The art-deco spire of the Chrysler Building in New York, built 1928–1930. City Hall of Buffalo, New York, an art-deco masterpiece.

Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939, affecting the decorative arts such as architecture, interior design, and industrial design, as well as the visual arts such as fashion, painting, the graphic arts and film. This movement was, in a sense, an amalgam of many different styles and movements of the early 20th century, including Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism, Art Nouveau, and Futurism.^[1] Its popularity peaked in Europe during the Roaring Twenties^[2] and continued strongly in the United States through the 1930s.^[3] Although many design movements have political or philosophical roots or intentions, Art Deco was purely decorative.^[4] At the time, this style was seen as elegant, functional, and modern. Art Deco experienced a decline in popularity during the late 30s and early 40s, and soon fell out of public favor. It experienced a resurgence with the popularization of graphic design in the 1980s. Art Deco had a profound influence on many later artistic movements, such as Memphis and Pop art. Surviving examples may still be seen in many different locations worldwide, in countries as diverse as the United Kingdom, Cuba, the Philippines, and Brazil. Many classic examples still exist in the form of architecture in many major cities. The Chrysler building, designed by William Van Alen, is a classic example of this, as it is one of the most notable examples of Art Deco architecture today.

History

In the summer of 1969, Hillier conceived organizing an exhibition called Art Deco at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts,^[10] which took place from July to September 1971. After this event, interest in Art Deco peaked with the publication of his 1971 book The World of Art Deco, a record of the exhibition.^[11]

Sources

The structure of Art Deco is based on mathematical geometric shapes.^[12] It was widely considered to be an eclectic form of elegant and stylish modernism, being influenced by a variety of sources. Among them were the so-called "primitive" arts of Africa, Ancient Egypt,^[12][13] and Aztec Mexico.^[1] It also drew on Machine Age or streamline technology,^[14] such as modern aviation, electric lighting, the radio, the ocean liner and the skyscraper for inspiration.^[1] It is in streamline modern styles that this technology fully manifests itself and, although it is not antithetical to Art Deco, it is now considered to be a separate architectural style.^[15]

Terra cotta sunburst design in gold behind sky blue and deep blue above the front doors of the Eastern Columbia Building in Los Angeles

Art Deco design influences were expressed in the crystalline and faceted forms of decorative Cubism and Futurism.^[16][16] Other popular themes in Art Deco were trapezoidal, zigzagged, geometric, and jumbled shapes,^[13][17] which can be seen in many early pieces. Two great examples of these themes and styles are in Detroit, Michigan: the Fisher Building and the Guardian Building.^[18]

Attributes

Materials and design

Art Deco is characterized by use of materials such as aluminium, stainless steel, lacquer and inlaid wood.^[12][7][13] Exotic materials such as sharkskin (shagreen), and zebraskin were also in evidence.^{[7][13][22][17]} The bold use of stepped forms and sweeping curves (unlike the sinuous, natural curves of the Art Nouveau),^[23][12] chevron patterns, and the sunburst motif are typical of Art Deco. Some of these motifs were ubiquitous — for example, sunburst motifs were used in such varied contexts as ladies' shoes, radiator grilles, the auditorium of the Radio City Music Hall, and the spire of the Chrysler Building.

Streamline Moderne

1934 Chrysler Airflow sedan

1942 Nash Ambassador Slipstream sedan.

A parallel movement called Streamline Moderne, or simply Streamline, followed close behind. Streamline was influenced by the modern aerodynamic designs,^[12] including those emerging from advancing technologies in aviation, ballistics, and other fields requiring high velocity. The attractive shapes resulting from scientifically applied aerodynamic principles were enthusiastically adopted within Art Deco, applying streamlining techniques to other useful objects in everyday life, such as the automobile. Although the Chrysler Airflow design of 1933 was commercially unsuccessful, it provided the lead for more conservatively designed pseudo-streamlined vehicles. These "streamlined" forms began to be used in the design of mundane and static objects such as pencil sharpeners and refrigerators.^[12]

Art Deco celebrates the Machine Age through explicit use of man-made materials (particularly glass and stainless steel),^[12] symmetry,^[23] and repetition, modified by Asian influences such as the use of silks and Middle Eastern designs. It was strongly adopted in the United States during the Great Depression for its practicality and simplicity, while still portraying a reminder of better times and the "American Dream".^[3]

Decline and resurgence

Art Deco slowly lost patronage in the West after reaching mass production, when it began to be derided as gaudy and presenting a false image of luxury. Eventually, the style was cut short by the austerities of World War II. Before destruction in World War II, Manila possessed many Art Deco buildings; a legacy of the American colonial past. A resurgence of interest in Art Deco came first in the 1960s,^[7][24][13] and then again in the 1980s with the growing interest in graphic design,^[7] where its association with film noir and 1930s glamour led to its use in advertisements for jewelry and fashion.^[25]

Surviving examples

Some of the finest surviving examples of Art Deco art and architecture are found in Cuba, especially in Havana. The Bacardi Building is noted for its particular style,^[26] which echoes the classic themes of Art Deco. The style is expressed in the architecture of residences, businesses, hotels, and many pieces of decorative art, furniture, and utensils in public buildings, as well as in private homes.^[27]

Another country with many examples of rich Art Deco architecture is Brazil, specially in Goiânia and cities like Cipó (Bahia), Iraí (Rio Grande do Sul) and Rio de Janeiro, especially in Copacabana. Also in the Brazilian Northeast — notably in countryside cities, such as Campina Grande in Paraiba State — there is a noticeable group of Art Deco buildings, which has been called “Sertanejo Art Deco” because of its peculiar architectural features.^[28] The reason for the style being so widespread in Brazil is its coincidence with the fast growth and radical economic changes of the country during 1930-1940. Art deco buildings are also numerous in Montevideo, Uruguay, including the iconic Palacio Salvo, which was South America's tallest building when it was built in the late 1920s.

South Beach in Miami Beach, Florida has the largest collection of Art Deco architecture remaining in North America. Much of the Art Deco heritage of Tulsa, Oklahoma remains from that city's oil boom days.^[29]
Houston, Texas has some surviving art deco buildings, although many are threatened by modern development.^[30] Some examples are the Houston City Hall building, the J.P. Morgan Chase building and the 1940 Air Terminal Museum which is housed in the original airport terminal.

Napier, New Zealand, was rebuilt in the Art Deco style after being largely razed by an earthquake in 1931. Although a few Art Deco buildings were replaced with contemporary structures during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, most of the centre remained intact for long enough to become recognized as architecturally unique, and from the 1990s onwards had been protected and restored. As of 2007, Napier has been nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site status, the first cultural site in New Zealand to be nominated.^[31][32]

Africa's most celebrated examples of art deco were built in Eritrea during Italian rule. Many buildings survive in Asmara, the capital, and elsewhere.

Influences

The distinctive style of Art Deco has been echoed in many similar movements since its early decline.^[7] Art Deco influenced later styles such as Memphis and the Pop art movement.^[12] It also had an effect on post modern architecture and styles, even through to the late 1970s.^[7] Art Deco has also had a marked influence on contemporary design.^[3]

House design in the United Kingdom

During the 1930s, Art Deco had a noticeable influence on house design in the United Kingdom,^[13] as well as the design of various public buildings.^[7] Straight, white-rendered house frontages rising to flat roofs, sharply geometric door surrounds and tall windows, as well as convex curved metal corner windows, were all characteristic of that period.^[24][33][34]

References

See also

See also: Category:Art Deco buildings in London

• 1933 Chicago World's Fair Century of Progress
• 1939 New York World's Fair
• Art Deco stamps
• Durban Art Deco
• Streamline Moderne
• Fisher Building
• Guardian Building
• International style
• List of Art Deco architecture
• List of Art Deco buildings in Melbourne
• List of Art Deco buildings in Perth
• List of Art Deco buildings in Tasmania
• Napier, New Zealand
• RMS Queen Mary
• Oliver Percy Bernard
• Aleksandra Ekster
• Waylande Gregory
• Vadim Meller
• Corrado Parducci
• Timothy L. Pflueger
• Wirt C. Rowland
• Francisco Salamone

Bibliography

• Applegate, Judith. Intro. by Elayne H. Varian, Art Deco (New York Finch College Museum Of Art).
• Bayer, Patricia, Art Deco Architecture Design, Decoration and Detail from the Twenties and Thirties. (London: Thames & Hudson, 1999) ISBN 0500281491, ISBN 978-0500281499.
• Benton, Charlotte (Author), Tim Benton (Author), Ghislaine Wood (Author), Oriana Baddeley (Collaborator). Art Deco: 1910-1939 (Little Brown & Co., 2003). ISBN 9780821228340.
• Breeze, Carla, American Art Deco: Modernistic Architecture and Regionalism (Norton, WW & Co., 2003). ISBN 0500281491; ISBN 978-0500281499.
• Gallagher, Fiona, Christie's Art Deco (Watson Guptill Publications, 2002) ISBN 1862055092.
• Hillier, Bevis The World of Art Deco (New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1971) ISBN 9780525482383 ISBN 0525482385.
• Ray, Gordon N.; Tansell, G. Thomas, Ed., The Art Deco Book In France. The Bibliographical Society of The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 2005) ISBN 1883631122.
• Savage, Rebecca Binno and Greg Kowalski. Art Deco in Detroit (Images of America). (Arcadia, 2004). ISBN 0-7385-3228-2.
• Unes, Wolney. Identidade Art Deco de Goiânia. (Ateliê, 2003). ISBN 85-7480090-2.

External links

• Art Deco Brazilian Northeast
• Art Deco Miami Beach
• Art Deco Montreal
• Art Deco Sydney, Australia
• Art Deco Society, Victoria, Australia
• Art Deco Society of Western Australia
• Art Deco Society of Washington
• Art Deco Society of California
• Art Deco UK
• Illustrations: The Art Deco Book in France
• Durban Deco Directory: South Africa
• Miami Beach Art Deco District
• Napier, New Zealand Art Deco Trust
• Nebraska State Capitol site
• Tulsa, Oklahoma Art Deco Heritage
• Victoria and Albert Museum Art Deco

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; from the article "Art Deco". Image Credit.

bookmark   email   print   tweet   facebook