Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Definition: Hoax |
HoaxNoun1. Something intended to deceive; deliberate trickery intended to gain an advantage. Verb1. Subject to a palyful hoax or joke. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "hoax" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1613. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Literature | Hoax (See Canard .). Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Publishing & Graphic Arts | Extravagant or absurd story circulated as a hoax; a false report. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A hoax is an attempt to trick one or more people to believe that something false is real. Unlike a fraud or con, which are made for illicit financial or material gain, or a pious fraud, which is perpetrated for religious reasons, a hoax is often perpetrated as a practical joke with a humorous intent, to cause embarrassment, for personal aggrandizement or to serve political purposes. Still, many confidence tricks and the like have also been labeled as hoaxes.
Many hoaxes are also motivated by a desire to satirize or educate by exposing the credulity of the public or the absurdity of the target: literary and artistic hoaxes are often of this sort, although political hoaxes are sometimes motivated in part or whole by the desire to ridicule or expose politicians or political institutions.
The status of a given factoid as reliable or hoax is often the subject of considerable controversy.
Historically Important Hoaxes
- Orson Welles' Mercury Theater radio broadcast on October 31, 1938, entitled "The War of the Worlds" has been called the "single greatest media hoax of all time." The broadcast was heard on CBS radio stations throughout the United States. Despite repeated announcements within the program that it was a work of fiction, many listeners believed that the world was being attacked by invaders from the planet Mars.
- Bathtub Hoax, perpetrated by American journalist and satirist Mencken in the 1920's, was credited even after it was exposed by the author.
Proven Hoaxes
- The Patterson-Gimlin film of Bigfoot (admitted)
- Bill Stump's stone
- The Cardiff Giant
- The Cottingley Fairies
- Crop circles
- The Donation of Constantine
- Emulex hoax
- Feejee Mermaid
- Furry trout
- The Hitler Diaries
- Clifford Irving's biography of Howard Hughes
- Jackalope
- Palisade, Nevada
- "Piltdown Man"
- The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
- George Psalmanazar and his "Formosa"
- The Report From Iron Mountain
- Saving off of Manhattan Island
- Mary Toft, rabbit mother
Probable Hoaxes
- Loch Ness Monster
- The alien autopsy film
- The Zinoviev Letter
Possible Hoaxes
- The Vinland map
- Tasaday tribe in Philippines (controversial)
- Philippines historical figure Kanatiaw
Practical Joke Hoaxes
- The Balloon-Hoax
- The Dreadnought Hoax
- Forgotten Silver
Known pranksters
- Horace de Vere Cole, British aristocrat
- Benjamin Franklin
- Brian G. Hughes, US banker
- Harry Reichenbach, Hollywood publicist
- Joey Skaggs, US media prankster
- Edward Askew Sothern, British actor
- Hugh Troy, US painter
Hoaxes of Exposure
"Hoaxes of exposure" can be thought of as semi-comical, private sting operations. Their usual purpose is to expose people acting foolishly or credulously, to encourage them to fall for something that the hoaxer hopes to reveal as patent nonsense. See also culture jamming.
- Disumbrationism
- The Sokal Affair
- The Spectra hoax
- The Taxil hoax
- Media pranks of Joey Skaggs
Too creative journalists
Journalist may be over-eager to "get a story", both to increase his own prestige or write something that would increase the sales of the publication.
- Janet Cooke, who wrote about a eight-year-old addict Jimmy
- Stephen Glass
- Joseph Mulholland
- William Randolph Hearst, inventor of tabloid journalism
- The Sun hoax of 1835
- The New York Zoo hoax of 1874
Fictitious people
See also: famous April Fool's Day jokes, forgery, Impostors, Internet humour
- Sidd Finch, nonexistent baseball prodigy
- Allegra Coleman, nonexistent supermodel
- Lester Green, inventive farmer
- George P. Burdell
- Henry Root
- Udo of Aachen
External Links
- Museum of Hoaxes
- idiosyntactix's culture jamming page
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Hoax."
Synonyms: HoaxSynonyms: dupery (n), fraud (n), fraudulence (n), humbug (n), put-on (n), play a joke on (v), pull someone's leg (v). (additional references) |
| Synonyms by domain: hoaxing (publishing & graphic arts). |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Deception | Verb: deceive, take in; defraud, cheat, jockey, do, cozen, diddle, nab, chouse, play one false, bilk, cully, jilt, bite, pluck, swindle, victimize; abuse; mystify; blind one's eyes; blindfold, hoodwink; throw dust into the eyes; dupe, gull, hoax, fool, befool, bamboozle, flimflam, hornswoggle; trick. |
Trick, cheat, wile, blind, feint, plant, bubble, fetch, catch, chicane, juggle, reach, hocus, bite; card sharping, stacked deck, loaded dice, quick shuffle, double dealing, dealing seconds, dealing from the bottom of the deck; artful dodge, swindle; tricks upon travelers; stratagem; (artifice); confidence trick, fake, hoax; theft; ballot-box stuffing barney, brace game, bunko game, drop game, gum game, panel game; shell game, thimblerig; skin game. | |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Hoax |
| English words defined with "hoax": Bam, befool ♦ dupe ♦ fool ♦ gull ♦ Hoaxed, Hoaxing ♦ Mare's-nest ♦ Piltdown hoax, Piltdown man, play a joke on, pull someone's leg, put on, put one across, put one over ♦ slang ♦ take in. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "hoax": Hocus Pocus ♦ Jeff K. ♦ kremvax. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Because if any human being were going to perpetrate such a fantastic hoax, it would've been me (Superman; writing credit: Jerry Siegel; Joe Shuster) | |
Lyrics | To satisfy the hoax. (THE COURT OF THE CRIMSON KING; performing artist: King Crimson) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Hoax (1972) Stage Hoax (1952) The Hoax House (1916) A Hospital Hoax (1912) The Great Bank Hoax (1977) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Nancy Grace | Smart has the letter. He just told us. Police don't even have the letter. And we can sit back and armchair quarterback that it's a hoax. But they need to be following up on this and not bungle this the way they sat on that video. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Hoax" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 97.92% of the time. "Hoax" is used about 144 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 97.92% | 141 | 26,682 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 1.39% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 0.69% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 144 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "hoax": hoax virus ♦ piltdown hoax ♦ play a hoax on smb.. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "hoax": bomb-hoax. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
hoax | 833 | computer hoax | 20 |
virus hoax | 389 | computer virus hoax | 19 |
email hoax | 363 | hoax microsoft | 19 |
internet hoax | 182 | bear hoax teddy | 18 |
moon hoax | 139 | hoax site | 17 |
moon landing hoax | 119 | holocaust hoax | 16 |
busters hoax | 89 | hoax jessica lynch | 16 |
e mail hoax | 61 | apollo hoax | 16 |
hoax jdbgmgr.exe | 61 | email hoax microsoft | 15 |
baby crying hoax | 54 | hoax jdbgmgr | 14 |
hoax ups | 54 | hoax pepsi | 12 |
hoax uniform ups | 49 | credit hoax report | 11 |
hoax legend urban | 39 | hoax picture | 11 |
buster hoax | 28 | brown hoax penny | 10 |
best buy hoax | 27 | best buy email hoax | 10 |
applebees hoax | 24 | lunar landing hoax | 10 |
bear hoax teddy virus | 22 | aol hoax microsoft | 10 |
hoax web site | 22 | hoax web | 10 |
bill gate hoax | 20 | credit hoax | 9 |
virus hoax jdbgmgr.exe | 20 | guts hoax it jesus say take | 9 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "hoax"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | beetneem (captivate, capture, catch, clutch, fool, grapple, mystify, take, take in, trick), beethê (fool, have, have got hold of, mystify, trick), bedot (fool, mystify, trick). (various references) | |
Albanian | vë në lojë (guy, hocus, pull smb.'s leg, tease), tallem (flout, fool about, fool around, jape, jeer, joke, laugh at, make fun of, make smb. laugh, make sport of, mock, quiz, scoff), shaka (badinage, crack, facetiae, gag, jape, jest, jocosity, jocularity, joke, lark, persiflage, play, pleasantry, prank, quiz, spoof, trick, waggery), rreng (fraud, frolic, hokey-pokey, kicker, practical joke, prank, rig, trick), i punoj një rreng (hocus). (various references) | |
Arabic | نكتة (anecdote, crack, gag, jest, joke, pleasantries, rib, witticism), قدم نكته, خدعة (artifice, deception, dodge, fetch, fraud, gag, ploy, ruse, sleight, stratagem, subterfuge, trick, wile), خدع (bamboozle, beguile, betray, bilk, bitch, bite, blind, bluff, brown, bubble, camouflage, catch, cheat, chisel, con, crook, deceive, deception, decoy, defraud, delude, diddle, do, dupe, entrap, fall for, feint, fiddle, fob, fool, fox, get round, give the lie to, gull, gyp, hocus pocus, humbug, illusory, impose, intrigue, jape, job, leg pull, lure, mislead, mock, mystify, nick, overreach, pitch, play a trick, pose, prank, pull a fast one, pull his leg, ream, rook, sell, settle his hash, skin, skunk, slang, stick, string along, swank, swindle, take for a ride, take in, trick, victimize, wile). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | шега (chaff, fun, game, jape, jest, jig, joke, lark, pleasantry, prank, quiz, raillery, rib, sport, tease, trick, waggery), номер (event, feature, fetch, item, jig, number, performance, registration number, size, waggery), погаждам номер на, измама (bunco, bunko, cheat, chouse, cozenage, cross, deceit, deception, delusion, do, double cross, double dealing, doubling, dupery, falsity, fiddle, flam, foul play, frame up, fraud, gaff, gag, gouge, guile, gyp, hankey-pankey, hanky panky, have on, hocus pocus, humbug, imposition, imposture, indirection, jiggery pokery, jockeying, jugglery, kid, lemon, overreach, plant, pretence, put on, rig, rip off, roguery, sell, sellout, sham, shuffle, simulacrum, skin game, spoof, swindle, take in, thimblerig, trickery, twist), измислица (concoction, excogitation, fable, fabrication, fairy tale, fake, fib, fiction, figment, flam, invention, make believe, make up, myth, nonentity, tale, tall story, taradiddle), излъгвам (delude, have, jockey, pull a fast one). (various references) | |
Chinese | 骗局. (various references) | |
Czech | smyšlenka (cock and bull story, fable, figment, invention), podfuk (con, fiddle, wangle), obalamutit koho, napálit (bamboozle, beat, cheat, con, dupe, fool, slog, take in), kanadský žertík (rag), bouda (booth, cabin, hut, hutch, stall). (various references) | |
Dutch | beetnemen (captivate, capture, catch, clutch, fool, grapple, mystify, take in, trick), beduvelen (fool, mystify, trick), bedotten (bilk, cheat, fool, mystify, take in, trick). (various references) | |
Esperanto | mistifiki (fool, mystify, trick). (various references) | |
Farsi | گول زدن (Bamboozle, Beguile, Cajole, Cheat, Con, Deceive, Defraud, Doodle, Dupe, Entrap, Fool, Gaff, Gouge, Gull, Gum, Gyp, Hustle, Jockey, Outwit, Rogue, Swindle, Wheedle), شوخی فریب امیز (Hob, Humbug), دست انداختن (Banter, Fool, Game, Gibe, Kid, Lark, Ridicule, Spoof). (various references) | |
Finnish | ankka (canard, drake, duck, false report). (various references) | |
French | canular. (various references) | |
German | ente (bed urinal, canard, duck, false report). (various references) | |
Greek | κοροϊδία (jeer, jiggery pokery, kidding, mockery, raillery, spoof), γελώ (cackle, laugh), αστεϊσμόσ (badinage, banter, jest, joke, kidding, rally, waggery), αστειευόμενοσ (josher), αστείο (antics, chaff, fun, gag, jape, jest, joke, pleasantry, sport), απάτη (beguilement, bilk, cheat, circumvention, con, deceit, deception, delusion, fake, fallacy, fraud, gammon, guile, gyp, humbug, humbuggery, imposition, imposture, jiggery pokery, scam, sham, spoof, swindle, swindling, trick, trickery), απατώ (bamboozle, beguile, bilk, bluff, cheat, chisel, circumvent, con, deceive, dupe, fool, gouge, gyp, hoodwink, humbug, impose, jockey, juggle, rook, sham, shave, shortchange, spoof, swindle, trick). (various references) | |
Hebrew | מעש" קו "ס (jape, lark, practical joke, prank), תעלול (antic, caper, caprice, machination, mischief, practical joke, prank, quip, rag, trick, whim). (various references) | |
Hungarian | megtévesztés (deceit, deception, delusion, demonstration, misrepresentation, mockery, mystification), beugratás (con game, confidence game, confidence trick, have on, take in). (various references) | |
Indonesian | olok-olok (badinage, quip, quirk, raillery), memperdayakan (see: mendaya). (various references) | |
Italian | truffa (cheat, do, fiddle, fraud, racket, swindle, swindling), scherzo, falso allarme, mistificare (bamboozle, fool, mystify), inganno (catch, cheat, craft, deceit, deception, dupery, flam, gammon, guile, humbug, imposition, imposture, swindle, swindling, trick, trickery, wile), ingannare (abuse, bamboozle, be mistaken, be wrong, beguile, bluff, cheat, cod, deceive, delude, do, dupe, fool, Fox, gull, hocus, hoodwink, impose, kid, lie, mislead, stall, swindle, trick, trickery, victimise, victimize), frottola (fib, flam), fandonia (humbug, story), canard (canard), beffa (banter, cheat, derisiveness, gibe, jeer, jest, jibe, joke, lark, mock, mockery, scoff, spoof). (various references) | |
Korean | 조 (Fabricating). (various references) | |
Manx | jannoo cluic, cluic (prank, ruse, stunt, subterfuge, trick). (various references) | |
Norwegian | spøk (gag, jest, joke), puss. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | oaxhay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | mistificar (bamboozle, flimflam, green, gull, hocus, hocus-pocus, humbug, mystify, spoof, trick, wangle). (various references) | |
Romanian | pãcãli (cheat, deceive, diddle, do, dupe, fool, gammon, get, gull, hocus, hornswoggle, kid, let in, lime, nobble, outflank, outsmart, outwit, sell, Spruce, stuff, trick, trump, twist), pãcãlealã (dupery, farce, joke, leg pull, sell), mistifica (falsify, mystify), festã (farce, gammon, practical joke, prank, shuffle), farsã (farce, humbug, interlude, joke, leg pull, low comedy, Masquerade, trick), bluf (bluff), bazaconie (eccentricity, extravagance, Folly, singularity), înşelãciune (bluff, cheat, deceit, deception, fake, flim-flam, foul play, frame up, fraud, guile, humbug, illusion, intake). (various references) | |
Russian | розыгрыш (leg-pull, playoff, practical joke), мистифицировать мистификация, мистификация (cantrip, leg pull, mystification, quiz), подшучивать (banter, chaff, joke, jolly, make game of, monkey, poke fun, quiz, rag, rally, razz). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | podvaliti (cheat, gouge, gull, swindle, welch, welsh), podvala (fraud, gouge, hankey-pankey, hanky panky, hokum, humbug, imposture, jew's pitch, jiggery pokery, plant, swindle), obmana (bluff, bubble, chicanery, circumvention, cozenage, deceit, deception, delusion, fraud, jugglery). (various references) | |
Spanish | engañar (bamboozle, be deceptive, befool, beguile, belie, betray, bilk, bite, bluff, buffalo, cheat, cheat on, circumvent, con, cozen, deceive, delude, do a room, double cross, dupe, fob, fool, hocus, hoodwink, kill, mislead, mystify, outsmart, pull a fast one, put across, put off, put over, put upon, spoof, stay, swindle, take in, trick, while away). (various references) | |
Swedish | spratt (Dido, lark, prank, spoof, trick), lura (bamboozle, beat, befool, beguile, cheat, chicane, chisel, chouse, clip, cod, con, cozen, deceive, decoy, delude, diddle, do, do down, dope, double cross, double-cross, dupe, entrap, euchre, flay, fool, Fox, gaff, gudgeon, gull, have, hocus pocus, hokey-pokey, hoodwink, hook, humbug, impose, inveigle, jockey, kid, lure, out-jockey, overreach, rip off, rook, sell, short-change, swindle, trick). (various references) | |
Thai | การหลอกลวง (cheat, duplicity, humbug, lie, mountebankery, sleight, swindle), หลอกลวง (betray, cheat, dupe, euchre, fake out, fiddle, fool, fox, fudge, gull, humbug, mountebank). (various references) | |
Turkish | sazanlamak (cod, spoof), sazanlama (leg pull, spoof), oyun etmek (deceive, hocus, palter, play a trick, play a trick on smb., play smb. a trick, pull a fast one, trick), oyun (act, acting, canard, dance, device, frolic, game, performance, play, presentment, representation, spectacle, sport, stage play, trick, wheeze), muziplik (caper, Dido, fooling, frolic, joke, lark, prank, rag, teasing, trick), kafese koyma, işletmek (actuate, bamboozle, befool, cod, control, dupe, exploit, hornswoggle, keep, kid, manage, operate, ply, pull smb.'s leg, run, run the show, spoof, work), işletme (exploitation, keeping, leg pull, management, operating, operation, operational, plant, running, undertaking, working, workings). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | розігрувати (bam, bamboozle, spoof), розиграш, обман (bam, bamboozle, beguilement, bilk, bluff, bunko, cheat, chouse, circumvention, cozenage, deceit, deception, delusion, do, double cross, foist, fraud, fraudulence, fraudulency, gammon, gouge, guile, hanky panky, imposture, juggle, jugglery, lie, overreach, phoney, phony, pretence, pretense, ruse, sell, sham, swindle, trickery, victimization, wile), обдурювати (befool, bilk, cheat, chouse, cod, cog, counterfeit, deceive, doodle, dupe, flimflam, gull, hocus, hoodwink, humbug, jockey, juggle, prey, put upon, queer, sell short), містифікувати (bamboozle, mystify), містифікація (cantrip, chouse, mystification). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | trò chơi xỏ tin vịt báo chí, trò chơi khăm (practical, prank), trò đánh lừa (humbug). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "hoax": hoaxed, hoaxer, hoaxers, hoaxes, hoaxing. (additional references) | |
| |
"Hoax" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: hao, Haux, hax, haxy, Heux, hoab, hoad, hoaf, hoag, hoah, Hoak, hoam, hoan, hoat, hoaxe, hoaxi, hoaxs, hoaxy, hoex, hoga, Hoham, hoia, hoiks, hoix, hoja, Hoka, Holah, Hopak, Houa, Houx, Hoxd, hoxi, Hoxja, hoxy, hozad, huac, Huai, koax, moax, noxa, oax, oha, Ohad, ohay, royaux, toax, whoax, woax. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "hoax" (pronounced hō"ks) |
| 3 | -ō" k s | blokes, chokes, coax, cokes, evokes, folks, invokes, jokes, mokes, oaks, pokes, provokes, smokes, soaks, spokes, Stokes, strokes, yokes, yolks. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-h-o-x" | |
-1 letter: hao. | |
-2 letters: ah, ax, ha, ho, oh, ox. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-h-o-x" | |
+2 letters: hatbox, hoaxed, hoaxer, hoaxes, thorax. | |
+3 letters: boxhaul, cashbox, chamoix, hexagon, hexapod, hexosan, hoaxers, hoaxing, hypoxia, oxheart, saxhorn. | |
+4 letters: amphioxi, boxhauls, chronaxy, hatboxes, hexagons, hexapods, hexapody, hexosans, hypoxias, matchbox, oxhearts, saxhorns, thoraxes, xanthoma, xanthone, xanthous. | |
+5 letters: amphioxus, auxotroph, boxhauled, cashboxes, chronaxie, hexachord, hexagonal, hexaploid, hypotaxes, hypotaxis, hypoxemia, prothorax, saxophone, shadowbox, toxaphene, xanthomas, xanthones, xylograph. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Quotations: Spoken 7. Usage Frequency 8. Expressions | 9. Expressions: Internet 10. Translations: Modern 11. Derivations 12. Rhymes | 13. Anagrams 14. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.