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Definition: Style |
StyleNoun1. A particular kind (as to appearance); "this style of shoe is in demand". 2. A manner of performance; "a manner of living"; "in the characteristic New York style"; "a way of life". 3. A way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period; "all the reporters were expected to adopt the style of the newspaper". 4. Distinctive and stylish elegance; "he wooed her with the confident dash of a cavalry officer". 5. The popular taste at a given time; "leather is the latest vogue"; "he followed current trends"; "the 1920s had a style of their own". 6. The narrow elongated part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma. 7. Editorial directions to be followed in spelling and punctuation and capitalization and typographical display. 8. A pointed tool for writing or drawing or engraving; "he drew the design on the stencil with a steel stylus". 9. A slender bristlelike or tubular process: "a cartilaginous style". Verb1. Designate by an identifying term; "They styled their nation `The Confederate States'". 2. Make stylish; in fashion or hairdressing. 3. Style and tailor in a certain fashion; "cut a dress"; "style a wedding dress". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "style" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Literature | Style (1 syl.) is from the Latin stylus (an iron pencil for writing on waxen tablets, etc.). The characteristic of a person's writing is called his style. Metaphorically it is applied to composition and speech. Good writing is stylish, and, metaphorically, smartness of dress and deportment is so called. "Style is the dress of thought, and a well-dressed thought, like a well-dressed man, appears to great advantage."- Chesterfield: Letter ccxl. p. 361. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Musical genres are categories which contain music which share a certain style or which have certain elements in common.See also musical form.
Some genres, such as Indian music, are geographically defined; others, like Baroque music, are largely defined by chronology. Still others, such as Barbershop, are defined by quite precise technical requirements. Some genres, however, are quite vague, and may be contrived by critics; post-rock, for example, is a term devised and defined by Simon Reynolds.
To some extent, all attempts to categorise music will have a degree of artificiality to them, because musicians tend to produce music in any style they choose, without concerning themselves with which genre they are working in. Some people feel that the categorization of music into genres is worse than useless. John Zorn, for example, a musician whose work has covered a wide range of genres, wrote in Arcana: musicians on music that genres are tools used to "commodify and commercialize an artist's complex personal vision", implying that oftentimes, genres represent efforts at marketing rather than actual musical distinctions. Other artists feel that it is the artist's fault themselves for making a body of work that can be put into a shared class easily with others.
Dividing music by genre is still widely done, however, making it easier to trace threads through music history, and increasing the ease with which individuals find artists that they enjoy.
Related Lists
To track down information about a specific genre see the following lists:
- List of musical genres
- List of musicians by genre
Overview of Main Groupings
Although there are many individual genres, it is possible to group these together into a number of overlapping major groupings. The rest of this page attempts to do that for a number of widely agreed areas.
These definitions are relatively short and simple, referring to further articles as needed.
Classical music (or art music)
The term classical music refers to a number of different, but related, genres. Without any qualification, the usual meaning of "classical music" in the English language is European classical music (an older usage describes specifically the Western art music of the Classical Music Era). It can also refer to the classical (or art) music of non-Western cultures such as Indian classical music or Chinese classical music.
In a Western context, classical music is generally a classification covering music composed and performed by professionally-trained artists with strong theoretical background behind them, and relatively rigidly programmed. Art music is a term widely used to describe classical music and other serious forms of artistic musical expression, Western or non-Western, especially referring to serious music composed after 1950.
Jazz
Jazz is a musical form that grew out of of a cross-fertilization of folk blues, ragtime, and European music, particularly band music. It has been called the first art form to develop in the United States of America.
Country music
Country music is usually used to refer to honky tonk today. Emerging in the 1930s in the United States, honky tonk country was strongly influenced by the blues, as well as jug bands (which can not be properly called honky tonk). In the 1950s, country achieved great mainstream success by adding elements of rock and roll; this was called rockabilly. In addition, Western swing added influences from swing and bluegrass emerged as a largely underground phenomenon. Later in the decade, the Nashville sound, a highly polished form of country music, became very popular. In reaction to this, harder-edged, gritty musicians sprung up in Bakersfield, California, inventing the Bakersfield sound. Merle Haggard and similar artists brought the Bakersfield sound to mainstream audiences in the 1960s, while Nashville started churning out countrypolitan. During the 1970s, the most popular genre was outlaw country, a heavily rock-influenced style. The late 1980s saw the Urban Cowboys bring about an influx of pop-oriented stars during the 1990s. Modern bluegrass music has remained mostly traditional, though progressive bluegrass and close harmony groups do exist, and the sound is the primary basis for jam bands like the Grateful Dead.
Soul music
Soul music emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s as an outgrowth of gospel and rock and roll. It was immediately popular, and splintered in many disparate genres, including blue eyed soul (performed by white musicians), brown eyed soul (performed by Latino musicians), Motown (Detroit-based Motown Records), southern soul and swamp pop. Boy bands and girl groups were also popular, primarily as teen idols playing an extremely watered-down version of soul called bubblegum pop. In the latter part of the decade, several regional styles emerged -- Chicago, Memphis, Philadelphia and St. Louis soul were extremely popular. Musicians like James Brown also started adding greater rock influences, forming funk, while Smokey Robinson and others helped invent Quiet Storm in the 1970s. Until the late 1990s, New Jack Swing was extremely popular among mainstream audiences. In the middle of the decade, a new breed of 70s-oriented soul singers emerged, including Lauryn Hill and D'Angelo; this is called nu soul.
Punk music
The term "punk music" can only rarely be applied uncontroversially. Perhaps the only bands always considered "punk" are the first wave of punk bands, such as the Clash and the Ramones. Before this, however, a series of underground musicians helped define the music throughout the 1970s -- see Forerunners of punk music. After 70s ended, punk had evolved into several genres which can be grouped into three categories -- hardcore punk, New Wave and alternative rock.
Hardcore punk music kept the raw, visceral energy of the original punk bands. In the 1980s, reggae influences resulted in a fusion called ska punk, while another group of party bands became known as oi. During the 1990s, some more styles emerged, including straight edge, and queercore, based around subcultures -- straight edge and homosexuals, respectively. Psychobilly (see also cow punk) also emerged, fusing punk with rockabilly and other kinds of country music. In addition, emo (or emocore) had appeared by the 90s, characterized by slower beats, dreamy vocals and angst-ridden lyrics.
New Wave was the most popular genre of punk music, dominating the charts during the early 1980s. Varieties included Neue Deutsche Welle, synth pop, dream pop and the New Romantics. Of these, the most popular was synth pop, though the most critically accepted groups were the underground dream pop bands. In the 1980s, dream pop evolved into many of the most popular genres of the 1990s. This occurred primarily in Britain, with styles like jangle pop (and the Paisley Underground) and noise pop (and, later, twee pop, shoegazing). All of these styles (along with psychedelic music) contributed to the popular emergence of Britpop in the middle of the decade.
Keeping the anti-corporate stance of punk music, alternative rock is a broad grouping, referring to multiple styles. The earliest genres were noise pop, post-rock and Gothic rock. These bands were unable to break into the mainstream, though they influenced many of the 1980s' most popular groups. By the end of the decade, post rock had developed into math rock, while other genres like Riot Grrl, slowcore (aka sadcore or shoegazing) and grunge music. During the early 1990s, grunge music broke into the mainstream in a big way. With "alternative" now mainstream, other bands began referring to themselves as indie rock.
Reggae, dub and related forms
In Jamaica during the 1950s, American R&B was most popular, though mento (a form of folk music) was more common in rural areas. A fusion of the two styles, along with soca and other genres, formed ska, an extremely popular form of music intended for dancing. In the 1960s, reggae and dub emerged from ska and American rock and roll.
Starting the late 1960s, a rock-influenced form of music began developing -- this was called rocksteady. With some folk influences (both Jamaican and American), and the growing urban popularity of Rastafarianism, rocksteady evolved into what is now known as roots reggae. In the 1970s, a style called Lovers rock became popular primarily in the United Kingdom by British performers of ballad-oriented reggae music.
Dub emerged in Jamaica when sound system DJs began taking away the vocals from songs so that people could dance to the beat alone. Soon, pioneers like King Tubby and Lee Scratch Perry began adding new vocals over the old beats; the lyrics were rhythmic and rhyme-heavy. After the popularity of reggae died down in the early 1980s, derivatives of dub dominated the Jamaican charts. These included ragga and dancehall, both of which remained popular in Jamaica alone until the mainstream breakthrough of American gangsta rap (which evolved out of dub musicians like DJ Kool Herc moving to American cities). Ragga especially now has many devoted followers throughout the world.
Rock and roll
Rock and roll is a confusing term with multiple definitions. It can be used strictly, referring to very little music recorded after the early 1960s, or broadly, to refer to almost all popular music recorded since the early 1950s. It arose from multiple genres in the late 1940s, most importantly the jump blues. It was first popularized by performers like Bill Haley and Elvis Presley, who fused the sound with country music, resulting in rockabilly. In addition, gospel music and a related genre, R&B (rhythm and blues), emerged later in the decade. R&B soon became on of the most popular genres, with girl groups, garage rock and surf rock most popular in the US, while harder, more blues-oriented musicians became popular in the UK, which soon developed into British blues, merseybeat, mod and skiffle. Starting the mid-1960s, a group of British bands that played variations on American R&B-influenced blues became popular on both sides of the Atlantic -- the British Invasion, a catchall term for multiple genres. These groups, including the Beatles, fused the earlier sounds with Appalachian folk music, forming folk rock, as well as a variety of less-popular genres, including the soon-to-be dominant singer-songwriter tradition. Early heavy metal and punk rock bands formed in this period, though these genres did not emerge as such for several years. The most popular genre of the British Invasion was psychedelic music, which slowly morphed into bluegrass-influenced jam bands like The Grateful Dead and ornate, classically-influenced progressive rock bands. Merseybeat and mod groups like The Yardbirds and The Who soon evolved into hard rock, which, in the early 1970s specialized into a gritty sound called glam rock, as well as a mostly underground phenomenon called power pop. In the early to mid-1970s, singer-songwriters and pop musicians dominated the charts, though punk rock and krautrock also developed, and some success was achieved by southern rock and roots rock performers, which fused modern techniques with a more traditionalist sound.
Hip hop
Hip hop began in inner cities in the US in the 1970s. The earliest recordings, primarily from the early 1980s, are now referred to as old school rap. In the later part of the decade, regional styles developed. East Coast rap, based out of New York City, was by far the most popular as rap began to break into the mainstream. West Coast rap, based out of Los Angeles, was by far less popular until 1992, when Dr. Dre's The Chronic revolutioned the West Coast sound, using slow, stoned, lazy beats in what came to be called G Funk. Soon after, a host of other regional styles became popular, most notably Southern rap, based out of Atlanta and New Orleans, primarily. Atlanta based performers like OutKast soon developed their own distinct sound, which came to be known as Dirty South. As hip hop became more popular in the mid-1990s, alternative rap gained in popularity among critics and long-time fans of the music.
De La Soul's 3 Feet High and Rising (1989) was perhaps the first "alternative rap" blockbuster, and helped develop a specific style called jazz rap, characterized by the use of live instrumentation and/or jazz samples. Other less popular forms of hip hop include various non-American varieties; Japan, Britain, Mexico, Sweden, Finland, France, Germany, Italy and Turkey have vibrant hip hop communities. In Puerto Rico, a style called reggaeton is popular. Electro hip hop was invented in the 1980s, but is distinctly different from most old school hip hop (as is go go, another old style). Some other genres have been created by fusing hip hop with techno (trip hop) and heavy metal (rapcore). In the late 1980s, Miami's hip hop scene was characterized by bass-heavy grooves designed for dancing -- Miami bass music. There are also rappers with Christian themes in the lyrics -- this is Christian hip hop.
Electronic dance music
Although many artists in the 50s and 60s created pure electronic music with pop structures, fully formed electronic dance music as we know it today really emerged in 1977 with Giorgio Moroder's From Here to Eternity album. There are now many subgenres of electronic music, these include: techno (mechanical sounding dance music featuring little melody and more noise), trance music (with a distinct style of instrumentation and focused on more complex chord progressions and melodies), Goa trance (spawning from industrial music and tribal dance, focusing on creating psychedelic sound effects within the songs), house music (fully electronic disco music), big beat (using older drum loops and more melodic elements sampled and looped), drum and bass (an offshoot of hardcore and Jamaican dancehall, utilizing quick tempos with sampled break beats, most notably the amen break and the funky drummer), gabber or gabba, (a Dutch development on techno, which features extremely high tempos and lots of overdrive and distortion on the music, especially the base drum being distorted into a square wave tone), happy hardcore (a more palatable version of Gabba, fusing elements of drum and bass as well).
Electronic dance music is often composed to fit easily into a live DJ set.
Electronica
Electronic music that does not fall into the techno or dance categories are often referred to as "left-field", or "electronica". These styles include ambient, downtempo, illbient and trip-hop (among countless others, see list of electronic music genres), which are all related in that they usually rely more on their atmospheric qualities than electronic dance music, and make use of slower, more subtle tempos, sometimes excluding rhythm completely.
IDM (an abbreviation for intelligent dance music) is an elusive and confusing genre classification that can only be truly defined by flagbearers and flagburners like Aphex Twin and Autechre.
All electronic music owes at least its historical existence to early pioneers of tape experiments known as Musique concrete, as well as experimental synthesists like John Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen. (See electronic art music).
Melodic Music
Melodic Music is a term that covers various genres of non-classical music which are primarily characterised by the dominance of a single strong melody line. Rhythm, tempo and beat are subordinate to the melody line or tune, which is generally easily memorable, and followed without great difficulty. Melodic music is found in all parts of the world, overlapping many genres, and may be performed by a singer or orchestra, or a combination of the two.
In the west, melodic music has developed largely from folk song sources, and been heavily influenced by classical music in its development and orchestration. In many areas the border line between classical and melodic popular music is imprecise. Opera is generally considered to be a classical form. The lighter operetta is considered borderline, whilst stage and film musicals and musical comedy are firmly placed in the popular melodic category. The reasons for much of this are largely historical.
Other major categories of melodic music include music hall and vaudeville, which, along with the ballad, grew out of European folk music. Orchestral dance musicdeveloped from localised forms such as the jig, polka and waltz, but with the admixture of latin american, negro blues and ragtime influences, it diversified into coumtless sub-genres such as big band, cabaretand swing. More specialised forms of melodic music include military music and religious music.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Musical genre."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The style or family of a financial option is a general term denoting the class into which the option falls, usually defined by the manner in which the option may be exercised. The two great families are european and american.A european option may be exercised by only at the maturity of the option, i.e. at a single point in time
An american option on the other hand may be exercised at any time before expiry. Oddly, american options are very rarely exercised. That is because any option has a time value and is therefore worth more unexercised. Buyers who wish to realise the full value of their option will therefore prefer sell it on a recognised market, either an over the counter (OTC) or listed market.
European options are typically valued using the Black-Scholes or Black 76 formulas. American options are more difficult to value, and a choice of models are available (for example Whaley, binomial options model, Monte Carlo and others).
Some other styles of options are
- Bermudan option (buyer has right of exercise at certain times before maturity according to a pre-agreed schedule)
- Asian option (buyer exercises against average strike price)
- Quanto option (buyer exercises in different currency)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Option style."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This page will detail the various styles used by royalty and nobility in Europe, in the final form arrived at in the nineteenth century. In earlier years, many different styles were used, with little standardization. Styles represent the fashion by which monarchs and noblemen are or were properly addressed.
Imperial, Royal, and Princely Styles
Emperors and Empresses had the style of Imperial Majesty (HIM=His or Her Imperial Majesty)
Members of imperial families, generally had the style of Imperial Highness (HIH).
Kings and Queens have the style of Majesty (HM)
- In Austria, the members of the Imperial family, due to their status as also members of the royal family of Hungary, held the style of Imperial and Royal Highness (HIRH).
- In Russia, while the more senior Grand Dukes and Grand Duchesses held the style of imperial highness, more junior Princes and Princesses of Russia held the style of His or Her Highness (HH)
Members of royal families (Princes and Princesses) generally have the style of Royal Highness (HRH), although in some royal families (for instance, Denmark), more junior princes and princesses only bear the style of His or Her Highness (HH)
Reigning Grand Dukes and Grand Duchesses hold the style of Royal Highness (HRH).
The styles of members of Grand Ducal families has been inconsistent. In Luxemburg, more senior members of the family have also been Royal Highnesses. In Baden and Hesse and the Rhine, junior members held the style of Grand Ducal Highness (HGDH). Members of other grand ducal families generally held the style of Highness (HH).
Reigning Dukes and Duchesses bore the style of Highness (HH), as did other members of ducal families.
The Elector of Hesse-Kassel also bore the style of Highness, as did other members of the Hesse-Kassel family.
Mediatized Dukes and reigning and mediatized Fürsten and Fürstinnen bear the style of Serene Higness (HSH, German Durlaucht), as do other members of princely families.
Mediatized Counts and Countesses bear the style of Illustrious Highness (German Erlaucht).
Noble Styles in Britain
Dukes and Duchesses in the peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom bear the style of Grace, eg. "His Grace", "Your Grace". They are also known as "Most Noble," although this style is largely archaic, except in the most formal situations.
Marquesses, Marchionesses, Earls, Countesses, Viscounts, Viscountesses, Barons and Baronesses in these peerages bear the style of Lordship, eg. "His Lordship", "Her Ladyship", "Your Lordship", and "Your Ladyship."
Marquesses and Marchionesses are also referred to as "The Most Honourable"
Earls, Countesses, Viscounts, Viscountesses, Barons and Baronesses are also referred to as "The Right Honourable."
For more details, see Forms of Address in the United Kingdom
Noble Styles in Germany
Non-mediatized noble Dukes in Germany bear the style of Serene Highness (HSH) or High Born (Hochgeboren)
Non-mediatized noble Fürsten in Germany bear the styles of Serene Highness, Princely Grace (fürstliche Gnaden), or High Born
Other non-mediatized German nobles of the rank of Count or higher bear the style of High Born
German nobles of below the rank of count bear the style of High Well Born (Hochwohlgeboren)
incomplete
See also: Nobility, Peerage, Clergy
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Royal and noble styles."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
See also: Wikipedia:Manual of Style
- Clothing, see Fashion
- Writing, see The Chicago Manual of Style
- Style (manner of address)
- Chine name, see zi
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Style."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A Style is a form of address which by tradition or law precedes a reference to a person who holds a title or post, or to the office itself. A style can also be awarded to an individual in a personal capacity. Styles are particularly associated with monarchies, where they may be used by a female marital partner of an office holder or of a prince of the blood, for the duration of their marriage. They are also universally used for presidents in republics and in many countries for members of Parliament, judges and senior constitutional office holders. Leading religious figures also have styles.
Examples of Styles
In Religion
- His Holiness The Pope (written: HH Pope John Paul II / spoken: 'Your Holiness')
- His Holiness The Dalai Lama (spoken: 'Your Holiness')
- His Eminence Cardinal Law (spoken: 'Your Eminence')
- The Most Reverend and Right Honourable Dr. Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury
In Monarchies
- Her Majesty The Queen (written: HM Queen Elizabeth II/Margarethe II of Denmark/Sophia of Spain / spoken: 'Your Majesty')
- His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales (written: HRH The Prince of Wales/ spoken: 'Your Royal Highness')
- His Serene Highness The Prince of Monaco (HSH Prince Ranier III / spoken: 'Your Serene Highness')
- His Excellency The Governor-General of Australia (written: HE Sir William Deane / spoken: 'Your Excellency')
In Republics
Similar styles are used universally in republics worldwide.
- Her Excellency The President of Ireland (HE President McAleese / spoken: 'Your Excellency' or as 'President') [a gaelic equivalent also exists].
- Mr President (spoken style for the United States President and all living former holders of the office.)
Other Styles
- The Right Honourable Paul Murphy, MP (written: Rt. Hon. Paul Murphy, MP/when spoken in Parliamentary debates, the 'Right Honourable Member'. )'' [This style denotes membership of the Privy Council.1]
- The Honourable member for . . . [used in parliamentary debate for MPs who are not members of the Privy Council]
- The Distinguished Gentleman/Gentlewoman [used in the US Congress]
- His Grace the Duke of Marlborough (spoken: 'Your Grace').
- Her Worship Mayor Hazel McCallion (Ceremonial title used by a mayor or other chief executive of municipal government in Canada)
Political Titles Used as Styles
British Prime Ministers are addressed as Prime Minister. Irish Taoisigh (prime ministers) are addressed singularly as Taoiseach. Other Irish and British politicians are similarly addressed by their title alone.In most other countries politicians are addressed by their title preceded by Mister or Madam depending on the gender of the holder. For example Mr. Minister, Madam Secretary, Mr. Mayor, etc. This manner of address is also frequently used by members of the international media who may not be familiar with a politician's specific honorific title, but still want to show respect.
Styles Existing Through Marriage
Whereas Britain's Princess Royal (Princess Anne) is styled HRH, her husband, Timothy Lawrence, has no style. In contrast, when Sophie Rhys Jones married Prince Edward, as 'Princess Edward' or the 'Countess of Wessex' she has a HRH, by virtue of her marriage to a royal prince. Similarly, while the sons of the Prince of Wales and the daughters of the Duke of York (Prince Andrew) have HRH styles, the children of the Princess Royal have no styles. (She requested that they be given no courtesy titles or peerages).
Former Styles
All former monarchies had styles, some, as in the Bourbon monarchy of France, extremely complicated depending on the status of the office or office-holder. Dr. Otto von Habsburg, who was Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary (1916-1918), had the style 'His Imperial Highness'. He was last addressed as such by church figures during the funeral of his late mother, Empress-Queen Zita of Austria-Hungary in 1986.
Styles & Titles of Deposed Monarchs
General tradition indicates that where a monarch as been deposed but has not abdicated, they retain the use of their style and title for the duration of their lifetime, but both die with them. Hence Greece's deposed king is still technically 'His Majesty King Constantine II of the Hellenes', as a personal title, not a constitutional office, since the declaration of the Hellenic Republic in 1973-4. Similarly, until his death the last king of Italy, Umberto II was technically entitled to be called 'His Majesty the King of Italy' or 'Your Majesty'. In contrast, the ex-King Michael I of Romania, who abdicated his throne in 1947, technically lost the use of his title, though out of politeness, he may still be called 'His Majesty the King' or 'Your Majesty'. (While this rule is generally observed, and indeed some exiled monarchs are allowed diplomatic passports by their former state, other states take offence at the use of such titles. The current Hellenic Republic has long challenged King Constantine's right to use his title; in 1981, the then Greek President Constantine Karamanlis declined to attend the wedding of the Prince of Wales when it was revealed that Greece's deposed monarch, a friend of the Prince, had been referred to as 'king' in his invitation. ) Former United States presidents are by tradition referred to as if still in office (eg., President Carter, President Ford, etc.)
The late Diana, Princess of Wales held the style 'Her Royal Highness' or HRH during her marriage to HRH the Prince of Wales. Her marital status was indicated by the title 'Princess of Wales.' When the couple divorced, she lost her title which only existed by virtue of her marriage to a royal prince, becoming instead 'Diana, Princess of Wales.' While there was the option of awarding a 'HRH' style to Diana, Princess of Wales in her personal capacity (which could be justified, given that she was the mother of a future king), it was decided not to award her the style. As a result, from the moment of her divorce until her death, she ceased to hold any formal style, though out of courtesy, many people still applied the style 'HRH' to her. Similarly when Sarah, Duchess of York was divorced from her husband, HRH the Duke of York, she too lost her HRH style. Controversially, Wallis Simpson was not given the HRH style by King George VI when she married his brother, the former King Edward VIII, by then known as HRH the Duke of Windsor. The fear was that, even though if the couple divorced (she had already divorced two husbands) she would lose the style, she could conceivably still try to use it, undermining its status and respect.
Other Parallel Symbols
Styles were often one of a range of symbols that surrounded figures of high office. Everything from the manner of address to the behaviour of a person on meeting that personage was surrounded by traditional symbols. Monarchs were to be bowed to by men and curtsied to by women. Senior clergy, particularly in the Roman Catholic Church, were to have their rings (the symbol of their authority) kissed on bended knee, while cardinals in an act of homage at the papal coronation were meant to kiss the feet of the Supreme Pontiff, the Pope.
Many of these traditions have lapsed or been partially abandoned. At his inauguration as pope in 1978 (itself the abandonment of the traditional millennium old papal coronation), John Paul II himself kissed cardinals on the cheeks, rather than follow the traditional method of homage, having his feet kissed. Curtsies have for many years been no longer obligatory when meeting members of the British Royal Family; indeed some royals positively hate the being curtsied to. One described the experience of a row of curtseying women, bobbing up and down, as leaving them 'sea-sick'. (Curiously, Americans seem more attached to the curtseying to British royalty than most British people.)
As a result, styles, though still used, are used less often. The current President of Ireland, Mary McAleese, is usually referred to as 'President Mary McAleese', not 'President McAleese', as had been the form used for the first six presidents, from President Hyde to President Hillery. Tony Blair asked initially to be called 'Tony.' In a break with tradition, though as the second in line to the throne and a son of a royal prince, Prince William of Wales formally has a HRH style, he has chosen while in university not to use it.
However, styles are still widely used in formal documents and correspondence between heads of state, such as in a Letter of Credence accrediting an ambassador from one head of state to another.
External links
Footnote
1 Though Republic of Ireland does not possess a Privy Council the style is still used. The Lord Mayor of Dublin is still styled the Rt. Honourable, as previous lords mayor were ex-officio members of the Irish Privy Council.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Style (manner of address)."
Synonyms: StyleSynonyms: dash (n), elan (n), expressive style (n), fashion (n), flair (n), manner (n), mode (n), panache (n), stylus (n), trend (n), vogue (n), way (n), cut (v), tailor (v). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Beauty | Concinnity, delicacy, refinement; charm, je ne sais quoi, style. |
Engraving | Graver, burin, etching point, style; plate, stone, wood block, negative; die, punch, stamp. |
Fashion | Noun: fashion, style, ton, bon ton, society; good society, polite society; monde; drawing-room, civilized life, civilization, town, beau monde, high life, court; world; fashionable world, gay world; Vanity Fair; show; (ostentation). |
Instantaneity | Noun: chronometry, horometry, horology; date, epoch; style, era. |
Nomenclature | Verb: name, call, term, denominate designate, style, clepe, dub, christen, baptize, characterize, specify, define, distinguish by the name of; label; (mark). |
Painting | School, style; the grand style, high art, genre, portraiture; ornamental art. |
Phrase | Noun: phrase, expression, set phrase; sentence, paragraph; figure of speech; idiom, idiotism; turn of expression; style. |
State | Tone, tenor, turn; trim, guise, fashion, light, complexion, style, character. |
Writing | Stationery; pen, quill, goose quill; pencil, style; paper, foolscap, parchment, vellum, papyrus, tablet, slate, marble, pillar, table; blackboard; ink bottle, ink horn, ink pot, ink stand, ink well; typewriter. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Style |
| English words defined with "style": artistic style, Attic style ♦ Byzantine style ♦ expressive style ♦ in style ♦ Lapidary style ♦ musical style ♦ New style, Norman style ♦ Old style ♦ Perpendicular style, Pointed style ♦ writing style. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "style": Cascading Style Sheets, Communication Style, Continuation Passing Style ♦ Document Style Semantics and Specification Language ♦ Liberty Style ♦ Modern Style ♦ open style ♦ paired style ♦ Queen Anne's Style ♦ Racy Style ♦ style bar. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "style": Vandyke. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Style" is also a word in the following language with English translations in parentheses. French (character, design, diction, flair, pattern, style, stylus). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | No style at all (Superman II; writing credit: Jerry Siegel; Joe Shuster) That wasn't flying, that was falling with style! (Toy Story; writing credit: John Lasseter; Andrew Stanton) By God, you have a style to you, MacGregor (Rob Roy; writing credit: Alan Sharp) Which was the style at the time (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge) Yeah, you used to drive that Formula One. When high-buttoned shoes were in style! (The Cannonball Run; writing credit: Brock Yates) | |
Lyrics | Just go back and hit 'em up style (Hit 'em up Style (Oops!); performing artist: Blu Cantrell) Your style, (One In A Million; performing artist: Aaliyah) Her style her mind compares to nothin on this earth she's not the kind u share (There She Goes; performing artist: Babyface) He had a boogie style that no one else could play (Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy; performing artist: Bette Midler) Don't take no rhythm, don't take no style (THE STROKE; performing artist: Billy Squier) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Fox Style (1974) Hippie Style Love (1974) The Lovemakers: Carnal Style (1970) Photo-Finnish Style (1970) American Style Love (1969) | |
Song Titles | She's Just My Style (performing artist: Gary Lewis and The Playboys) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
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Books |
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Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Consumer Goods |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Pictured are two young sisters playing on a swing. It is an outdoor summer, sunny setting. In the background a large home may be seen and a farm style setting. Hese are two members of a large Mormon family. The Mormons are presently being studied for their low cancer death rate. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer). |  | Nautical chart of New York Harbor, 1845 There were earlier sketches of harbors But this was the first chart produced with the distinctive Coast Survey style. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Traveling in style in the Big Bend Triangulation party of Wilbur M. Porter. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Traveling in style with the gravity field party - Tent camps were now a thing of the past. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
 | Old style Chebacco boats drailing for mackerel Drawing by H. W. Elliott and Capt. J. W. Collins. Credit: National Marine Fisheries Historical Image Collection. |  | Collecting fish by Hawaiian style spear for determining stomach contents. Credit: The Coral Kingdom. |
 | An old style tobacco drying barn is loaded with green tobacco leaves as a farm dog watches. Credit: USDA. |  | Diagonal view of orchestra, proscenium and stage, curtains open. Copy of 1928 photo of completed theater interior, by Canfield and Shook, photographers, courtesy of Drew Eberson, Stamford, Connecticut. (Reproduction Number: HABS, KY,56-LOUVI,17-47) Going to the movies became quite an event in the 1920s. Large, urban motion picture "palaces" originally incorporated all the amenities found in live theaters, even out-doing them in scale and opulence and adding concert hall features such as great electric pipe organs and elaborately decorated lobbies. The Loew's Theatre chain hired nationally-known theater architect John Eberson, who designed this 1928 theater in a Spanish influenced style called Churrigueresque. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Stairhall, stair, details of balusters. Photograph by Jack E. Boucher, November 1960. (Reproduction Number: HABS, MINN, 62-SAIP,13-7) This carved oak staircase connects the first and second floors of the three-story mansion built for James C. Burbank, a Vermont-born pioneer and major figure in early Minnesota transportation. Burbank, who made his fortune in stage-coach and riverboat traffic, hired the Chicago architect Otis C. Wheelock in 1862 to build him a mansion in the latest style. That style, commonly known as Italianate, features round arches, brackets, belvederes or cupolas, and other architectural elements found in villas and country houses around Italy. Today, the Burbank House is one of the finest early Italianate-style houses in St. Paul. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | U.S. Army Station Hospital, Camp Joseph T. Robinson, Little Rock, Arkansas. : Nurses' and Officers' Mess, cafeteria style. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
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| "Phonebox in London" by Ben Stirling Commentary: "An old style telephone box in London." | "Loupe" by Alan Cameron Commentary: "Style shot of printers loupe with reflection & refraction." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Play | Caption | Play | Caption |
 | A solo piano piece typical of a mid Beethoven piano style. | | A new age style excerpt featuring a digital bass, percussion, and piano. |
| A boogie woogie piano style. | | A very 1960's style folk guitar strumming pattern. |
| An excerpt for piano which modulates in a style reflective of the Romantic era. | | Chicago blues style piece with amplified harmonica as melody instrument. |
| "Aloha Oe" played on vibraphone with Brazilian style percussion accompaniment. | | Space mystery style television show excerpt. |
| An upbeat folk rock style piece played by two guitar. | | Film score style excerpt featuring horns, calliope, and snare drum. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Arthur Schopenhauer | Style is what gives value and currency to thoughts. |
Edward Gibbon | Style is the image of character. |
Jonathan Swift | Style may defined as the proper words in the proper places. |
| The proper words in the proper places are the true definition of style. | |
Marie de Rabutin-chantal | Racine will go out of style like coffee. |
Ralph Waldo Emerson | A man's style is his mind's voice. Wooden minds, wooden voices. |
Sir Thomas Browne | I dare, without usurpation, assume the honorable style of a Christian. |
Voltaire | Every style that is not boring is a good one. |
Walt Whitman | He most honors my style who learns under it to destroy the teacher. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | The style of the visit, and the shortness of it, were then felt to be decisive |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | The (r)gamin style of life is a shade of the Gallic mind |
King Richard III | Shakespeare, William | Plain and not honest is too harsh a style. |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | This is the court style, and I found it to be more than matter of form |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | An enterprise to improve the style of cottage architecture |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | A shorter style will make your hair look thicker and fuller. (references) | |
Get your wig or hairpiece before you lose a lot of hair. That way, you can match your current hair style and color. (references) | ||
The cornerstone of therapy is a style of life centered around diet and supplemented, if needed, by insulin or oral agents. (references) | ||
Business | American style bedroom furniture is also in demand. (references) | |
The construction style is mostly determined by the available materials. (references) | ||
In terms of negotiating, understanding differences in style is mandatory. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Singapore | The Government's authoritarian style has fostered an atmosphere inimical to free speech and a free press. (references) |
Namibia | Such verbal attacks do not appear to have impacted significantly the aggressive style of the independent media or the work of human rights groups or opposition political parties. (references) | |
Nicaragua | Some journalists believe that the law was passed to discourage them from pursuing their usual style of campaign reporting in an election year, which is investigative, accusatorial, and sensational. (references) | |
Economic History | Panama | Panama is receptive to U.S. style franchising. (references) |
Costa Rica | U.S. style marketing techniques and malls are the norm. (references) | |
Philippines | Much depends on the personal leadership style of local union leaders. (references) | |
Human Rights | Ecuador | Most killings were execution style and were blamed on conflicts between rival Colombian groups who had entered the country. (references) |
China | After July 2000, in a effort to distance judges from prosecutors, judges in Beijing shed their military style uniforms, including epaulets and caps, in favor of robes or suits. (references) | |
Samoa | However, many civil and criminal matters are handled by village fono, which vary considerably both in their decisionmaking style and in the number of matai involved in the decisions. (references) | |
Political Economy | Maldives | The Republic of Maldives has a parliamentary style of government with a strong executive. (references) |
Turkmenistan | Turkmenistan is a one-party state dominated by its president and his closest advisers, who continued to exercise power in a Soviet-era authoritarian style despite Constitutional provisions nominally establishing a democratic system. (references) | |
Travel | Trinidad | Dress is basically American in style. (references) |
Worker Rights | China | Buildings are of Chinese architectural style; the Chinese language is spoken widely, and Chinese characters are used in most commercial and official communications. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | FLY-:SPECK:, n. The prototype of punctuation. It is observed by Garvinus that the systems of punctuation in use by the various literary nations depended originally upon the social habits and general diet of the flies infesting the several countries. These creatures, which have always been distinguished for a neighborly and companionable familiarity with authors, liberally or niggardly embellish the manuscripts in process of growth under the pen, according to their bodily habit, bringing out the sense of the work by a species of interpretation superior to, and independent of, the writer's powers. The "old masters" of literature -- that is to say, the early writers whose work is so esteemed by later scribes and critics in the same language -- never punctuated at all, but worked right along free-handed, without that abruption of the thought which comes from the use of points. (We observe the same thing in children to-day, whose usage in this particular is a striking and beautiful instance of the law that the infancy of individuals reproduces the methods and stages of development characterizing the infancy of races.) In the work of these primitive scribes all the punctuation is found, by the modern investigator with his optical instruments and chemical tests, to have been inserted by the writers' ingenious and serviceable collaborator, the common house-fly -- Musca maledicta. In transcribing these ancient MSS, for the purpose of either making the work their own or preserving what they naturally regard as divine revelations, later writers reverently and accurately copy whatever marks they find upon the papyrus or parchment, to the unspeakable enhancement of the lucidity of the thought and value of the work. Writers contemporary with the copyists naturally avail themselves of the obvious advantages of these marks in their own work, and with such assistance as the flies of their own household may be willing to grant, frequently rival and sometimes surpass the older compositions, in respect at least of punctuation, which is no small glory. Fully to understand the important services that flies perform to literature it is only necessary to lay a page of some popular novelist alongside a saucer of cream-and-molasses in a sunny room and observe "how the wit brightens and the style refines" in accurate proportion to the duration of exposure. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Elizabeth Dole | Well, I think that, you know, there's certainly other issues where we might see things a little bit differently. And maybe, maybe it's a matter of style in a certain sense, because I'm a great believer in building coalitions. |
Gotham Chopra | Channel One is great. I mean Channel One, I think we practice a unique style of journalism, and for the journalist it's great because it makes you feel like Indiana Jones, because the stories are always centered around, you know, the reporter. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
John Adams | 1797-1801 | The British government is still less entitled to the style of an empire. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Style" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.87% of the time. "Style" is used about 10,686 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.87% | 10,672 | 872 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 0.05% | 5 | 157,705 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.05% | 5 | 157,705 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 0.04% | 4 | 175,879 |
| Total | 100.00% | 10,686 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "style" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Style | Last name | 170 | 49,164 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Japan | Tokyo Style Co Ltd | United Kingdom | Style Holdings plc |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "style": a florid style ♦ abrupt change in style ♦ architectural style ♦ artistic style ♦ attic style ♦ auditorium style ♦ bookish style ♦ Byzantine style ♦ cascading Style Sheets ♦ characteristic style ♦ charm of style ♦ Chen style ♦ communication Style ♦ continuation Passing Style ♦ cramp smb.'s style ♦ Decorated style ♦ Directoire style ♦ document Style Semantics and Specification Language ♦ doggy style ♦ Dragon Style ♦ empire style ♦ expressive style ♦ free style swimming ♦ frills of style ♦ functional style ♦ hacker Speech Style ♦ hacker Writing Style ♦ hair style ♦ high style ♦ house style ♦ in style ♦ in the style of ♦ indent style ♦ individual style ♦ international Style ♦ lack of style ♦ lacking in style ♦ Lancashire style wrestling ♦ Lapidary style ♦ le style c'est de l'homme ♦ le style est l'homme meme ♦ Liberty Style ♦ Life Style ♦ line style ♦ management style ♦ managerial style ♦ Modern Style ♦ musical style ♦ new style ♦ Norman style ♦ old style ♦ old style font ♦ open style ♦ out of style ♦ paired style ♦ perpendicular style ♦ pointed style ♦ put on style ♦ revival style ♦ romanesque style ♦ roundabout style ♦ running style ♦ rustig style ♦ simple style ♦ slipshod style ♦ Snake Style ♦ snappy style ♦ style bar ♦ style goods ♦ style guide ♦ style of architecture ♦ style of court ♦ style of living ♦ style of writing ♦ style sheet ♦ style the hair ♦ swedish empire style ♦ telegraphic style abstract ♦ the latest style ♦ theatre style ♦ Tudor style ♦ type style ♦ vary one's style ♦ villainous style ♦ writing style. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "style": style-an, style-checkers, style-conscious, style-groups, style-level, style-mag, style-making, style-mates, style-mismatch, style-obsessed, style-over-content, style-pointers, style-sheet, style-shift, style-shifting, style-sound-wash, style-studies, style-zones. | |
Ending with "style": airline-style, alpine-style, american-style, besshi-style, british-style, buffet-style, bungalow-style, cafe-style, capitalist-style, chalet-style, chinese-style, club-style, colonial-style, continental-style, cottage-style, darwinian-style, deco-style, dress-style, edwardian-style, english-style, european-style, french-style, front-style, gazza-style, georgian-style, gothic-style, greek-style, hair-style, hollywood-style, honduras-style, house-style, irish-style, italian-style, japanese-style, kuroko-style, mafia-style, mediterranean-style, military-style, modern-style, moorish-style, new-style, norman-style, older-style, old-style, peasant-style, pennine-style, persian-style, plantation-style, porphyry-style, ranch-style, renaissance-style, re-style, roman-style, russian-style, scandinavian-style, shaker-style, sixties-style, soviet-style, spanish-style, states-style, strat-style, survey-style, tabloid-style, traditional-style, tudor-style, us-style, victorian-style, vintage-style, western-style, windows-style. | |
Containing "style": 'style-palais-style-ritz. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
hair style | 66,722 | short hair style picture | 1,313 |
short hair style | 11,586 | bridal hair style | 1,303 |
prom hair style | 8,168 | hair style photo | 1,256 |
celebrity hair style | 6,125 | formal hair style | 1,195 |
man hair style | 6,087 | womens hair style | 1,072 |
black hair style | 4,629 | punk hair style | 1,026 |
wedding hair style | 4,470 | picture of prom hair style | 974 |
2003 hair style | 4,407 | hair style magazine | 924 |
hair style |