra, Bonfils of Damascus and bishop Tostatus of Avila, who pointed to passages such as the description of the death of Moses in Deuteronomy as evidence that some portions, at least, could not have been written by Moses. In the 17th century Thomas Hobbes collected the current evidence and became the first scholar to conclude outright that Moses could not have written the bulk of the Torah. Shortly afterwards the philosopher Baruch Spinoza published a unified critical analysis, demonstrating that the problematic passages were not isolated cases that could be explained away one by one, but pervasive throughout the five books, concluding that it was "clearer than the sun at noon that the Pentateuch was not written by Moses…." Despite determined opposition from the Church, both Catholic and Protestant, the views of Hobbes and Spinoza gained increasing acceptance amongst scholars.

Documentary hypothesis

Main article: Documentary hypothesis

Scholars intrigued by the hypothesis that Moses had not written the Pentateuch considered other authors. Independent but nearly simultaneous proposals by H. B. Witter, Jean Astruc, and Johann Gottfried Eichhorn separated the Pentateuch into two original documentary components, both dating from after the time of Moses. Others hypothesized the presence of two additional sources. The four documents were given working titles: J (or Yahwist), E (Elohist), P (Priestly), and D (Deuteronomist), each was discernible by its own characteristic language, and each, when read in isolation, presented a unified, coherent narrative.

Subsequent scholars, notably Eduard Reuss, Karl Heinrich Graf and Wilhelm Vatke, turned their attention to the order in which the documents had been composed (which they deduced from internal clues) and placed them in the context of a theory of the development of ancient Israelite religion, suggesting that much of the Laws and the narrative of the Pentateuch were unknown to the Israelites in the time of Moses. These were synthesized by Julius Wellhausen (1844-1918), who suggested a historical framework for the composition of the documents and their redaction (combination) into the final document known as the Pentateuch. This hypothesis was challenged by William Henry Green in his The Mosaic Origins of the Pentateuchal Codes (available online). Nonetheless, according to contemporary Torah scholar Richard Elliott Friedman, Wellhausen's model of the documentary hypothesis continues to dominate the field of biblical scholarship: "To this day, if you want to disagree, you disagree with Wellhausen. If you want to pose a new model, you compare its merits with those of Wellhausen's model."[34]

The documentary hypothesis is important in the field of biblical studies not only because it claims that the Torah was written by different people at different times—generally long after the events it describes—[35] but it also proposed what was at the time a radically new way of reading the Bible. Many proponents of the documentary hypothesis view the Bible more as a body of literature than a work of history, believing that the historical value of the text lies not in its account of the events that it describes, but in what critics can infer about the times in which the authors lived (as critics may read Hamlet to learn about seventeenth-century England, but will not read it to learn about seventh-century Denmark).

Modern developments

The critical analysis of authorship now encompasses every book of the Bible. Every book in turn has been hypothesized to bear traces of multiple authorship[citation needed], even the book of Obadiah[citation needed], which is only a single page. In some cases the traditional view on authorship has been overturned; in others, additional support, at least in part has been found.

The development of the hypothesis has not stopped with Wellhausen. Wellhausen's hypothesis, for example, proposed that the four documents were composed in the order J-E-D-P, with P, containing the bulk of the Jewish law, dating from the post-Exilic Second Temple period (i.e., after 515 BC);[36] but the contemporary view is that P is earlier than D, and that all four books date from the First Temple period (i.e., prior to 587 BC).[37] The documentary hypothesis has more recently been refined by later scholars such as Martin Noth (who in 1943 provided evidence that Deuteronomy plus the following six books make a unified history from the hand of a single editor), Harold Bloom, Frank Moore Cross and Richard Elliot Friedman.

The documentary hypothesis, at least in the four-document version advanced by Wellhausen, has been controversial since its formulation. The direction of this criticism is to question the existence of separate, identifiable documents, positing instead that the biblical text is made up of almost innumerable strands so interwoven as to be hardly untangleable—the J document, in particular, has been subjected to such intense dissection that it seems in danger of disappearing.

Although biblical archaeology has confirmed the existence of many people, places, and events mentioned in the Bible, many critical scholars have argued that the Bible be read not as an accurate historical document, but rather as a work of literature and theology that often draws on historical events—as well as upon non-Hebrew mythology—as primary source material(see The Bible and history). For these scholars, the Bible reveals much about the lives and times of its authors and compilers. The relevance of these ideas to contemporary religious life is left to clerics and adherents of contemporary religions to decide.

Theological responses

Judaism

The claim that the Torah—"the Five Books of Moses"—were not written by Moses, but by many authors long after Moses was said to have lived, directly challenged Jewish orthodoxy. For most, this claim implies that the Torah itself—especially its account of God's revelation at Mt. Sinai—is not historically reliable. Although many Orthodox scholars have rejected this "Higher Criticism", most Conservative and virtually all Reform Jewish scholars have accepted it. Consequently, there has been considerable debate among Jewish scholars as to the nature of revelation and the divine nature of the Torah. Conservative Jewish philosopher Elliot Dorff has categorized five distinct major Jewish positions in these debates within Conservative Judaism in the 20th century:[38]

  • Orthodox (characterized by Eliezer Berkovitz and Norman Lamm): "Verbal Revelation: The Torah, including both the Written and Oral Traditions, consists of the exact words of God. He gave it all as one piece at Sinai."*
  • Conservative I (characterized by Isaac Lesser, Alexander Kohut, Abraham Joshua Heschel, and David Novak): "Continuous Revelation:God dictated His will at Sinai and other times. It was written down by human beings, however, and hence the diverse traditions in the Bible."
  • Conservative II (characterized by Ben Zion Bokser, Robert Gordis, Max Routtenberg and Emil Fackenheim): "Continuous Revelation: Human beings wrote the Torah, but they were divinely inspired."
  • Conservative III (characterized by Louis Jacobs, Seymour Seigel, Jacob Agus, David Lieber and Elliot Dorff): "Continuous Revelation: The Torah is the human record of the concounter between God and the People Israel at Sinai. Since it was written by human beings, it contains some laws and ideas which we find repugnant today."
  • Conservative IV/Reconstructionist (characterized by Mordecai Kaplan, Ira Eisenstein and Harold Schulweis): "No Revelation: Human beings wrote the Torah. No claim for divinity of the product."

In addition to the 5 categories described by Elliott, other positions have been adopted:

  • Traditional Rabbi David Weiss HaLivni, the founder of the Union for Traditional Judaism, adapted a position he describes as chatu yisrael ("Israel sinned"), that God revealed the Torah to Moses on Mount Sinai but it subsequently became corrupted and lost, and Ezra restored it by redacting it from multiple manuscripts reflecting disparate traditions. Under this view, the Torah is the best available record of the Divine will, has prophetic commendation, and is binding on the Jewish people, but is not necessarily entirely free of disparaties.[39]
  • Reform (characterized by the Movement's 1937 Guiding Principles): "Progressive revelation: The Torah is God's will written by human beings. As time goes on, we get to understand his will better and better (="progressive revelation").
  • Reconstructionist Reconstructionist Judaism generally adapts the textual critical approach in toto and regards the Torah as either inspired rather than revealed, or an entirely human product rather than the product of an external God.

Christianity

In 1943 Pope Pius XII's encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu gave the Vatican's imprimatur to textual criticism.

Archaeological and historical research

Main article: Biblical Archaeology

According to recent theories, linguistic as well as archaeological, the global structure of the texts in the Hebrew Bible were compiled during the reign of King Josiah in the 7th century BC. Even though the components are derived from more ancient writings, the final form of the books is believed to have been set somewhere between the 1st century BC and the 4th century AD.

With regard to the Exodus and the 40-year sojourn in the desert, archaeological digs in possible Biblical locations have been unsuccessful so far. There is also no archaeological evidence of a conquest of the land and cities of Canaan of the kind recounted in the Book of Joshua.

However, after the split of the Kingdom of Israel in the second half of the 9th century BC, archaeological findings fit the Biblical chronology.

Nomadist theory

The ancestors of the Hebrews and the Jews are believed to be either nomads who have become sedentary, or people from the plains of Canaan, who fled to the highlands to escape the control of the cities. These positions are held by Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman in The Bible Unearthed, by the American archaeologist William Dever in Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come from?, and by Jean-Marie Husser, professor at Marc Bloch University in Strasbourg, France.

See also

Biblical scholarship and analysis
Bible Portal

Perspectives on the Bible

  • Bibliolatry
  • Calvin's view of Scripture
  • Jewish Biblical exegesis
  • Islamic view of the Bible
  • Biblical narratives and the Qur'an
  • Criticism of the Bible
  • Gnosticism and the New Testament
  • Christianity and Judaism
  • Biblical law in Christianity
  • Bible prophecy
  • Biblical inerrancy
  • New Testament view on Jesus' life
  • Ten Commandments
  • Parsha
  • Ritual Decalogue
  • Jewish messianism
  • Summary of Christian eschatological differences
  • Bibliomancy is the use of random readings from a book for divination. When practiced in Jewish and Christian cultures, the Bible is often used.
  • Bible conspiracy theory
  • Bible code
  • The Skeptic's Annotated Bible

Interpretation

  • Biblical literalism
  • Biblical hermeneutics
  • Midrash
  • Pardes

History and the Bible

Biblical topics

Bible societies

  • See Bible society for a list.

Commentaries

See Biblical exegesis.

Religious texts

  • Qur'an
  • Guru Granth Sahib
  • Hindu texts
  • Book of the Dead

Notes

  1. See: McDonald and Sanders's The Canon Debate, 2002.
  2. PC(USA) - Presbyterian 101 - What is The Bible?
  3. Including Tobit, Judith, Additions to Esther, Wisdom, Ben Sira, Baruch, the Letter of Jeremiah, Additions to Daniel, 1 Maccabees, and 2 Maccabees. See: Books of the Septuagint
  4. United Bible Society (2008), Statistical Summary of languages with the Scriptures, <http://www.ubs-translations.org/about_us/#c165>. Retrieved on 22 March 2008 
  5. Online Etymology Dictionary entry for word "Bible"
  6. Biblion, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
  7. "From Hebrew Bible to Christian Bible" by Mark Hamilton on PBS's site From Jesus to Christ: The First Christians
  8. Bible Study, Bible Facts (HTML). Retrieved on 2007-11-05.
  9. The Canon Debate, McDonald & Sanders editors, chapter by Sundberg, page 72, adds further detail: "However, it was not until the time of Augustine of Hippo (354-430 CE) that the Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures came to be called by the Latin term septuaginta. [70 rather than 72] In his City of God 18.42, while repeating the story of Aristeas with typical embellishments, Augustine adds the remark, "It is their translation that it has now become traditional to call the Septuagint" ...[Latin omitted]... Augustine thus indicates that this name for the Greek translation of the scriptures was a recent development. But he offers no clue as to which of the possible antecedents led to this development: Exod 24:1-8, Josephus [Antiquities 12.57, 12.86], or an elision. ...this name Septuagint appears to have been a fourth- to fifth-century development."
  10. Karen Jobes and Moises Silva, Invitation to the Septuagint ISBN 1-84227-061-3, (Paternoster Press, 2001). - The current standard for Introductory works on the Septuagint.
  11. Jennifer M. Dines, The Septuagint, Michael A. Knibb, Ed., London: T&T Clark, 2004
  12. a b Menachem Cohen, The Idea of the Sanctity of the Biblical Text and the Science of Textual Criticism in HaMikrah V'anachnu, ed. Uriel Simon, HaMachon L'Yahadut U'Machshava Bat-Z'mananu and Dvir, Tel-Aviv, 1979
  13. Accuracy of Torah Text
  14. The Canon Debate, McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, pages 414-415, for the entire paragraph
  15. Metzger, Bruce R. Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Paleography (Oxford University Press, 1981) cf. Papyrus 52
  16. A Summary of the Bible by Lewis, CS: Believer's Web.
  17. Philo of Alexandria, De vita Moysis 3.23.
  18. Josephus, Contra Apion 1.8.
  19. "Basis for belief of Inspiration". Biblegateway. 
  20. Norman L. Geisler, William E. Nix (1986). A General Introduction to the Bible. Moody Publishers, 86. ISBN 0-8024-2916-5. 
  21. for example, seeLeroy Zuck, Roy B. Zuck (1991). Basic Bible Interpretation. Chariot Victor Pub, 68. ISBN 0-89693-819-0. 
  22. Roy B. Zuck, Donald Campbell (2002). Basic Bible Interpretation. Victor. ISBN 0-7814-3877-2. 
  23. Norman L. Geisler (1979, 1980). Inerrancy. The Zondervan Corporation, 294. ISBN 0-310-39281-0. 
  24. International Council on Biblical Inerrancy (1978). "The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy" (pdf). . International Council on Biblical Inerrancy
  25. a b c Stagg, Frank. New Testament Theology. Nashville: Broadman, 1962. ISBN 0805416137
  26. www.vision2025.org
  27. see Spanish Inquisition
  28. Chapters and Verses.
  29. The Examiner.
  30. Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who Wrote the Bible?," HarperSanFrancisco, 1997 (2nd edition).
  31. Joel Rosenberg, 1984 "The Bible: Biblical Narrative" in Barry Holtz, ed Back to the Sources New York: Summit Books p. 36; Nahum Sarna, 1986 Understanding Genesis New York:Schocken Books p. xxi-xxiii
  32. Wellhausen adopted the idea of a post-Exilic date for P from Eduard Reuss.
  33. Although the bulk of all four documents date from before 587 BC, the strand of D known as Dtr2 dates from the following Exilic period.
  34. Elliot Dorff 1978 Conservative Judaism: Our Ancestors to Our Descendents New York: United Synagogue Youth pp. 114-115
  35. Rabbi David Weiss HaLivni, Revelation Restored: Divine Writ and Critical Responses. Westview Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0813333472

References and further reading

  • Anderson, Bernhard W. Understanding the Old Testament. ISBN 0-13-948399-3.
  • Berlin, Adele, Marc Zvi Brettler and Michael Fishbane. The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-529751-2.
  • Asimov, Isaac. Asimov's Guide to the Bible. New York, NY: Avenel Books, 1981. ISBN 0-517-34582-X.
  • Dever, William G. Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did they Come from? Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2003. ISBN 0-8028-0975-8.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why New York, NY: HarperSanFrancisco, 2005. ISBN 0-06-073817-0.
  • Finkelstein, Israel and Silberman, Neil A. The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-86913-6.
  • Geisler, Norman (editor). Inerrancy. Sponsored by the International Council on Biblical Inerrancy. Zondervan Publishing House, 1980, ISBN 0-310-39281-0.
  • Head, Tom. The Absolute Beginner's Guide to the Bible. Indianapolis, IN: Que Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0-7897-3419-2.
  • Hoffman, Joel M. In the Beginning. New York University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8147-3690-4.
  • Lindsell, Harold. The Battle for the Bible. Zondervan Publishing House, 1978. ISBN 0-310-27681-0.
  • Lienhard, Joseph T. The Bible, The Church, and Authority. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1995.
  • Miller, John W. The Origins of the Bible: Rethinking Canon History Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1994. ISBN 0-8091-3522-1.
  • McDonald, Lee M. and Sanders, James A., eds. The Canon Debate. Hendrickson Publishers (January 1, 2002). 662p. ISBN-10: 1565635175 ISBN-13: 978-1565635173
  • Riches, John. The Bible: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-285343-0
  • Taylor, Hawley O. "Mathematics and Prophecy." Modern Science and Christian Faith. Wheaton: Van Kampen, 1948, pp. 175–83.

External links

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Principles of faith · Chosen people · Eschatology · Ethics · Halakha · Holocaust theology · Kabbalah · Kashrut · Messianism · Minyan · Mussar Movement · Names of God · Seven Laws of Noah · Tzedakah · Tzniut
Religious texts
Tanakh (Torah · Nevi'im · Ketuvim) · Arba'ah Turim · Chumash · Kuzari · Midrash · Mishnah Berurah · Mishneh Torah · Piyyut · Rabbinic works · Shulchan Aruch · Siddur · Talmud · Tosefta · Zohar
Jewish leadership
Abraham · Isaac · Jacob · Sarah · Rebecca · Rachel · Leah · Moses · Deborah · Ruth · David · Solomon · Elijah · Hillel · Shammai · Judah haNasi · Saadia Gaon · Rashi · Isaac Alfasi · Abraham ibn Ezra · Tosafists · Rambam · Nahmanides · Asher ben Jehiel · Gersonides · Joseph Albo · Yosef Karo · Baal Shem Tov · Shneur Zalman of Liadi · Vilna Gaon · Leopold Zunz · Israel Jacobson · Abraham Geiger · Ben Ish Chai · Avrohom Mordechai Alter · Ovadia Yosef · Moshe Feinstein · Elazar Shach · Menachem Schneerson
Life and culture
Who is a Jew? · Bar Mitzvah / Bat Mitzvah · Bereavement · Brit milah · Etymology of the word Jew · Marriage · Niddah · Pidyon HaBen · Secular Jewish culture · Shidduch · Zeved habat
Roles and places
Four Holy Cities (Jerusalem · Safed · Hebron · Tiberias) · Beth din · Gabbai · Hazzan · Kohen · Maggid · Mashgiach · Mikvah · Mohel · Rabbi · Rebbe · Rosh yeshiva · Synagogue · Temple · Tabernacle · Western Wall
Religious articles
Aleinu · Amidah · Four Species · Gartel · Hallel · Havdalah · Kaddish · Kittel · Kol Nidre · Ma Tovu · Menorah (Hanukiah) · Mezuzah · Prayer · Sefer Torah · Services · Shema Yisrael · Shofar · Tallit · Tefillin · Tzitzit · Yad · Yarmulke
Other religions
Jewish views of religious pluralism · Abrahamic religions · Christianity (Catholicism · Christian-Jewish reconciliation · Judeo-Christian · Mormonism) · Islam · Jewish Buddhist · Judeo-Paganism · Others
Languages
Hebrew · Judeo-Arabic · Judeo-Aramaic · Judeo-Persian · Ladino · Yiddish
History
Ancient · Temple in Jerusalem · Babylonian captivity · Jerusalem (Significance · Timeline) · Hasmonean · Herod · Sanhedrin · Pharisees Saducees · Essenes · First Jewish-Roman War · Bar Kokhba revolt · Diaspora · Middle Ages · Muslim rule · Sabbateans · Haskalah · Emancipation · The Holocaust · Aliyah · Israel (History) · Arab-Israeli and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts · Land of Israel · Baal teshuva movement · History of the Jews in Jamaica
Politics
Zionism (General · Labor · Religious · Revisionist) · Political movements (Jewish left · Jewish right · Jewish anarchism) · General Jewish Labor Union · World Agudath Israel · Feminism · Politics of Israel
Antisemitism
History · Persecution · New · Racial · Religious · Secondary

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; from the article "Bible". Image Credit.
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Topics by Level of Interest: Bible

Topics sorted by level of Interest Level (1=low, 600=high)     Topics sorted Alphabetically Level (1=low, 600=high)
Bible 240     100-Minute Bible 4
Bible translations 198     1614 Low German Bible 14
Bible translations by language 160     1919 Bible Conference 14
Alcohol in the Bible 156     1952 Bible Conference 11
Community Chapel and Bible Training Center 104     Aid to Bible Understanding 10
Bible prophecy 96     Alan Bible 9
List of the animals in the Bible 92     Alan Bible Botanical Garden 2
Poor Man's Bible 84     Alaska Bible College 3
The Bible and homosexuality 76     Alba Bible 12
Hebrew Bible views on women 72     Alcohol in the Bible 156
Chronology of the Bible 67     American Bible Society 9
The Bible and history 64     Amplified Bible 8
Bible code 62     Anchor Bible Series 24
Books of the Bible 61     Animals in the Bible 6
Internal consistency of the Bible 58     Animals of the Bible 5
Criticism of the Bible 54     Animated Stories from the Bible 10
Neon Bible 53     Appalachian Bible College 8
Historical criticism in Bible studies 46     Asimov's Guide to the Bible 4
Development of the Jewish Bible canon 44     Associated Bible Students 3
The Satanic Bible 43     Association Free Lutheran Bible School and Seminary 8
English translations of the Bible 41     Authors of the Bible 36
Luther Bible 40     Back to the Bible 7
Jewish English Bible translations 39     Banishment in the Bible 32
Modern English Bible translations 39     Banned from the Bible 21
Slavic translations of the Bible 38     Banned from the Bible II 5
Moody Bible Institute 37     Baptist Bible College 19
Authors of the Bible 36     Baptist Bible College & Seminary 12
Chapters and verses of the Bible 35     Baptist Bible College (Springfield, Missouri) 10
List of Bible translators 35     Baptist Bible Fellowship International 10
Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible 35     Bethany Bible College 16
Early editions of the Hebrew Bible 34     Bethel Bible College 3
Figs in the Bible 33     Bible 240
Douay-Rheims Bible 33     Bible (alternative meanings) 2
Banishment in the Bible 32     Bible (writing) 8
The Holy Bible 32     Bible Adventures 9
Bible Belt 31     Bible and Spade 3
The Book of Mormon and the King James Bible 31     Bible Baptist 5
Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible 31     Bible believer 6
Dana X. Bible 31     Bible Believers 13
Chinese Bible Translations 31     Bible Belt 31
The Holy Bible (album) 30     Bible Belt (Netherlands) 8
Johnson Bible College 30     Bible Black 26
Bible version debate 30     Bible box 4
Bible Student movement 29     Bible Broadcasting Network 14
Bible Quiz 28     Bible Buffet 5
RHEMA Bible Training Center 28     Bible Builder 3
Spanish translations of the Bible 28     Bible Christian Church 5
Dating the Bible 27     Bible Christian Mission 3
Science and the Bible 27     Bible Christians 3
Geneva Bible 26     Bible citation 5
Hebrew Bible 26     Bible code 62
Early Modern English Bible translations 26     Bible college 9
Bible Black 26     Bible College of Malaysia 5
The Bible Unearthed 26     Bible College of New Zealand 5
The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible 26     Bible College of South Australia 3
Tyndale Bible 26     Bible College of Victoria 4
Orange Catholic Bible 26     Bible colleges affiliated with Australian Christian Churches 10
Anchor Bible Series 24     Bible Companion 14
National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools 24     Bible conspiracy theory 8
Megami Tensei Gaiden: Last Bible 24     Bible de Souvigny 4
Gender in Bible translation 24     Bible Dictionary (LDS Church) 6
New English Bible 23     Bible errata 16
Gutenberg Bible 23     Bible Fellowship Church 7
Go Bible 22     Bible Grove Township, Clay County, Illinois 10
Starless and Bible Black 22     Bible Hill, Nova Scotia 17
Banned from the Bible 21     Bible Hill Junior High 3
Patriot Bible University 21     Bible in Basic English 6
Bullet in a Bible 21     Bible in the Schools 9
List of English Bible translations 21     Bible in Worldwide English 3
Darby Bible 21     Bible Institute of South Africa 3
Zion Bible College 20     Bible John 12
Gothic Bible 20     Bible John (alternative meanings) 2
Third day in the Bible 20     Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem 5
The Skeptic's Annotated Bible 20     Bible Methodist Connection of Churches 16
Bible study 20     Bible Missionary Church 3
Baptist Bible College 19     Bible Numerics 8
Islamic view of the Bible 19     Bible of a Pimp 5
New American Standard Bible 19     Bible of Dreams 7
Emmanuel Bible College 19     Bible of Kralice 4
Bishops' Bible 19     Bible of San Paolo fuori le Mura 4
Simpsons Bible Stories 19     Bible paper 3
Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ 19     Bible Presbyterian Church 11
Holman Christian Standard Bible 17     Bible prophecy 96
Jerusalem Bible 17     Bible publishing firm murders in Malatya, Turkey 14
The Perry Bible Fellowship 17     Bible Quiz 28
Bible Hill, Nova Scotia 17     Bible quotations 6
Niagara Bible Conference 17     Bible Reader for Palm 6
Ethics in the Bible 16     Bible Review 4
Bethany Bible College 16     Bible society 15
Mars Hill Bible School 16     Bible Society In Australia 11
Grace Bible College 16     Bible Society In New Zealand 3
Theophory in the Bible 16     Bible Society NSW 3
Bible errata 16     Bible Society of India 3
Bible Methodist Connection of Churches 16     Bible story 3
Bible society 15     Bible Student movement 29
Oahspe: A New Bible 15     Bible Students 2
The Living Bible 15     Bible study 20
Logos Bible Software 15     Bible study (Christian) 9
Jefferson Bible 15     Bible Study Fellowship (BSF) 9
Revised English Bible 15     Bible thumper 3
Jewish commentaries on the Bible 14     Bible Tower 4
1614 Low German Bible 14     Bible Training Partnership 3
Recovery Version of the Bible 14     Bible translations 198
Bible Broadcasting Network 14     Bible translations by language 160
New Jerusalem Bible 14     Bible version debate 30
Bible Companion 14     Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ 19
Great Bible 14     Bishops' Bible 19
Bible publishing firm murders in Malatya, Turkey 14     Black Bible Chronicles 6
New Cambridge Paragraph Bible 14     Blue Letter Bible 7
New American Bible 14     Boise Bible College 9
1919 Bible Conference 14     Books of the Bible 61
List of Hebrew Bible events 13     British and Foreign Bible Society 8
Logos International Study Bible 13     Bucharest Bible of 1688 5
Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams 13     Bullet in a Bible 21
Wyclif's Bible 13     Calov Bible 6
World English Bible 13     Calvary Bible College 5
Orthodox Study Bible (Eastern Orthodox) 13     Calvary Chapel Bible College 7
Bible Believers 13     Campus Bible Study 5
Wycliffe Bible Translators 13     Captain Bible in Dome of Darkness 5
Church of Bible Understanding 12     Central Bible College 7
Quaker Bible 12     Central Christian College of the Bible 3
Emphasized Bible 12     Ceolfrid Bible 6
Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia) 12     Chapters and verses of the Bible 35
Free Will Baptist Bible College 12     Children's Bible Hour 3
The Neon Bible 12     Chinese Bible Church Of San Diego 4
List of films based on the Bible 12     Chinese Bible Church of Springfield 4
Bible John 12     Chinese Bible Translations 31
Alba Bible 12     Christian Community Bible 10
Baptist Bible College & Seminary 12     Christian Science Quarterly Bible Lessons 6
Matthew Bible 12     Christianity According to the Bible 5
1952 Bible Conference 11     Chronological Bible Storying 7
International Bible Contest 11     Chronology of the Bible 67
Coverdale Bible 11     Church of Bible Understanding 12
Lamsa Bible 11     Clear Creek Baptist Bible College 6
The Subject Bible 11     Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia) 12
Maranatha Baptist Bible College 11     Commentaries on the Bible 2
Historical Bible 11     Community Chapel and Bible Training Center 104
Crime and punishment in the Bible 11     Complete Jewish Bible 7
Study Bible 11     Complutensian Polyglot Bible 7
LOLCat Bible Translation Project 11     Confraternity Bible 8
Bible Society In Australia 11     Coptic versions of the Bible 9
Bible Presbyterian Church 11     Covenant Bible College Canada 7
The Neon Bible (film) 11     Coverdale Bible 11
Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams (song) 10     Crescent Lake Bible Camp 3
Elim Bible Institute 10     Crime and punishment in the Bible 11
Starless and Bible Black Sabbath 10     Criticism of the Bible 54
Animated Stories from the Bible 10     Crossroad Bible Institute 7
Aid to Bible Understanding 10     Dana X. Bible 31
Peace River Bible Institute 10     Darby Bible 21
Murder in the Bible 10     Dating the Bible 27
Messianic Bible translations 10     Dawn Bible Students Association 9
Baptist Bible College (Springfield, Missouri) 10     Deeper Life Bible Church (Nigeria) 4
The Bible with Sources Revealed 10     Defined King James Bible 4
Baptist Bible Fellowship International 10     Development of the Jewish Bible canon 44
Bible colleges affiliated with Australian Christian Churches 10     Dorf's Golf Bible 6
Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary 10     Douay-Rheims Bible 33
East Iowa Bible Camp 10     Early editions of the Hebrew Bible 34
Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania 10     Early Modern English Bible translations 26
Christian Community Bible 10     East Iowa Bible Camp 10
Old English Bible translations 10     Eastern / Greek Orthodox Bible 3
Trinitarian Bible Society 10     Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897) 3
Middle English Bible translations 10     Echo Ranch Bible Camp 3
Bible Grove Township, Clay County, Illinois 10     Elim Bible Institute 10
Sunset International Bible Institute 10     Emmanuel Bible College 19
Mars Hill Bible Church 10     Emmaus Bible College 2
Miscellaneous English Bible translations 9     Emmaus Bible College, Australia 4
Coptic versions of the Bible 9     Emphasized Bible 12
Saint John's Bible 9     English Jubilee 2000 Bible 4
Dawn Bible Students Association 9     English translations of the Bible 41
American Bible Society 9     Ethics in the Bible 16
Bible Study Fellowship (BSF) 9     European Theological Seminary and College of the Bible International 6
The Poisonwood Bible 9     Fécamp Bible 8
Taverner's Bible 9     Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary 10
Nazarene Bible College 9     Faithful Central Bible Church 3
Thompson Chain-Reference Bible 9     Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches 7
Salt in the Bible 9     Fellowship of Fundamental Bible Churches 4
Boise Bible College 9     Ferrar Fenton Bible 5
Bible Adventures 9     Ferrara Bible 4
Rio Grande Bible Institute 9     Figs in the Bible 33
Alan Bible 9     First Bible of Charles the Bald 3
Ukrainian Bible Society 9     For the Bible Tells Me So 8
Bible study (Christian) 9     Free Will Baptist Bible College 12
Hussite Bible 9     Frontier School of the Bible 7
Bible college 9     Future Bible Heroes 3
God's Bible School and College 9     Gender in Bible translation 24
Bible in the Schools 9     Geneva Bible 26
Prairie Bible College 9     George Washington Inaugural Bible 6
British and Foreign Bible Society 8     German Bible translations 6
The Bible Code (book) 8     Go Bible 22
Native American Bible College 8     God's Bible School and College 9
Amplified Bible 8     Gothic Bible 20
Kingston Bible College Academy 8     Grace Bible College 16
Bible (writing) 8     Grace Bible College (Ohio) 2
Sex in the Bible 8     Great Bible 14
The Bible in film 8     Grimstad Bible School 3
Olive Tree Bible Software - BibleReader 8     Gustav Vasa Bible 4
Bible Numerics 8     Gutenberg Bible 23
Appalachian Bible College 8     Harvest Bible Chapel 6
Kentucky Mountain Bible College 8     Harvest Bible College 4
Fécamp Bible 8     Harvey Cedars Bible Conference 7
Confraternity Bible 8     Heartland Baptist Bible College 6
Ostrog Bible 8     Hebrew Bible 26
Bible Belt (Netherlands) 8     Hebrew Bible views on women 72
For the Bible Tells Me So 8     Historical Bible 11
Bible conspiracy theory 8     Historical criticism in Bible studies 46
Association Free Lutheran Bible School and Seminary 8     Holman Bible Outreach International 3
Harvey Cedars Bible Conference 7     Holman Bible Publishers 3
Bible Fellowship Church 7     Holman Christian Standard Bible 17
Blue Letter Bible 7     Hussite Bible 9
Complutensian Polyglot Bible 7     Immanuel Bible Church 6
Back to the Bible 7     Indiana Bible College 6
Mendi Bible 7     Inspiration Point Bible Camp 4
The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past 7     Institute for Bible Translation 5
Wormwood: Curious Stories from the Bible 7     Internal consistency of the Bible 58
Calvary Chapel Bible College 7     International Bible Contest 11
Pine Grove Bible Church 7     International Bible Society 6
Tijuana bible 7     International Bible Students Association 4
The Bible Game 7     International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 3
Midlands Bible College 7     Interpreter's Bible series 4
Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches 7     Irish Bible Institute 4
Thailand Bible Society 7     Islamic view of the Bible 19
Southern Asia Bible College 7     Japanese Bible Society 3
Northland Baptist Bible College 7     Jefferson Bible 15
La Cava Bible 7     Jerusalem Bible 17
The Bible and Its Influence 7     Jewish commentaries on the Bible 14
Complete Jewish Bible 7     Jewish English Bible translations 39
Welsh Bible 7     Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams 13
Frontier School of the Bible 7     Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams (song) 10
The Boomer Bible 7     Johnson Bible College 30
Scofield Reference Bible 7     Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible 31
Covenant Bible College Canada 7     Kentucky Mountain Bible College 8
Chronological Bible Storying 7     Kenya Highlands Bible College 6
The CrossWire Bible Society 7     Key Bible Club 3
Pastoral Bible (Chinese) 7     Kingston Bible College 5
Bible of Dreams 7     Kingston Bible College Academy 8
Roanoke Bible College 7     La Cava Bible 7
Rosedale Bible College 7     Lamsa Bible 11
Crossroad Bible Institute 7     Lancaster Bible College 5
Central Bible College 7     Lee Bible 4
Clear Creek Baptist Bible College 6     Library of Congress Classification:Class B, subclass BS -- The Bible 4
Christian Science Quarterly Bible Lessons 6     Life Application Study Bible 4
Morgan Bible 6     List of Bible stories 3
Dorf's Golf Bible 6     List of Bible translators 35
McLean Bible Church 6     List of English Bible translations 21
George Washington Inaugural Bible 6     List of films based on the Bible 12
Bible quotations 6     List of Hebrew Bible events 13
Oxford Annotated Bible 6     List of languages by year of first Bible translation 4
Bible believer 6     List of the animals in the Bible 92
International Bible Society 6     Loaded Bible 4
Multnomah Bible College and Biblical Seminary 6     Logos Bible Software 15
Black Bible Chronicles 6     Logos International Study Bible 13
South Pacific Association of Bible Colleges 6     LOLCat Bible Translation Project 11
Bible Reader for Palm 6     Luther Bible 40
Trinity Bible College 6     MacArthur Study Bible 3
Rideauview Bible Chapel 6     Magnolia Bible College 5
Heartland Baptist Bible College 6     Malaysia Bible Seminary 2
Russian Bible Society 6     Maranatha Baptist Bible College 11
Mysteries of the Bible 6     Maranatha Bible School 3
Immanuel Bible Church 6     Mars Hill Bible Church 10
Palm Bible Plus 6     Mars Hill Bible School 16
European Theological Seminary and College of the Bible International 6     Matthew Bible 12
German Bible translations 6     McLean Bible Church 6
Vacation Bible School 6     Medieval popular Bible 5
Woodside Bible Church 6     Megami Tensei Gaiden: Last Bible 24
Walk Thru the Bible 6     Mendi Bible 7
Indiana Bible College 6     Messianic Bible translations 10
What Does the Bible Really Teach? 6     Middle English Bible translations 10
Bible Dictionary (LDS Church) 6     Midlands Bible College 7
Bible in Basic English 6     Miniature Bible 2
Harvest Bible Chapel 6     Miscellaneous English Bible translations 9
Animals in the Bible 6     Modern English Bible translations 39
Kenya Highlands Bible College 6     Modern Language Bible 5
What the Bible Really Teaches: A Challenge for Fundamentalists 6     Moody Bible Institute 37
Pastoral Bible Institute 6     Morgan Bible 6
Ceolfrid Bible 6     Multnomah Bible College and Biblical Seminary 6
Calov Bible 6     Murder in the Bible 10
Syriac Bible of Paris 5     My Book of Bible Stories 4
Bible College of Malaysia 5     Mysteries of the Bible 6
Bible Buffet 5     National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools 24
Ferrar Fenton Bible 5     Native American Bible College 8
The Nigger Bible 5     Nave's Topical Bible 5
Our Authorized Bible Vindicated 5     Nazarene Bible College 9
Zürich Bible 5     Nazarene Bible Quizzing 4
Captain Bible in Dome of Darkness 5     Neon Bible 53
Russian Synodal Bible 5     Ness Lake Bible Camp 4
Lancaster Bible College 5     New American Bible 14
Institute for Bible Translation 5     New American Standard Bible 19
Christianity According to the Bible 5     New Cambridge Paragraph Bible 14
Soncino Books of the Bible 5     New English Bible 23
Kingston Bible College 5     New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible 2
Calvary Bible College 5     New Interpreter's Study Bible 2
The Free Bible 5     New Jerusalem Bible 14
Whitefield College of the Bible 5     Niagara Bible Conference 17
The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden 5     NIV Study Bible 4
Bible of a Pimp 5     Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible 35
Bible Baptist 5     Northeastern Bible College 3
Bible College of New Zealand 5     Northland Baptist Bible College 7
Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem 5     Norwegian Bible Society 2
Pillsbury Baptist Bible College 5     Oahspe: A New Bible 15
Bucharest Bible of 1688 5     Oklahoma Bible Academy 5
Oklahoma Bible Academy 5     Old English Bible translations 10
------------------ 435 topics related to abridged ---------------

Source: the editor, created by/for EVE to gauge likely levels of human interest in linguistically triggered topics (compiled across various sources, such as Wikipedia and specialty expression glosses).

Translations: Bible

Language Translations (or nearest inflections or synonyms, in parentheses)
Al Arabiya الكتاب المقدس (bible, book, scripture, Holy Scripture, the holy scripture), الكِتَابُ المُقَدَّس (bible, Bibles), الإِنْجِيل (bible, gospel, Bibles, evangel, gospels), الكِتابُ المُقَدَّس (bible, Bibles), بشارة (gospel, bible, Bibles, evangel, gospels), العهدان القديم والجديد (bible), اتحاد جمعيات الكتاب المقدس (united bible societies), الأرض المقدسة (Holy Bible, the holy land). Additional references: Al Arabiya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Al Fus-Ha الكتاب المقدس (bible, book, scripture, Holy Scripture, the holy scripture), الكِتَابُ المُقَدَّس (bible, Bibles), الإِنْجِيل (bible, gospel, Bibles, evangel, gospels), الكِتابُ المُقَدَّس (bible, Bibles), بشارة (gospel, bible, Bibles, evangel, gospels), العهدان القديم والجديد (bible), اتحاد جمعيات الكتاب المقدس (united bible societies), الأرض المقدسة (Holy Bible, the holy land). Additional references: Al Fus-Ha, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Albanian bibël (bible, scripture). Additional references: Albanian, Turkey (Europe), bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Annamese kinh thánh (bible, God's book, scripture), Kinh thánh Hebrew (Hebrew Bible). Additional references: Annamese, Viet Nam, China, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Arabic الكتاب المقدس (bible, book, scripture, Holy Scripture, the holy scripture), الكِتَابُ المُقَدَّس (bible, Bibles), الإِنْجِيل (bible, gospel, Bibles, evangel, gospels), الكِتابُ المُقَدَّس (bible, Bibles), بشارة (gospel, bible, Bibles, evangel, gospels), العهدان القديم والجديد (bible), اتحاد جمعيات الكتاب المقدس (united bible societies), الأرض المقدسة (Holy Bible, the holy land). Additional references: Arabic, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Armenian աստվածաշունչ (bible, book, scripture), սուրխ քիրբ (bible). Additional references: Armenian, Armenia, Azerbaijan, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Armjanski Yazyk աստվածաշունչ (bible, book, scripture), սուրխ քիրբ (bible). Additional references: Armjanski Yazyk, Armenia, Azerbaijan, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Arnaut bibël (bible, scripture). Additional references: Arnaut, Turkey (Europe), bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Íslenska Biblían (Bible). Additional references: Íslenska, Iceland, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ateso ebaibuli (bible). Additional references: Ateso, Uganda, Kenya, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Azerbaijani biblyia (bible). Additional references: Azerbaijani, Armenia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bahasa Indonesia Alkitab (bible, the bible, testament, testaments), bibel (bible), injil (scripture, gospel, bible, new testament, holy writ), kitab injil (bible, gospel, holy bible), buku penuntun (bible, handbook), Alkitab Versi Pemulihan (Recovery Version of the Bible). Additional references: Bahasa Indonesia, Indonesia, Java, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bahasa Malaysia Kitab Injil (bible), Injil (bible). Additional references: Bahasa Malaysia, Malaysia, Brunei, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bahasa Malayu Kitab Injil (bible), Injil (bible). Additional references: Bahasa Malayu, Malaysia, Brunei, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bakedi ebaibuli (bible). Additional references: Bakedi, Uganda, Kenya, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bakidi ebaibuli (bible). Additional references: Bakidi, Uganda, Kenya, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Balgarski библия (bible), настолна книга (bible), ръководство (management, administration, conduct, direction, directory), библията (holy writ, scripture, the bible). Additional references: Balgarski, Bulgaria, Greece, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Balgarski (transliteration) bibliya (bible), nastolna kniga (bible), rʺkovodstvo (management, administration, conduct, direction, directory), bibliyata (holy writ, scripture, the bible). Additional references: Balgarski, Bulgaria, Greece, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Banga-Bhasa বাইবেল (Bible). Additional references: Banga-Bhasa, Bangladesh, India, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bangala বাইবেল (Bible). Additional references: Bangala, Bangladesh, India, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bangla বাইবেল (Bible). Additional references: Bangla, Bangladesh, India, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Basque biblia (bible, the holy bible). Additional references: Basque, Spain, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bengali বাইবেল (Bible). Additional references: Bengali, Bangladesh, India, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bisayan Biblia (bible), BalaansngaKasulatan (bible). Additional references: Bisayan, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bohemian Biblija (bible, book, book of the books, Holy Bible, Jesus Christ), Bible (scripture, book, holy writ, revised version, the book). Additional references: Bohemian, Czech Republic, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bolognese bébbia (bible). Additional references: Bolognese, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bosnian Biblija (Bible). Additional references: Bosnian, Bosnia and Herzegovina, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Brazilian Portuguese bíblia (bible, Scripture). Additional references: Brazilian Portuguese, Portugal, Angola, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bresciano bibia (bible). Additional references: Bresciano, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bugkalut Biblia (bible), Balaan nga Kasulatan (bible). Additional references: Bugkalut, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bukalot Biblia (bible), Balaan nga Kasulatan (bible). Additional references: Bukalot, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bulgarian библия (bible), настолна книга (bible), ръководство (management, administration, conduct, direction, directory), библията (holy writ, scripture, the bible). Additional references: Bulgarian, Bulgaria, Greece, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Bulgarian (transliteration) bibliya (bible), nastolna kniga (bible), rʺkovodstvo (management, administration, conduct, direction, directory), bibliyata (holy writ, scripture, the bible). Additional references: Bulgarian, Bulgaria, Greece, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Calabro-Sicilian bibbia (bible). Additional references: Calabro-Sicilian, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Catalan bíblia (bible). Additional references: Catalan, Spain, Andorra, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Cebuano Bibliya (bible), balaang kasulatan (bible, scripture). Additional references: Cebuano, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Central Danish Bibel (bible), Bibelen (Bible). Additional references: Central Danish, Denmark, Germany, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Central Mongolian Библи судар (bible), ном (book, bible, canon, doctrine, tome), библи (bible, scripture). Additional references: Central Mongolian, Mongolia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Central (transliteration) bibli sudar (bible), nom (book, bible, canon, doctrine, tome), bibli (bible, scripture). Additional references: Central Mongolian, Mongolia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Central Tai คัมภีร์ไบเบิ้ล (bible, holy writ), ไบเบิล (bible), พระคริสตธรรมคัมภีร์ (bible). Additional references: Central Tai, Thailand, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Cestina Biblija (bible, book, book of the books, Holy Bible, Jesus Christ), Bible (scripture, book, holy writ, revised version, the book). Additional references: Cestina, Czech Republic, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Chamorro Biblia (bible). Additional references: Chamorro, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Cherokee Go we li u ha ge dv (bible). Additional references: Cherokee, USA, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Chiga Baiburi (bible). Additional references: Chiga, Uganda, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Chikalanga bhaibhili (bible). Additional references: Chikalanga, Botswana, Zimbabwe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Chinese Pidgin English 圣经 (holy bible). Additional references: Chinese Pidgin English, Nauru, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Chinese Simplified 圣经 (holy bible, bible, Bibles, holy writ, scripture), 经典 (classics, scriptures, bible, sutra, Bibler), 教堂 (church, chapel, churches, bible church, churching), 搜索引擎 (search engine, bible search engine, search engines), 软件 (software, application package, bible software, free bible software, soft), 的歌 (bible song), 回答人 (bible answer man), 地图集 (atlas, bible atlas), 古老 (age-old, ancient, old, antique bible, antiquities). Additional references: Chinese Simplified, China, Brunei, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Chinese Traditional 聖經 (bible, holy bible, holy writ, scripture, Bibles), 有權威的書 (bible), 搜尋 (search, searching, frisking, bible search, look for), 學院 (college, faculty, school, educational institute, bible college), 的詞語註解索引 (bible concordance), 封面 (cover, bible cover, binding, cover page, covers), 歷史 (history, ancient history, bible history, histories, chronicle), 課 (lesson, class, subject, bible lesson, lessons), 愛 (affection, love, to be fond of, to love, to like). Additional references: Chinese Traditional, China, Brunei, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ching kinh thánh (bible, God's book, scripture), Kinh thánh Hebrew (Hebrew Bible). Additional references: Ching, Viet Nam, China, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Chishona bhaibheri (bible). Additional references: Chishona, Zimbabwe, Zambia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Chivenda bivhili (bible). Additional references: Chivenda, South Africa, Zimbabwe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ciga Baiburi (bible). Additional references: Ciga, Uganda, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Corse storia santa (bible), stodia santa (bible), sacra scritura (bible), bibia (bible). Additional references: Corse, France, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Corsi storia santa (bible), stodia santa (bible), sacra scritura (bible), bibia (bible). Additional references: Corsi, France, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Corsican storia santa (bible), stodia santa (bible), sacra scritura (bible), bibia (bible). Additional references: Corsican, France, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Corso storia santa (bible), stodia santa (bible), sacra scritura (bible), bibia (bible). Additional references: Corso, France, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Corsu storia santa (bible), stodia santa (bible), sacra scritura (bible), bibia (bible). Additional references: Corsu, France, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Croatian biblija (bible, book, scripture). Additional references: Croatian, Croatia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Curaçoleño Beibel (bible, scripture). Additional references: Curaçoleño, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Curassese Beibel (bible, scripture). Additional references: Curassese, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Cymraeg Beibl (bible), Beiblaidd (bible, biblical), Y Beibl (Bible). Additional references: Cymraeg, United Kingdom, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Czech Biblija (bible, book, book of the books, Holy Bible, Jesus Christ), Bible (scripture, book, holy writ, revised version, the book). Additional references: Czech, Czech Republic, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Daco-Rumanian biblie (bible, bibles, scripture), biblia (bible, the book). Additional references: Daco-Rumanian, Romania, Hungary, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Danish Bibel (bible), Bibelen (Bible). Additional references: Danish, Denmark, Germany, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Dansk Bibel (bible), Bibelen (Bible). Additional references: Dansk, Denmark, Germany, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Dari كتاب مقدس كه شامل كتب عهد عتيق وجديد است (bible), كتاب مقدس (scripture, bible, holy writ), کتاب مقدس که شامل عهدعتیق وجدیداست (bible), بطورکلی هررساله یاکتاب مقدس (bible), بطو ركلي هر رساله ياكتاب مقدس (bible), بطوركلى هر رساله ياكتاب مقدس (bible). Additional references: Dari, Iran, Indo-European, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Deutsch Heilige Schrift (bible, Holy Scripture, scripture), Bibel (bible, Bibles), die Bibel (bible, the good Book). Additional references: Deutsch, Germany, Austria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Dutch Bijbel (bible, bibles), býbel (bible), Schrift (notebook, script, writing, folder, book), Heilige Schrift (bible, Holy Scripture). Additional references: Dutch, Netherlands, Aruba, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Eastern Fijian ivolatabu (bible), Ai Vola Tabu (holy bible). Additional references: Eastern Fijian, Fiji, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Eesti piibel (bible, scripture). Additional references: Eesti, Estonia, Finland, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Elgumi ebaibuli (bible). Additional references: Elgumi, Uganda, Kenya, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ena աստվածաշունչ (bible, book, scripture), սուրխ քիրբ (bible). Additional references: Ena, Armenia, Azerbaijan, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ermeni Dili աստվածաշունչ (bible, book, scripture), սուրխ քիրբ (bible). Additional references: Ermeni Dili, Armenia, Azerbaijan, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ermenice աստվածաշունչ (bible, book, scripture), սուրխ քիրբ (bible). Additional references: Ermenice, Armenia, Azerbaijan, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Estonian piibel (bible, scripture). Additional references: Estonian, Estonia, Finland, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Etossio ebaibuli (bible). Additional references: Etossio, Uganda, Kenya, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Euskera biblia (bible, the holy bible). Additional references: Euskera, Spain, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ewe Biblia (Bible). Additional references: Ewe, Ghana, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Fijian ivolatabu (bible), Ai Vola Tabu (holy bible). Additional references: Fijian, Fiji, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Filipino Bibliya (bible, bibles, scripture), Biblya (Bible, Tanakh), Banai na Kasulatan (bible). Additional references: Filipino, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Finnish Raamattu (bible, bibles, good book, holy writ, the bible). Additional references: Finnish, Finland, Russia (Europe), bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Flamand bijbel (bible). Additional references: Flamand, Belgium, France, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Français écriture sainte (bible), bible (bible), saintes Ecritures (bible, Holy Writ, scriptures). Additional references: Français, France, Algeria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
French écriture sainte (bible), bible (bible), saintes Ecritures (bible, Holy Writ, scriptures). Additional references: French, France, Algeria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Frioulan biblie (bible). Additional references: Frioulan, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Frioulian biblie (bible). Additional references: Frioulian, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Frisian Bibel (bible). Additional references: Frisian, Netherlands, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Friulano biblie (bible). Additional references: Friulano, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Friulian biblie (bible). Additional references: Friulian, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Furlan biblie (bible). Additional references: Furlan, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Gaelg bible (bible). Additional references: Gaelg, United Kingdom, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Gailck bible (bible). Additional references: Gailck, United Kingdom, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Galego biblia (bible). Additional references: Galego, Spain, Portugal, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Galician biblia (bible). Additional references: Galician, Spain, Portugal, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Gallego biblia (bible). Additional references: Gallego, Spain, Portugal, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
German Heilige Schrift (bible, Holy Scripture, scripture), Bibel (bible, Bibles), die Bibel (bible, the good Book). Additional references: German, Germany, Austria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Gilbertese te manna (bible), te Baibara (bible, scripture). Additional references: Gilbertese, Kiribati, Fiji, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Gin kinh thánh (bible, God's book, scripture), Kinh thánh Hebrew (Hebrew Bible). Additional references: Gin, Viet Nam, China, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Greek βίβλος (bible, inner bark, liber, phloem), οδηγόσ (bible, bibles, companion, companions, drivers), άγια γραφή (bible, holy scriptures, holy writ, scripture). Additional references: Greek, Greece, Albania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Greek (transliteration) vivlos (bible, inner bark, liber, phloem), odhigos (bible, bibles, companion, companions, drivers), aya grafi (bible, holy scriptures, holy writ, scripture). Additional references: Greek, Greece, Albania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Guarani kuatia karai (bible). Additional references: Guarani, Brazil, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Haieren աստվածաշունչ (bible, book, scripture), սուրխ քիրբ (bible). Additional references: Haieren, Armenia, Azerbaijan, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Halh Библи судар (bible), ном (book, bible, canon, doctrine, tome), библи (bible, scripture). Additional references: Halh, Mongolia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Halh (transliteration) bibli sudar (bible), nom (book, bible, canon, doctrine, tome), bibli (bible, scripture). Additional references: Halh, Mongolia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Hanguk Mal 성전 (bible, crusade, tradition, scripture, holy war), 성경 (bible, revelation, book, God's book), 성경 한 판 (bible), 성경 한 권 (bible), 권위 있는 서적 (bible), 성서 (bible, book, holy bible, holy scriptures, holy writ), 미국남부의신앙이두터운지역 (bible belt), 관주 성서 (reference bible), 구텐베르크 성서 (Gutenberg bible). Additional references: Hanguk Mal, Korea, South, Korea, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Hanguohua 성전 (bible, crusade, tradition, scripture, holy war), 성경 (bible, revelation, book, God's book), 성경 한 판 (bible), 성경 한 권 (bible), 권위 있는 서적 (bible), 성서 (bible, book, holy bible, holy scriptures, holy writ), 미국남부의신앙이두터운지역 (bible belt), 관주 성서 (reference bible), 구텐베르크 성서 (Gutenberg bible). Additional references: Hanguohua, Korea, South, Korea, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Hebrew מקרא (assembly, bible, convocation, key, legend), תנ'ך (bible, old testament, the holy scriptures), כתבי הקודש (bible, holy scripture, scripture, writ), ביקורת המקרא (The Bible and history), החתים במקרא (Hittites in the Bible), ספר במדבר (numbers in bible, the book of numbers). Additional references: Hebrew, Israel, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
High Arabic الكتاب المقدس (bible, book, scripture, Holy Scripture, the holy scripture), الكِتَابُ المُقَدَّس (bible, Bibles), الإِنْجِيل (bible, gospel, Bibles, evangel, gospels), الكِتابُ المُقَدَّس (bible, Bibles), بشارة (gospel, bible, Bibles, evangel, gospels), العهدان القديم والجديد (bible), اتحاد جمعيات الكتاب المقدس (united bible societies), الأرض المقدسة (Holy Bible, the holy land). Additional references: High Arabic, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
High German Heilige Schrift (bible, Holy Scripture, scripture), Bibel (bible, Bibles), die Bibel (bible, the good Book). Additional references: High German, Germany, Austria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Hiligainon biblia (bible), Balaansnga Kasulatan (bible). Additional references: Hiligainon, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Hiligaynon biblia (bible), Balaansnga Kasulatan (bible). Additional references: Hiligaynon, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Hindi बाइबल (bible). Additional references: Hindi, India, Nepal, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Hmong Vajtswv phau ntawv (bible). Additional references: Hmong, China, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Hochdeutsch Heilige Schrift (bible, Holy Scripture, scripture), Bibel (bible, Bibles), die Bibel (bible, the good Book). Additional references: Hochdeutsch, Germany, Austria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Hungarian Biblia (bible, holy scripture, scriptures, divine book, good book), szentírás (holy writ, bible, sacred writ, scriptures, word). Additional references: Hungarian, Hungary, Austria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Icelandic Biblían (Bible). Additional references: Icelandic, Iceland, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ikiribati te manna (bible), te Baibara (bible, scripture). Additional references: Ikiribati, Kiribati, Fiji, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ikumama ebaibuli (bible). Additional references: Ikumama, Uganda, Kenya, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ilonggo biblia (bible), Balaansnga Kasulatan (bible). Additional references: Ilonggo, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ilongot Biblia (bible), Balaan nga Kasulatan (bible). Additional references: Ilongot, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Indonesian Alkitab (bible, the bible, testament, testaments), bibel (bible), injil (scripture, gospel, bible, new testament, holy writ), kitab injil (bible, gospel, holy bible), buku penuntun (bible, handbook), Alkitab Versi Pemulihan (Recovery Version of the Bible). Additional references: Indonesian, Indonesia, Java, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Isizulu bhayibheli (bible, bibles), iliBhayibheli (bible), ibhayibheli (bible). Additional references: Isizulu, South Africa, Malawi, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Italian bibbia (bible), la Bibbia di famiglia (the family Bible), i matrimoni (the family Bible), la Versione Autorizzata della Bibbia (the Authorized Version of the Bible), Bibbia con richiami marginali (reference Bible), Bibbia a caratteri grandi (large-type Bible), sta scritto nella Bibbia (It is said in the Bible), la Bibbia dice (It is said in the Bible), carta bibbia (bible paper, india paper), giuramento sulla Bibbia (Bible oath). Additional references: Italian, Italy, Croatia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Itbayaten mach'turas uri du bibliya (that is written in the bible). Additional references: Itbayaten, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ivatan machitulas uri du bibliya (that is written in the bible). Additional references: Ivatan, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ivrit מקרא (assembly, bible, convocation, key, legend), תנ'ך (bible, old testament, the holy scriptures), כתבי הקודש (bible, holy scripture, scripture, writ), ביקורת המקרא (The Bible and history), החתים במקרא (Hittites in the Bible), ספר במדבר (numbers in bible, the book of numbers). Additional references: Ivrit, Israel, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Japanese バイブル (bible), せいしょ (Bible, clean copy, government-issued report, height of summer, printing), けいてん (Bible, criminal law books, sacred books, scriptures, sutras), きょうてん (Bible, canon, sacred books, scriptures, sutras), 蝶番式の板台 (bible), 小型甲板みがき石 (bible), 葉胃 (omasum, bible, psalterium), 権威書 (bible), 聖書 (bible, scriptures, scripture, Bibles, book), 経典 (bible, scriptures, sutras, sacred books, scripture). Additional references: Japanese, Japan, Taiwan, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Jing kinh thánh (bible, God's book, scripture), Kinh thánh Hebrew (Hebrew Bible). Additional references: Jing, Viet Nam, China, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Kalaka bhaibhili (bible). Additional references: Kalaka, Botswana, Zimbabwe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Kalanga bhaibhili (bible). Additional references: Kalanga, Botswana, Zimbabwe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Khadi Boli बाइबल (bible). Additional references: Khadi Boli, India, Nepal, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Khalkha Mongolian Библи судар (bible), ном (book, bible, canon, doctrine, tome), библи (bible, scripture). Additional references: Khalkha Mongolian, Mongolia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Khalkha (transliteration) bibli sudar (bible), nom (book, bible, canon, doctrine, tome), bibli (bible, scripture). Additional references: Khalkha Mongolian, Mongolia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Khari Boli बाइबल (bible). Additional references: Khari Boli, India, Nepal, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Kiga Baiburi (bible). Additional references: Kiga, Uganda, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Kinh kinh thánh (bible, God's book, scripture), Kinh thánh Hebrew (Hebrew Bible). Additional references: Kinh, Viet Nam, China, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Kiribati te manna (bible), te Baibara (bible, scripture). Additional references: Kiribati, Kiribati, Fiji, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Kisuaheli Biblia (bible, scripture), Msahafu (Koran, book, bible, bibles, booked), msafu (bible, book, leaf, page), misahafu (bible, book, Koran, leaf, page), misafu (bible, book, leaf, page), furkani (bible, Koran). Additional references: Kisuaheli, Tanzania, Burundi, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Kiswahili Biblia (bible, scripture), Msahafu (Koran, book, bible, bibles, booked), msafu (bible, book, leaf, page), misahafu (bible, book, Koran, leaf, page), misafu (bible, book, leaf, page), furkani (bible, Koran). Additional references: Kiswahili, Tanzania, Burundi, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Kololo Bibele (holy bible). Additional references: Kololo, Zambia, Namibia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Korean 성전 (bible, crusade, tradition, scripture, holy war), 성경 (bible, revelation, book, God's book), 성경 한 판 (bible), 성경 한 권 (bible), 권위 있는 서적 (bible), 성서 (bible, book, holy bible, holy scriptures, holy writ), 미국남부의신앙이두터운지역 (bible belt), 관주 성서 (reference bible), 구텐베르크 성서 (Gutenberg bible). Additional references: Korean, Korea, South, Korea, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Langadoc bible (bible). Additional references: Langadoc, France, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Languedoc bible (bible). Additional references: Languedoc, France, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Languedocien bible (bible). Additional references: Languedocien, France, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Latvian bībele (bible, scripture). Additional references: Latvian, Latvia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Latviska bībele (bible, scripture). Additional references: Latviska, Latvia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Lengadoucian bible (bible). Additional references: Lengadoucian, France, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Lettisch bībele (bible, scripture). Additional references: Lettisch, Latvia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Lettish bībele (bible, scripture). Additional references: Lettish, Latvia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Lietuvi Biblija (bible, scripture), parankinë knyga (bible). Additional references: Lietuvi, Lithuania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Limburgian Biebel (Bible). Additional references: Limburgian, Netherlands, Belgium, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Lingotes Biblia (bible), Balaan nga Kasulatan (bible). Additional references: Lingotes, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Litauische Biblija (bible, scripture), parankinë knyga (bible). Additional references: Litauische, Lithuania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Litewski Biblija (bible, scripture), parankinë knyga (bible). Additional references: Litewski, Lithuania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Lithuanian Biblija (bible, scripture), parankinë knyga (bible). Additional references: Lithuanian, Lithuania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Litovskiy Biblija (bible, scripture), parankinë knyga (bible). Additional references: Litovskiy, Lithuania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Liutuviskai Biblija (bible, scripture), parankinë knyga (bible). Additional references: Liutuviskai, Lithuania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Lozi Bibele (holy bible). Additional references: Lozi, Zambia, Namibia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Macedonian Библија (Bible), библиjа (bible). Additional references: Macedonian, Macedonia, Albania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Macedonian (transliteration) bibliјa (Bible), biblija (bible). Additional references: Macedonian, Macedonia, Albania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Macedonian Slavic Библија (Bible), библиjа (bible). Additional references: Macedonian Slavic, Macedonia, Albania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Macedonian (transliteration) bibliјa (Bible), biblija (bible). Additional references: Macedonian Slavic, Macedonia, Albania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Magyar Biblia (bible, holy scripture, scriptures, divine book, good book), szentírás (holy writ, bible, sacred writ, scriptures, word). Additional references: Magyar, Hungary, Austria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Makedonski Библија (Bible), библиjа (bible). Additional references: Makedonski, Macedonia, Albania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Makedonski (transliteration) bibliјa (Bible), biblija (bible). Additional references: Makedonski, Macedonia, Albania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Malagasy baiboly (bible). Additional references: Malagasy, Madagascar, Comoros Islands, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Malay Kitab Injil (bible), Injil (bible). Additional references: Malay, Malaysia, Brunei, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Malayu Kitab Injil (bible), Injil (bible). Additional references: Malayu, Malaysia, Brunei, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Malgache baiboly (bible). Additional references: Malgache, Madagascar, Comoros Islands, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Maltese bibbja (bible). Additional references: Maltese, Malta, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Malti bibbja (bible). Additional references: Malti, Malta, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Manx bible (bible). Additional references: Manx, United Kingdom, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Manx Gaelic bible (bible). Additional references: Manx Gaelic, United Kingdom, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Maori Paipera (bible), paipera tapu (bible, holy writ), Te Paipera Tapu (the holy bible), He tangohanga mai i te Paipera (a passage from the bible). Additional references: Maori, New Zealand, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Melaju Kitab Injil (bible), Injil (bible). Additional references: Melaju, Malaysia, Brunei, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Melayu Kitab Injil (bible), Injil (bible). Additional references: Melayu, Malaysia, Brunei, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Moksha Библия (bible), Сёрматфсь (bible, scripture). Additional references: Moksha, Europe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Moksha (transliteration) bibliya (bible), sërmatfsʹ (bible, scripture). Additional references: Moksha, Europe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Mokshan Библия (bible), Сёрматфсь (bible, scripture). Additional references: Mokshan, Europe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Mokshan (transliteration) bibliya (bible), sërmatfsʹ (bible, scripture). Additional references: Mokshan, Europe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Moldavian biblie (bible, bibles, scripture), biblia (bible, the book). Additional references: Moldavian, Romania, Hungary, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Mongol Библи судар (bible), ном (book, bible, canon, doctrine, tome), библи (bible, scripture). Additional references: Mongol, Mongolia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Mongol (transliteration) bibli sudar (bible), nom (book, bible, canon, doctrine, tome), bibli (bible, scripture). Additional references: Mongol, Mongolia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Mongolian Библи судар (bible), ном (book, bible, canon, doctrine, tome), библи (bible, scripture). Additional references: Mongolian, Mongolia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Mongolian (transliteration) bibli sudar (bible), nom (book, bible, canon, doctrine, tome), bibli (bible, scripture). Additional references: Mongolian, Mongolia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Mordoff Библия (bible), Сёрматфсь (bible, scripture). Additional references: Mordoff, Europe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Mordoff (transliteration) bibliya (bible), sërmatfsʹ (bible, scripture). Additional references: Mordoff, Europe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Mordov Библия (bible), Сёрматфсь (bible, scripture). Additional references: Mordov, Europe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Mordov (transliteration) bibliya (bible), sërmatfsʹ (bible, scripture). Additional references: Mordov, Europe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Mordvin-Moksha Библия (bible), Сёрматфсь (bible, scripture). Additional references: Mordvin-Moksha, Europe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Mordvin-Moksha (transliteration) bibliya (bible), sërmatfsʹ (bible, scripture). Additional references: Mordvin-Moksha, Europe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Nadroga ivolatabu (bible), Ai Vola Tabu (holy bible). Additional references: Nadroga, Fiji, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Nadronga ivolatabu (bible), Ai Vola Tabu (holy bible). Additional references: Nadronga, Fiji, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
New Guinea Pidgin English Baibel (bible), Buk Tambu (bible). Additional references: New Guinea Pidgin English, New Guinea, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
New Zealand Maori Paipera (bible), paipera tapu (bible, holy writ), Te Paipera Tapu (the holy bible), He tangohanga mai i te Paipera (a passage from the bible). Additional references: New Zealand Maori, New Zealand, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Norwegian bibel (bible). Additional references: Norwegian, Norway, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Occitani bible (bible). Additional references: Occitani, France, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Oluchiga Baiburi (bible). Additional references: Oluchiga, Uganda, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Orukiga Baiburi (bible). Additional references: Orukiga, Uganda, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Papiam Beibel (bible, scripture). Additional references: Papiam, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Papiamen Beibel (bible, scripture). Additional references: Papiamen, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Papiamento Beibel (bible, scripture). Additional references: Papiamento, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Papiamentoe Beibel (bible, scripture). Additional references: Papiamentoe, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Papiamentu Beibel (bible, scripture). Additional references: Papiamentu, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Parsi كتاب مقدس كه شامل كتب عهد عتيق وجديد است (bible), كتاب مقدس (scripture, bible, holy writ), کتاب مقدس که شامل عهدعتیق وجدیداست (bible), بطورکلی هررساله یاکتاب مقدس (bible), بطو ركلي هر رساله ياكتاب مقدس (bible), بطوركلى هر رساله ياكتاب مقدس (bible). Additional references: Parsi, Iran, Indo-European, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Persian كتاب مقدس كه شامل كتب عهد عتيق وجديد است (bible), كتاب مقدس (scripture, bible, holy writ), کتاب مقدس که شامل عهدعتیق وجدیداست (bible), بطورکلی هررساله یاکتاب مقدس (bible), بطو ركلي هر رساله ياكتاب مقدس (bible), بطوركلى هر رساله ياكتاب مقدس (bible). Additional references: Persian, Iran, Indo-European, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Persian (Farsi) كتاب مقدس كه شامل كتب عهد عتيق وجديد است (bible), كتاب مقدس (scripture, bible, holy writ), کتاب مقدس که شامل عهدعتیق وجدیداست (bible), بطورکلی هررساله یاکتاب مقدس (bible), بطو ركلي هر رساله ياكتاب مقدس (bible), بطوركلى هر رساله ياكتاب مقدس (bible). Additional references: Persian (Farsi), Iran, Indo-European, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Pilipino Bibliya (bible, bibles, scripture), Biblya (Bible, Tanakh), Banai na Kasulatan (bible). Additional references: Pilipino, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Polish Biblia (bible, scripture, bibles, book, the bible). Additional references: Polish, Poland, Czech Republic, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Polnisch Biblia (bible, scripture, bibles, book, the bible). Additional references: Polnisch, Poland, Czech Republic, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Polski Biblia (bible, scripture, bibles, book, the bible). Additional references: Polski, Poland, Czech Republic, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Portuguese bíblia (bible, Scripture). Additional references: Portuguese, Portugal, Angola, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Priulian biblie (bible). Additional references: Priulian, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Quechua Dyuspa Simin Qillqa (bible). Additional references: Quechua, Bolivia, Peru, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Romanian biblie (bible, bibles, scripture), biblia (bible, the book). Additional references: Romanian, Romania, Hungary, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Rotse Bibele (holy bible). Additional references: Rotse, Zambia, Namibia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Rozi Bibele (holy bible). Additional references: Rozi, Zambia, Namibia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Rukiga Baiburi (bible). Additional references: Rukiga, Uganda, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Rumanian biblie (bible, bibles, scripture), biblia (bible, the book). Additional references: Rumanian, Romania, Hungary, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ruotsi Bibel (bible, scriptural), bibeln (bible, holy scripture, the holy bible). Additional references: Ruotsi, Sweden, Finland, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Russian библия (bible, holy writ, scripture), экземпляр библии (bible), Всемирный библейский альянс Объединение библейских обществ (united bible societies), словарьная бумага (bible paper). Additional references: Russian, Russia, China, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Russian (transliteration) bibliya (bible, holy writ, scripture), ekzemplyar biblii (bible), vsemirnyy bibleyskiy alʹyans obʺedinenie bibleyskikh obshchestv (united bible societies), slovarʹnaya bumaga (bible paper). Additional references: Russian, Russia, China, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Russki библия (bible, holy writ, scripture), экземпляр библии (bible), Всемирный библейский альянс Объединение библейских обществ (united bible societies), словарьная бумага (bible paper). Additional references: Russki, Russia, China, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Russki (transliteration) bibliya (bible, holy writ, scripture), ekzemplyar biblii (bible), vsemirnyy bibleyskiy alʹyans obʺedinenie bibleyskikh obshchestv (united bible societies), slovarʹnaya bumaga (bible paper). Additional references: Russki, Russia, China, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Rutse Bibele (holy bible). Additional references: Rutse, Zambia, Namibia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Saami bippal (bible), biibbal (bible). Additional references: Saami, Norway, Sweden, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Scots Gaelic bìobull (bible). Additional references: Scots Gaelic, United Kingdom, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Sekalaña bhaibhili (bible). Additional references: Sekalaña, Botswana, Zimbabwe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Sekalaka bhaibhili (bible). Additional references: Sekalaka, Botswana, Zimbabwe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Serbian библија (bible). Additional references: Serbian, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Serbian (transliteration) bibliјa (bible), biblija (bible, holy scripture, scripture)). Additional references: Serbian, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Shkip bibël (bible, scripture). Additional references: Shkip, Turkey (Europe), bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Shona bhaibheri (bible). Additional references: Shona, Zimbabwe, Zambia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Shqip bibël (bible, scripture). Additional references: Shqip, Turkey (Europe), bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Shqiperë bibël (bible, scripture). Additional references: Shqiperë, Turkey (Europe), bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Siamese คัมภีร์ไบเบิ้ล (bible, holy writ), ไบเบิล (bible), พระคริสตธรรมคัมภีร์ (bible). Additional references: Siamese, Thailand, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Sicilian bibbia (bible). Additional references: Sicilian, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Silozi Bibele (holy bible). Additional references: Silozi, Zambia, Namibia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Sjaelland Bibel (bible), Bibelen (Bible). Additional references: Sjaelland, Denmark, Germany, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Skchip bibël (bible, scripture). Additional references: Skchip, Turkey (Europe), bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Slavic Библија (Bible), библиjа (bible). Additional references: Slavic, Macedonia, Albania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Slavic (transliteration) bibliјa (Bible), biblija (bible). Additional references: Slavic, Macedonia, Albania, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Slovak biblia (bible, scripture, book, God's book, holy bible). Additional references: Slovak, Slovakia, Hungary, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Slovakian biblia (bible, scripture, book, God's book, holy bible). Additional references: Slovakian, Slovakia, Hungary, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Slovene Biblija (Bible). Additional references: Slovene, Slovenia, Austria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Slovenian Biblija (Bible). Additional references: Slovenian, Slovenia, Austria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Slovenscina Biblija (Bible). Additional references: Slovenscina, Slovenia, Austria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Somkhuri աստվածաշունչ (bible, book, scripture), սուրխ քիրբ (bible). Additional references: Somkhuri, Armenia, Azerbaijan, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Spanish Biblia (bible), librillo (booklet, manyplies, bible, omasum, psalterium). Additional references: Spanish, Spain, Mexico, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Sranan Gadobuku (bible). Additional references: Sranan, Suriname, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Standard Fijian ivolatabu (bible), Ai Vola Tabu (holy bible). Additional references: Standard Fijian, Fiji, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Standard Malagasy baiboly (bible). Additional references: Standard Malagasy, Madagascar, Comoros Islands, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Standard Malay Kitab Injil (bible), Injil (bible). Additional references: Standard Malay, Malaysia, Brunei, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Standard Thai คัมภีร์ไบเบิ้ล (bible, holy writ), ไบเบิล (bible), พระคริสตธรรมคัมภีร์ (bible). Additional references: Standard Thai, Thailand, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Suomea Raamattu (bible, bibles, good book, holy writ, the bible). Additional references: Suomea, Finland, Russia (Europe), bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Suomi Raamattu (bible, bibles, good book, holy writ, the bible). Additional references: Suomi, Finland, Russia (Europe), bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Svenska Bibel (bible, scriptural), bibeln (bible, holy scripture, the holy bible). Additional references: Svenska, Sweden, Finland, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Swahili Biblia (bible, scripture), Msahafu (Koran, book, bible, bibles, booked), msafu (bible, book, leaf, page), misahafu (bible, book, Koran, leaf, page), misafu (bible, book, leaf, page), furkani (bible, Koran). Additional references: Swahili, Tanzania, Burundi, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Swedish Bibel (bible, scriptural), bibeln (bible, holy scripture, the holy bible). Additional references: Swedish, Sweden, Finland, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Swina bhaibheri (bible). Additional references: Swina, Zimbabwe, Zambia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Tagalog Bibliya (bible, bibles, scripture), Biblya (Bible, Tanakh), Banai na Kasulatan (bible). Additional references: Tagalog, Philippines, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Taiwanese 聖經 (the bible). Additional references: Taiwanese, Taiwan, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Tarahumara Riosi oseríwara (bible). Additional references: Tarahumara, Mexico, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Teso ebaibuli (bible). Additional references: Teso, Uganda, Kenya, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Thai คัมภีร์ไบเบิ้ล (bible, holy writ), ไบเบิล (bible), พระคริสตธรรมคัมภีร์ (bible). Additional references: Thai, Thailand, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Thaiklang คัมภีร์ไบเบิ้ล (bible, holy writ), ไบเบิล (bible), พระคริสตธรรมคัมภีร์ (bible). Additional references: Thaiklang, Thailand, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Tjamoro Biblia (bible). Additional references: Tjamoro, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Tosk bibël (bible, scripture). Additional references: Tosk, Turkey (Europe), bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Tozvi Bibele (holy bible). Additional references: Tozvi, Zambia, Namibia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Turkish Kutsal Kitap (scripture, bible, holy book, holy scripture, holy writ), İncil (bible), temel kitap (bible, bibles), Kitabı Mukaddes (bible), Kitab-ı Mukaddes (bible), kaynak kitap (bible, source book), incil (gospel, bible, evangel, good book, holy writ), Eski ve Yeni Ahit (bible), başvurulan kitap (bible), Ýncil (bible). Additional references: Turkish, Turkey, Bulgaria, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ukrainian біблія (bible, oracle), Бiблi (bible, bibles), Бiблiя (bible). Additional references: Ukrainian, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Ukrainian (transliteration) bіblіya (bible, oracle), bibli (bible, bibles), bibliya (bible). Additional references: Ukrainian, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Urdu قرآن (bible), توریت ۔ عہد نامہٴ عتیق (bible), اہل کتاب (bible), انجيل (bible), انجیل ۔ عہد نامہٴ جدید (bible), بید ۔ وید ۔ گرنتھ ۔ شاستر (bible), کتاب مقدس ۔ انجیل اور توریت (bible). Additional references: Urdu, Pakistan, India, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Vascuense biblia (bible, the holy bible). Additional references: Vascuense, Spain, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Venda bivhili (bible). Additional references: Venda, South Africa, Zimbabwe, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Venetian bibia (bible, whiner). Additional references: Venetian, Italy, Croatia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Veneto bibia (bible, whiner). Additional references: Veneto, Italy, Croatia, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Viet kinh thánh (bible, God's book, scripture), Kinh thánh Hebrew (Hebrew Bible). Additional references: Viet, Viet Nam, China, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Vietnamese kinh thánh (bible, God's book, scripture), Kinh thánh Hebrew (Hebrew Bible). Additional references: Vietnamese, Viet Nam, China, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Vlaams bijbel (bible). Additional references: Vlaams, Belgium, France, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Vlaemsch bijbel (bible). Additional references: Vlaemsch, Belgium, France, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Wamia ebaibuli (bible). Additional references: Wamia, Uganda, Kenya, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Welsh Beibl (bible), Beiblaidd (bible, biblical), Y Beibl (Bible). Additional references: Welsh, United Kingdom, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Zeneize bibbia (bible). Additional references: Zeneize, Italy, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Zhgabe bibël (bible, scripture). Additional references: Zhgabe, Turkey (Europe), bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Zulu bhayibheli (bible, bibles), iliBhayibheli (bible), ibhayibheli (bible). Additional references: Zulu, South Africa, Malawi, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Zunda bhayibheli (bible, bibles), iliBhayibheli (bible), ibhayibheli (bible). Additional references: Zunda, South Africa, Malawi, bible. (volunteer & more translations)
Source: Eve, based on a combination of meta analysis and graph theory (for near and back translations). Top

Constructed Language Translations: Bible

Language Translations for “bible” or closest synonym(s); back translations in parentheses.
Athag Bathagiblathage (Bible). Additional references: Athag, bible. (volunteer)
Double Dutch Bagiblage (Bible). Additional references: Double Dutch, bible. (volunteer)
Esperanto Biblio (bible). Additional references: Esperanto, bible. (volunteer)
Ido Biblo (Bible). Additional references: Ido, bible. (volunteer)
Interlingua biblia (bible). Additional references: Interlingua, bible. (volunteer)
Leet |>1|>13 (Bible). Additional references: Leet, bible. (volunteer)
Oppish Bopiblope (Bible). Additional references: Oppish, bible. (volunteer)
Pig Latin iblebay (bible). Additional references: Pig Latin, bible. (volunteer)
Romanica biblia (bible). Additional references: Romanica, bible. (volunteer)
Slovio Biblia (bible). Additional references: Slovio, bible. (volunteer)
Terran A biblia (bible, bible, bible), injeel (bible, testament, the gospel), serngkefng (bible, holy bible), biblo (bible). Additional references: Terran A, bible. (volunteer)
Terran B Biblia (bible). Additional references: Terran B, bible. (volunteer)
Ubbi Dubbi Bubiblube (Bible). Additional references: Ubbi Dubbi, bible. (volunteer)
Source: compiled by the editor. Top

Ancestral and Extinct Language Translations: Bible

Language Period Translations (or nearest inflections or synonyms, in parentheses)
Latin 500 BCE - 1700 biblia (bible), biblii (The Bible), deuteronomium (copy of the law, fifth book of the Bible), isai (Book of the Bible, Isaiah). Additional references: Latin, bible. (volunteer)
Old Norse 100 - 1500 biblia (the Bible). Additional references: Old Norse, bible. (volunteer)
Sudovian 200 - 1000 Bibl'jā (bible). Additional references: Sudovian, bible. (volunteer)
Late Latin 300 - 700 scriptura (a passage from the Bible, scripture, the writings contained in the Bible). Additional references: Late Latin, bible. (volunteer)
Source: compiled by the editor. Top