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Definition: Study |
StudyNoun1. A detailed critical inspection. 2. Applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading); "mastering a second language requires a lot of work"; "no schools offer graduate study in interior design". 3. A written document describing the findings of some individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". 4. A state of deep mental absorption; "she is in a deep study". 5. A room used for reading and writing and studying; "he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study". 6. A branch of knowledge; "in what discipline is his doctorate?"; "teachers should be well trained in their subject"; "anthropology is the study of human beings". 7. Preliminary drawing for later elaboration; "he made several studies before starting to paint". 8. Attentive scrutiny and thought; "after much cogitation he rejected the offer". 9. Someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play); "he is a quick study". 10. : a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique; "a study in spiccato bowing". Verb1. Consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning; "analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare"; "analyze the evidence in a criminal trial"; "analyze your real motives". 2. Be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning. 3. Give careful consideration to; "consider the possibility of moving". 4. Be a student of a certain subject; "She is reading for the bar exam". 5. Learn by reading books; "He is studying geology in his room"; "I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now". 6. Think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes; "He is meditating in his study". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "study" was first used: sometime around 1125. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
An endgame study, or just study, is a composed chess position (that is, one that has been made up rather than one from an actual game) presented as a sort of puzzle, in which the aim of the solver is to find a way for white, moving first, to win or draw, as stipulated, against any moves that black plays.To the extent that they are composed positions and offer the solver a specific task, studies are similar to chess problems in which to stipulation is to "checkmate balck in two moves against any defence", for example. However, while problems often present very artificial looking positions, studies often appear that they could occur in a game.
As with problems, for a study to be regarded as a good one, it must have only one solution. Some argue that white must only have only one move at each juncture to achieve his aim, though some feel that minor alternatives (such as a choice of moving a knight b1-c3-b5 or b1-a3-b5; see algebraic notation for an explanation of this notation) are permissible.
Composed studies predate the modern form of chess. Shatranj studies exist in manuscripts from the 9th century, and the earliest treatises on modern chess by the likes of Lucena and Damiano (late 15th and early 16th century) also include studies. However, these studies often include superfluous pieces, added to make the position look more "game-like", but which take no part in the actual solution (something that is never done in the modern study). Various names were given to these positions (Damiano, for example, called them "subtelties"); the first book which called them "studies" appears to be Chess Studies, an 1851 publication by Josef Kling and Bernhard Horwitz, which is sometimes also regarded as the starting point for the modern endgame study.
Most famous study composers, such as A. A. Troitzky and Genrikh Kasparyan, are known primarily for their studies, being little known as players. However, some players have also composed endgame studies, with Richard Réti being perhaps the most notable.
To the right is an example study by Réti, one of the most famous studies of all time (first published 1922 in Neueste Schachnachrichten and reproduced many times since). It is white to play and draw. At first sight, this seems an impossible task: if white tries to chase after black's pawn he can never catch it (1. Kh7 h4 2.Kh6 h3 etc is clearly hopeless), while it is clear that black will simply take white's pawn if he tries to promote it.
White can draw however, by taking advantage of the fact that his king can move in two directions at once: towards black's pawn and towards his own. The solution is 1.Kg7 h4 2.Kf6 Kb6 (if 2...h3 then 3.Ke7 and 4.Kd7 allows white to promote his pawn) 3.Ke5!. Now, if 3...Kxc6 then 4.Kf4 stops black's pawn after all, while if 3...h3 4.Kd6 allows white to promote his own pawn. Either way, the result is a draw.
Not all studies are as simple as the above Réti example; the study to the right is by Kasparyan (first published in Magyar Sakkélet, 1962). White is to play and draw. The main line of the solution is 1.Ra1 a2 2.Ke6 Ba3 3.Bf4 Bb2 4.Be5 a3 5.Kd5 Bg6 6.Bd4 Bf7+ 7.Ke4 Bc4 8.Rg1, but there are various alternatives for both sides. For example, white could try 1.Bf4 on his first move, with the idea 1...Bxa2 2.Bxd6 and 3.Bxa3 is a draw, but black can defeat this idea with 1...Bxf4 2.Rax3 Bc2, which wins. To understand why one move works and another one does not requires quite advanced chess knowledge. Indeed, it will not be obvious to many players that the position at the end of the given line is a draw at all.
Further reading
- John Beasley and Timothy Whitworth, Endgame Magic (Batsford, 1996) - an introduction to the subject
- A. J. Roycroft, Test Tube Chess (Faber, 1972) - a general overview of studies, including 433 examples
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Endgame study."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
simple:ScienceScience (from scientia, Latin for "knowledge") has come to mean a body of knowledge, or a method of study devoted to developing this body of knowledge, concerning the universe gained through methodological observation and experimentation. The scientific method consists of different principles and procedures that are useful in acquiring scientific knowledge. Exactly what constitutes science and scientific methods are subjects studied by the philosophy of science.
Overview
Implicit in science's devotion to acquiring knowledge about the universe is an assumption that there is a reality that exists independent of a mind (or minds) perceiving it. This view, realism, holds that the universe (atoms, animals, gravity, stars, wind, microbes, etc.) exists independent of our observation. Under this view, the (approximate) truth of scientific knowledge is taken at face value.
Some of the findings of science under this view can be quite extraordinary to a non-scientific mind in light of every day common observation. Atomic theory, for example, implies that a granite boulder which appears as heavy, hard, solid, grey, etc. is actually a combination of subatomic particles with none of these properties, moving very rapidly in an area consisting mostly of empty space.
Philosophers sometimes distinguish between the actual reality of things within the universe, which may or may not be fully perceivable by humans, and our perception of things within the universe. Immanuel Kant coined the phrases phenomena (the universe as humans experience it) and noumena (things-in-themselves).
Realism, however, is not necessary to science. Instrumentalism, for example, posits that while entities, such as atoms, help explain and predict data from experiments, these entities do not necessarily exist. This approach is favored by some when it comes to committing to the ontological status of a scientific entity which may seem unobservables in principle.
In contrast to Kant's views (and despite wide acceptance that human perception of phenomena is not necessarily an accurate reflection of the universe as it really is), most scientists assert that it is possible to understand and accurately explain (at least somewhat if not fully) the universe using the scientific method to hone accurate scientific theories and laws.
Scientists point out that while some people criticise the basic ideas of science, it is science alone that has provided information on the mysteries of the atom, the cell, the solar system, and the observable universe. It is science alone that has provided knowledge to develop tens of thousands of technological advances in medicine, engineering, communications and beyond. No other system which claims to compete with science has ever actually succeeded in actually producing useful information about the physical world in which we live.
Previous definitions of the term
Until the Enlightenment, the word "science" (or its Latin cognate) meant any systematic or exact, recorded knowledge (and the word continues to be used in this sense sometimes). "Science" therefore had the same sort of very broad meaning that "philosophy" had at that time.
There was a distinction between, for example, "natural science" and "moral science," which latter included what we now call philosophy, and this mirrored a distinction between "natural philosophy" and "moral philosophy." More recently, "science" has come to be restricted to what used to be called "natural science" or "natural philosophy." Natural science can be further broken down into physical science and biological science. Social science is often included in the field of science as well.
Fields of study are often distinguished in terms of "hard sciences" and "soft sciences," and these terms (at times considered derrogatory) are often synonymous with the terms natural and social science (respectively). Physics, chemistry, biology and geology are all forms of "hard sciences". Studies of anthropology, history, psychology, and sociology are sometimes called "soft sciences." Proponents of this division use the arguments that the "soft sciences" do not use the scientific method, admit anecdotal evidence, or are not mathematical, all adding up to a "lack of rigor" in their methods. Opponents of the division in the sciences counter that the "social sciences" often make systematic statistical studies in strictly controlled environments, or that these conditions are not adhered to by the natural sciences either (for example, behavioral biology relies upon fieldwork in uncontrolled environments, astronomy cannot design experiments, only observe limited conditions).
Mathematics is widely believed to be a science, but it is not. It is more closely related to logic; it is not a science because it makes no attempt to gain empirical knowledge. However, mathematics is the universal language of all sciences.
The term "science" is sometimes pressed into service for new and interdisciplinary fields that make use of scientific methods at least in part, and which in any case aspire to be systematic and careful explorations of their subjects, including computer science, library and information science, and environmental science. Mathematics and computer science reside under "Q" in the Library of Congress classification, along with all else we now call science.
Scientific models, theories and laws
Main article: scientific method
The terms "hypothesis", "model", "theory" and, "law" are often used incorrectly in colloquial speech. Scientists use the term model to mean a proposed account of something, specifically one which can be used to make predictions which can be tested by experiment or observation. Some models become a hypothesis, which refer to a contention that has not (yet) been well supported nor ruled out by experiment. They use theory to mean both the same thing as hypothesis and more established explanations, and law to mean a theory which has been so well confirmed that the probability of being refuted by experiment is very small. Some models are used to help our thinking.
Most non-scientists are unaware that what scientists call "theories" are what most people call "facts". The general public loosely uses the word theory to refer to ideas that have no firm proof or support; in contrast, scientists usually use this word to refer only to ideas that have repeatedly withstood test. Thus, when scientists refer to the theories of biological evolution, electromagnetism, and relativity, they are referring to ideas that have survived considerable experimental testing. But there are exceptions, such as string theory, which seems to be a promising model but as yet has no empirical evidence to give it precedence over competing models.
Especially fruitful theories that have withstood the test of time, and which predict and describe a very wide range of phenomenon, acquire the 'status' of a "law of nature". Most scientists believe that our descriptions of laws of nature are provisional. Theories are always open to revision if new evidence is provided.
Newton's law of gravitation is a famous example of a theory falsified by experiments regarding motions at high speeds and in close proximity to strong gravitational fields. Outside of those conditions, Newton's Laws remain excellent accounts of motion and gravity. Because general relativity accounts for all of the phenomena that Newton's Laws do, and more, General Relativity is regarded as our best account of gravitation, so far.
Mathematics and the scientific method
Science makes extensive use of mathematics. Observing and collecting measurements often requires the use of mathematics; hypothesizing and predicting may require extensive use of mathematics. Mathematical branches often used in science include calculus and statistics. A form of systematic reasoning has been applied to mathematics itself at least since the time of Euclid.
Many people see mathematicians as working scientifically; they regard physical experiments as inessential and argue that proofs figure equivalently in mathematics. Most do not, since mathematics does not require experimental test of its theories and hypotheses. Others observe that mathematics has no experimental tests (that do not involve mathematicians) for any of its results; mathematicians are both the investigators and the theoreticians. See: Eugene Wigner The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics.
R.P. Feynman said "Mathematics is not real, but it feels real. Where is this place?".
Philosophical foundations of the scientific method
One school of thought asserts that the scientific method (and science in general) relies upon basic axioms or "self-evident truths" such as internal consistency and realism. While it is true that many scientists believe these things and do assume them in their everyday work, the method itself does not rely on them: all such assumptions are just part of the hypotheses being tested, and many of them are subject to test as well. For example, one of the "common sense" ideas that scientists believed for a long time is that any measurable property of an object is something that exists in the object before it is measured, and our measurements are merely observations of that pre-existing condition; Quantum mechanics rejects this, because experiments have contradicted it.
Some believe that scientific principles have been "solidly" established, beyond question, and are true. Some scientists themselves may indeed feel that way, having come to rely upon many of the results of science without having done all the experiments themselves; after all, one cannot expect every individual scientist to repeat hundreds of years' worth of experiments. Many scientists even encourage an attitude of skepticism toward claims that contradict the current state of scientific knowledge or some easy extrapolation from it; but that only means such claims must meet a higher burden before being accepted, not that they can never be accepted. In the extreme, some, including some scientists, may believe in this or that scientific principle, or even "science" itself, as a matter of faith in a manner similar to that of religious believers. However, neither science nor scientific method itself rely on faith; all scientific facts (i.e., measurements) and explanations (i.e., hypotheses or theories) are subject to test, and will eventually be rejected as the best available hypothesis when new evidence falsifying them is found. (See more under falsificationism.)
This is the reason that political, religious, or social enforcement of scientific convictions is inherently pernicious. Examples include the Roman Catholic Church's action against Galileo's non-Aristotelian discoveries about the behavior of the planets (they violated some prestigious, and ancient, philosophical speculation the Church had promoted to dogma), and Stalin's support for Lysenko's biological and genetic beliefs (what was wrong with standard genetics in Stalin's view is not clear; Lysenko was either a deliberate con man or incapable of understanding standard genetics in his day).
Goals of science
Despite popular impressions of science, it is not the goal of science to answer all questions, only those that pertain to physical reality. Scientists teach that science does not produce absolute and unquestionable truth. Rather, science consistently tests the currently best hypothesis about some aspect of the physical world, and when necessary revises or replaces it.
Science is not a source of value judgements, though it can certainly speak to matters of ethics and public policy by pointing to the likely consequences of actions. However, science can't tell us which of those consequences to desire or which is 'best'. What one projects from the currently most reasonable scientific hypothesis onto other realms of interest is not a scientific issue, and the scientific method offers no assistance for those who wish to do so. Scientific justification (or refutation) for many things is, nevertheless, often claimed.
Fields of science
The physical and life sciences
- Archaeology
- Biology
- Agricultural science
- Anatomy
- Anthropology
- Astrobiology
- Biochemistry
- Bioinformatics
- Biophysics
- Botany
- Cell biology
- Cladistics
- Cytology
- Developmental biology
- Ecology
- Entomology
- Epidemiology
- Evolution (Evolutionary biology)
- Evolutionary developmental biology ("Evo-devo" or Evolution of Development)
- Freshwater Biology
- Genetics (Population genetics, Genomics, Proteomics)
- Health Science
- Dentistry
- Medicine
- Pharmacology
- Toxicology
- Veterinary science
- Histology
- Immunology
- Marine biology
- Microbiology
- Molecular Biology
- Morphology
- Neuroscience
- Oncology (the study of cancer)
- Ontogeny
- Paleontology
- Pathology
- Phycology (Algology)
- Phylogeny
- Physiology
- Structural biology
- Taxonomy
- Toxicology
- Virology
- Zoology
- Earth Sciences
- Geology
- Meteorology
- Oceanography
- Seismology
- Physics
- Acoustics
- Astronomy
- Astrophysics
- Atomic, Molecular, and Optical physics
- Biophysics
- Computational physics
- Condensed matter physics
- Cryogenics
- Electronics
- Engineering
- Fluid dynamics
- Polymer physics
- Optics
- Materials physics
- Mathematical physics
- Nuclear physics
- Plasma physics
- Particle physics (or High Energy Physics)
- Vehicle dynamics
- Chemistry
- Analytical chemistry
- Biochemistry
- Computational chemistry
- Electrochemistry
- Inorganic chemistry
- Materials Science
- Organic chemistry
- Physical chemistry
- Quantum chemistry
- Spectroscopy
- Stereochemistry
- Thermochemistry
Computer and information sciences
- Computer science
- Cognitive science
- Cognitive systems
- Cybernetics
- Systems theory
Social sciences
- Economics
- Linguistics
- Etymology
- Psychology
- Sociology
Related topics
- Organization and practice of science: International Council of Science (ICSU)
- For an understanding of how these fields came to be: History of Science and Technology .
- See also scientists for catalogs of people active in each of these fields.
See also
Junk science - National Science Foundation (USA) - Pathological science - Protoscience - Pseudoscience - The relationship between religion and science - Science education - Scientific misconductExternal links
- UniSci: Why Science?
- Boris Krupa: Why science?
- Why Study Science?
- Why Science & You
- Why science cannot be democratic
- Why science thrives on criticism
- Is Science Killing the soul? A discussion between Steven Pinker and Richard Dawkins
- Richard Dawkins essay: Is Science a Religion?
- Wikibooks - GSCE science textbook
- Alphabetized and ordered list of sciences adapted from the Internet-Encyclopedia article, "Science" Internet-Encyclopedia March 14, 2003
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Science."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Etymologically derived from study, a student is one who studies. Also known as a disciple in the sense of a religious area of study, and/or in the sense of a "discipline" of learning. In widest use, student is used to mean a school or class attendee.
Currently, many children and young adults are subject to compulsory education: by law they are required to attend some form of school. Laws vary from country to country, but most students are allowed to abandon their education when they reach the legal age of consent (18 in the US).
November 17 is the International Students' Day, which commemorates those students killed at the beginning of World War II who called for peace.
Years
A freshman is a first-year student in college or university, or, chiefly in the United States, in high school.
A sophomore is a second-year student. Etymologically, the word means 'wise fool'; consequently sophomoric means "pretentious, bombastic, inflated in style or manner; immature, crude, superficial" (according to the Oxford English Dictionary).
A junior is a student in the third year and above of high school or college.
A senior is a student in the fourth and last year at a school, college, or university.
Freshman and sophomore are sometimes used figuratively, to refer for example to a first or second effort ("the singer's freshman album"), or to a politician's first or second term in office ("sophomore senator") or an athlete's first or second year on a professional sports team. Junior and senior aren't used in this figurative way to refer to third and fourth years or efforts, because of those words' broader meanings of 'older' and 'younger'. (A junior senator is therefore not one who is in his or her third term of office, but rather merely one who has not been in the Senate as long as the other senator from his or her state.)
See also
- International student
- Student society
- William Sealey Gosset (wrote under the pseudonym "Student")
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Student."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| STV | English | Study and teaching visits | European Union |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: StudySynonyms: bailiwick (n), branch of knowledge (n), cogitation (n), discipline (n), field (n), field of study (n), report (n), sketch (n), subject (n), subject area (n), subject field (n), survey (n), work (n), analyse (v), analyze (v), canvass (v), consider (v), contemplate (v), examine (v), hit the books (v), learn (v), meditate (v), read (v), take (v). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Attention | Noun: attention; mindfulness, presence of mind; Adjective: intentness, intentiveness; alertness; thought; advertence, advertency; observance, observation; consideration, reflection, perpension; heed; heedfulness; particularity; notice, regard; Verb: circumspection, diligence; (care); study, scrutiny inspection, introspection; revision, revisal. |
Copy | Image, picture, photo, xerox, similitude, semblance, ectype, photo offset, electrotype; imitation; model, representation, adumbration, study; portrait; (representation); resemblance. |
Dissertation | Investigation; (inquiry); study; (consideration); discussion; (reasoning); exposition; (explanation). |
Inquiry | Strict inquiry, close inquiry, searching inquiry, exhaustive inquiry; narrow search, strict search; study; (consideration). |
Examine, study, consider, calculate; dip into, dive into, delve into, go deep into; make sure of, probe, sound, fathom; probe to the bottom, probe to the quick; scrutinize, analyze, anatomize, dissect, parse, resolve, sift, winnow; view in all its phases, try in all its phases; thresh out. | |
Intention | Contemplation, mind, animus, view, purview, proposal; study; look out. |
Learning | Noun: learning; acquisition of knowledge; acquisition of skill; acquirement, attainment; edification, scholarship, erudition; acquired knowledge, lore, wide information; self-instruction; study, reading, perusal; inquiry. |
Painting | Picture, painting, piece, tableau, canvas; oil painting; fresco, cartoon; easel picture, cabinet picture, draught, draft; pencil; drawing, water color drawing, etching, charcoal, pen-and-ink; sketch, outline, study. |
Receptacle | Chamber, apartment, room, cabin; office, court, hall, atrium; suite of rooms, apartment, flat, story; saloon, salon, parlor; by-room, cubicle; presence chamber; sitting room, best room, keeping room, drawing room, reception room, state room; gallery, cabinet, closet; pew, box; boudoir; adytum, sanctum; bedroom, dormitory; refectory, dining room, salle-a-manger; nursery, schoolroom; library, study; studio; billiard room, smoking room; den; stateroom, tablinum, tenement. |
Thought | Verb: think, reflect, cogitate, excogitate, consider, deliberate; bestow thought upon, bestow consideration upon; speculate, contemplate, meditate, ponder, muse, dream, ruminate; brood over, con over; animadvert, study; bend -, apply mind; (attend); digest, discuss, hammer at, weigh, perpend; realize, appreciate; fancy; (imagine); trow. |
Noun: thought; exercitation of the intellect, exercise of the intellect; intellection; reflection, cogitation, consideration, meditation, study, lucubration, speculation, deliberation, pondering; head work, brain work; cerebration; deep reflection; close study, application; (attention). | |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Study |
| English words defined with "study": case study ♦ field of study ♦ literary study ♦ nature study ♦ study hall. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "study": Analytic epidemiologic study ♦ Biologic indicators of exposure study, Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study, BROWN STUDY, busy study ♦ case comparison study, case compeer study, case reference study, case referent study, Case-control study, clinical study, cross-sectional study ♦ Feasibility study, Framingham Heart Study ♦ Gulf of Maine Oxidant Study ♦ impact study, intensive study, Interim Study ♦ Mark study ♦ Observational study ♦ pilot study, Prospective study ♦ quantitative impact study ♦ retrospective study ♦ Southern Oxidant Study, study cast, study day ♦ traffic study, tuft study ♦ uncontrolled study, use study, user study. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "study": studious. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Geology is the study of pressure and time (The Shawshank Redemption; writing credit: Frank Darabont) Yeah, I've done extensive study on this (Speed; writing credit: Graham Yost) I'm here to study. (Patch Adams; writing credit: Patch Adams; Maureen Mylander) Are you saying you wouldn't want to get on Isla Sorna and study them if you had the chance (Jurassic Park III; writing credit: Peter Buchman) Sir, wouldn't you be more comfortable in a study room (Philadelphia; writing credit: Ron Nyswaner) | |
Lyrics | Study your body when you walk out of the room (Sexual (Li Da Di); performing artist: Amber) Just study your tape of NWA. (Forgot About Dre; performing artist: Dr. dre) Well it's the study (Vibeology; performing artist: Paula Abdul) I gotta study just to keep with the changing times (Just the Two of Us; performing artist: Will Smith) | |
Clever | New Study of Obesity Looks for Larger Test Group (references; author: unknown) The zoo is a place for animals to study the behavior of human beings. (references; author: unknown) When riding a dead horse (government), try appointing a committee to study the horse. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Exponents: A Study in Generalization (1973) Life Study (1973) Consenting Adults: A Study of Homosexuality (1967) Young People's Concerts: Musical Atoms - A Study of Intervals (1965) Improve Your Study Habits (1961) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Sections of tissue embedded in paraffin wax are sliced and floated on a hot-water bath in preparation for histological study. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | This shows a scientist wearing a mask. He seems to be performing a dissection, aided by magnifying glasses. There is also a close-up of the subject (subject of study is unknown). Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | Technicians in a bacteriology laboratory in San Francisco, isolating Pasteurella (Yersinia) pestis during a plague study in 1965. Plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis. Credit: CDC. |  | During this 1961 Plague Study, laboratorians collected data focusing on the serology and immunology of Plague. Credit: CDC. |
 | Completing an unprecedented yearlong study of Comet Hale-Bopp with two NASA observatories, ... Credit: NASA. |  | Helicopter pilot Budd Christman with large sedated male polar bear - Ursus maritimus. Bears were measured and tagged for future study. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (OCSEAP) studies. Credit: NOAA's Ark (Animals). |
 | Steve Amstrup of USFWS with large sedated polar bear - Ursus maritimus. Bears were measured and tagged for future study. This sedated male was ready for the WWF with a 45 inch neck and weighing about 1400 pounds. Credit: NOAA's Ark (Animals). |  | Monterey Bay Case Study - Photo #1 First recorded soundings in Monterey Bay Surveyed by Don Miguel de Costanso - only 17 soundings. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Air photo mission and Launch 1255 engaged in Boston Harbor Current Study. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Killer whale study. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Hand study" by Marty Weis Commentary: "My hand...macro." | "Study 2" by Gilbert Tremblay Commentary: "Shapes: follow up of a study on shapes in 3d made 2d in a picture." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Confucius | Study the past if you would divine the future. |
Disraeli | Amusement to an observing mind is study. |
Francis Bacon | I would live to study, and not study to live. |
Fyodor Dostoevski | Realists do not fear the results of their study. |
Henry Brooks Adams | The proper study of mankind is woman. |
Jean Bodin | The study of history is the beginning of political wisdom. |
John Lyly | It seems to me (said she) that you are in some brown study. |
Lord Herbert | Whoever considers the study of anatomy can never be an atheist. |
Pierre Charron | The true science and study of man, is man himself. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | First, There wants an established, settled, known law, received and allowed by common consent to be the standard of right and wrong, and the common measure to decide all controversies between them: for though the law of nature be plain and intelligible to all rational creatures; yet men being biassed by their interest, as well as ignorant for want of study of it, are not apt to allow of it as a law binding to them in the application of it to their particular cases. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Winston S. Churchill | 1946 | Fraternal association requires not only the growing friendship and mutual understanding between our two vast but kindred systems of society, but the continuance of the intimate relationship between our military advisers, leading to common study of potential dangers, the similarity of weapons and manuals of instructions, and to the interchange of officers and cadets at technical colleges. ("Iron Curtain" Speech) |
Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 | In McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, supra, the Court, in requiring that a Negro admitted to a white graduate school be treated like all other students, again resorted to intangible considerations: "…his ability to study, to engage in discussions and exchange views with other students, and, in general, to learn his profession." (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | His manner had no air of study or exaggeration |
Sylvie and Bruno | Carroll, Lewis | It seemed very hard to reach down far enough to just touch the floor, as Sylvie led me through the study. |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | I used to watch and study this patriarchal personage with, I think, livelier curiosity than any other form of humanity there presented to my notice |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | In the meantime let us study the things which are no more |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | Fleming had a box of crayons and one night during free study he had coloured the earth green and the clouds maroon |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | Just study a few easy lessons at home |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | A man will not need to study history to find out what is best for his own culture |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | A specular microscopic study. (references) | |
Electrophysiologic study (EPS). (references) | ||
Long-term results require study. (references) | ||
Business | U.S. cH2MHILL will develop the study. (references) | |
Illustrative Study of Direct Import Costs. (references) | ||
Competition for the Korean study abroad market is fierce. (references) | ||
Children | Nicaragua | A 1995 study showed that as many as 40 percent of all children are not registered officially. (references) |
Pakistan | A UNICEF-sponsored study of Punjab found that 15 percent of girls reported having been abused sexually. (references) | |
Costa Rica | In July 2000, a government study concluded that only 35 percent of the law's stated goals had been implemented. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Peru | Most schools devoted 1 hour a week to such study. (references) |
Equatorial Guinea | Religious study is required in schools and is usually, but not exclusively, Catholic. (references) | |
China | In 2000 the authorities began conducting monthly political study sessions for religious personnel. (references) | |
Economic History | South Korea | North Korea: A Country Study. (references) |
West Bank | Several options are under study. (references) | |
Singapore | Many Singaporeans visit and study in the United States. (references) | |
Human Rights | Haiti | In June a class of approximately 80 students began the year-long course of study. (references) |
Lebanon | SLA lawyers who requested an adjournment to study the files of detainees were granted additional time. (references) | |
Equatorial Guinea | In its 1999 study, the CNDH noted that prisoners were exploited as virtual slaves by local judges and by administrators of the prisons. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Brazil | In March the Brazilian Social-Economic Institute (ISA) released a major study of the indigenous people in the country. (references) |
Gabon | In July and August, a local NGO conducted a study, funded by UNICEF, of the Bukoya Pygmy population in the northeastern part of the country. (references) | |
Russia | In some areas, local communities have organized to study and make recommendations regarding the preservation of the culture of indigenous people. (references) | |
Minorities | Bulgaria | The Ministry of Education has estimated that approximately 40,000 children study Turkish. (references) |
Albania | A considerable number of students from this area study at the universities of Skopje and Bitola. (references) | |
Brazil | The author of the study noted that this reflects the difficulty of proving that an act of racism occurred. (references) | |
Political Economy | Senegal | About 300 Senegalese students come to the United States each year for study. (references) |
Finland | Aho took a one-year leave of absence in 2000-2001 to lecture and study at Harvard University. (references) | |
Ghana | This notwithstanding, the Parliamentary committee system enables MPs to subject issues to close and detailed study, debate and objective criticism. (references) | |
Trade | Ukraine | Vastarr conducted the study. (references) |
Ukraine | Technalum conducted the study. (references) | |
Ukraine | ARINC is conducting the study. (references) | |
Travel | South Africa | Visas are required, however, for extended stays, employment, study, and for diplomatic and official passport holders. (references) |
Turkey | For visits of longer duration, or for those intending to study or to obtain employment in Turkey, the appropriate visa must be obtained in advance. (references) | |
Taiwan | Resident Visas are issued to foreign nationals who intend to stay in Taiwan for more than six months for study or research, employment, investment, missionary work, joining family members, or other legitimate reasons. (references) | |
Women | Oman | Government grants for study abroad generally are divided evenly between men and women. (references) |
Saudi Arabia | Men may study overseas; women may do so only if accompanied by a spouse or an immediate male relative. (references) | |
Equatorial Guinea | A 2000 study by CNDH found that as many as 20 persons were detained solely for failure to repay dowries. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Italy | They also may be permitted to work or study. (references) |
Indonesia | Most of them are not allowed to study or take academic courses. (references) | |
Mongolia | These girls and women are lured abroad by offers to study or work. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | TIGHTS, n. An habiliment of the stage designed to reinforce the general acclamation of the press agent with a particular publicity. Public attention was once somewhat diverted from this garment to Miss Lillian Russell's refusal to wear it, and many were the conjectures as to her motive, the guess of Miss Pauline Hall showing a high order of ingenuity and sustained reflection. It was Miss Hall's belief that nature had not endowed Miss Russell with beautiful legs. This theory was impossible of acceptance by the male understanding, but the conception of a faulty female leg was of so prodigious originality as to rank among the most brilliant feats of philosophical speculation! It is strange that in all the controversy regarding Miss Russell's aversion to tights no one seems to have thought to ascribe it to what was known among the ancients as "modesty." The nature of that sentiment is now imperfectly understood, and possibly incapable of exposition with the vocabulary that remains to us. The study of lost arts has, however, been recently revived and some of the arts themselves recovered. This is an epoch of renaissances, and there is ground for hope that the primitive "blush" may be dragged from its hiding-place amongst the tombs of antiquity and hissed on to the stage. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Rush Limbaugh | The bottom line of the study, which is published in Wednesday's issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, is that parents with a choice of vehicles should not use compact pickup trucks. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Ulysses S. Grant | 1869-1877 | The proper treatment of the original occupants of this land--the Indians one deserving of careful study. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | I will ask for funds to study high-speed rail transportation between urban centers. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | To insure that the education enterprise is ready to meet the scientific and technological changes of the future, we undertook a major study of the status of science and engineering education throughout the nation. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | In the meantime, we'll continue to study ways to simplify the tax code and make it more fair for all Americans. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | Tomorrow our children will go to school and study history and how plants grow. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Study" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 87.43% of the time. "Study" is used about 21,671 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 87.43% | 18,947 | 480 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 11.18% | 2,423 | 3,701 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 1.36% | 296 | 16,885 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.02% | 5 | 157,705 |
| Total | 100.00% | 21,671 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "study" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Study | Last name | 300 | 28,267 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
Expressions using "study": "worst case" study ♦ abstract study ♦ active study ♦ advanced study ♦ allergic to study ♦ be a quick study ♦ be in a brown study ♦ brown study ♦ busy study ♦ case comparison study ♦ case compeer study ♦ case reference study ♦ case referent study ♦ case study ♦ Child study ♦ clinical study ♦ close study ♦ Colorectal Transit Study ♦ controlled study ♦ cooperative study ♦ course of study ♦ deep study ♦ deliberate study ♦ design study ♦ diligent study ♦ domain of study ♦ Epidemiologic Study Characteristics ♦ exclusive study ♦ exercise study ♦ extension of study ♦ feasibility study ♦ field of study ♦ Framingham Heart Study ♦ give much time to study ♦ give oneself up to study ♦ he is in his study ♦ headmaster's study ♦ impact study ♦ intense study ♦ intensive study ♦ labored study ♦ language study ♦ literary study ♦ Longitudinal study ♦ Luxembourg Income Study ♦ major field of study ♦ make a study of ♦ make a study of doing smth. ♦ minute study ♦ motion study ♦ multicenter study ♦ Multicenter Study [Publication Type] ♦ nature study ♦ Observational study ♦ on the Study of Words ♦ pilot study ♦ private study ♦ profound study ♦ Prospective study ♦ quantitative impact study ♦ quick study ♦ retrospective study ♦ scientific study ♦ study an author ♦ study at ♦ study bursary ♦ study by correspondence ♦ study carefully ♦ study cast ♦ study day ♦ study for ♦ study for the bar ♦ study grant ♦ study group ♦ study hall ♦ study in deep ♦ study law ♦ study librarianship ♦ study loan ♦ study medicine ♦ study music ♦ study of religion ♦ study on ♦ study one's own interests ♦ study out ♦ study room ♦ study smth. in depth ♦ study the occult ♦ study time ♦ study to ♦ study trip ♦ study under smb. ♦ study up ♦ study visit ♦ Television Allocations Study Organization ♦ time engineered study ♦ time study ♦ traffic study ♦ tuft study ♦ Twin Study [Publication Type] ♦ uncontrolled study. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "study": study--a, study-action, study-bedrooms, study-bird, study-carrel, study-cum-television, study-designs, study-feeding, study-group, study-hall, study-is, study-period, study-skills, study-time, study-tour. | |
Ending with "study": case-study, re-study, self-study, work-study. | |
Containing "study": three-study-bedroom, time-study man, two-study-bedroom, work-study program. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
bible study | 12,432 | african study | 180 |
study | 1,072 | youth bible study | 170 |
study abroad | 831 | italian study | 150 |
study home course | 549 | army study guide | 148 |
social study | 521 | bible study tool | 140 |
study guide | 507 | study spanish | 139 |
study skill | 488 | byu independent study | 133 |
home study | 451 | language study | 126 |
case study | 394 | bible study fellowship | 122 |
failure psychological study training | 329 | immoral study | 121 |
online bible study | 326 | french study | 121 |
social study lesson plan | 320 | international study | 117 |
behavior employee human study training | 319 | sleep study | 117 |
feasibility study | 283 | paralegal study | 116 |
study english | 265 | teen study bible | 116 |
ccna study guide | 233 | graduate study | 110 |
study abroad program | 220 | study tip | 108 |
free bible study | 217 | christian bible study | 107 |
child bible study | 199 | work study | 106 |
bible study guide | 182 | independent study | 102 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
