Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Henry

Specialty Definition: Henry

Top     

Specialty Definition: Henry

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

• For the SI unit with this name see Henry_(inductance)
• For the comic strip with this name see Henry (comic)
• For the Lindsay Anderson movie see Henry (1955 movie)
• For the vacuum cleaner made by Numatic International Ltd see Henry (vacuum cleaner)

There has also been a bewildering array of monarchs with this name. See King Henry.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry."

Top     

Henry (inductance)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The henry (symbol H) is the SI unit of inductance. If the rate of change of current in a circuit is one ampere per second and the resulting electromotive force is one volt, then the inductance of the circuit is one henry.

The henry has dimensions V·A^-1·s = m²Â·kg·s^-2·A^-2 in SI units.

The unit is named after the American scientist Joseph Henry.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry (inductance)."

Top     

Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset (1436 - 1464) was an important Lancastrian military commander during the English Wars of the Roses. (Some number him 2nd Duke, since the title was re-created for his father after his uncle died.)

Somerset was the son of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset and Eleanor Beauchamp, daughter of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. Thus he was first cousin to Margaret Beaufort and to Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, and uncle to Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham.

Somerset fought at the first Battle of St Albans (1455), where he was seriously wounded and his father was killed. He was one of the principal Lancastrian commanders at the Battle of Wakefield, the second Battle of St Albans, and the Battle of Towton, fleeing into Scotland after the last of these.

From Scotland he forayed into France to negotiate for help, and into England on some short border raids and castle occupations. After surrendering at the end of one castle siege, he indicated his willingness to make peace with King Edward. The king needed to win over some of the Lancastrian commanders to help secure his hold on the throne, and so pardoned Somerset in 1462, restoring his forfeited lands and titles.

For the next year or so Somerset remained close to Edward, attending his court and giving him military advice. But at the end of 1463 he slipped back over to the Lancastrian side, hurried north and started raising troops. He held out in the far north of England until the next May (1464), when he was defeated at the Battle of Hexham, and beheaded shortly afterwards.

Somerset left no legitimate children. He did have an illegitimate son, Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, from whom descend the Earls and Marquesses of Worcester and later the Dukes of Beaufort.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset."

Top     

Henry Cardinal Beaufort

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry Beaufort, the second son of John of Gaunt and his mistress Katherine Swynford, was born in Anjou (France) in about 1374 and educated for a career in the Church. In about 1390 their cousin Richard II of England declared him and his two brothers and one sister legitimate. (There is some confusion on this point; there seems to have been another such procedure in 1397, involving Parliament.) In 1398 Henry Beaufort was consecrated Bishop of Lincoln. When his half-brother deposed Richard and took the throne as Henry IV of England, he made Bishop Beaufort Chancellor of England in 1403, but he resigned that position the next year to become Bishop of Winchester.

Between 1411 and 1413 Bishop Beaufort was in political disgrace for siding with his nephew, the Prince of Wales, against the king, but then when Henry IV died and the prince became Henry V of England, he made his uncle Chancellor again; however, Beaufort resigned the position in 1417. Pope Martin V offered the Bishop a cardinal's hat, but Henry V would not let him accept it. Henry V died in 1422, shortly after making himself heir to France by marrying the French king's daughter, and their infant son became Henry VI of England. Bishop Beaufort and the baby king's other uncles were regents, and in 1424 Beaufort became Chancellor once more, but was forced to resign again in 1426 because of disputes with the king's other uncles.

The Pope finally made him a cardinal, and in 1427 made him Papal Legate for Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia. Beaufort continued to be active in English politics for years, fighting with the other powerful advisors to the king and always managing to extricate himself from the snares they set for him. He died on April 11, 1447 and was laid to rest in a tomb in Winchester Cathedral.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry Cardinal Beaufort."

Top     

Henry County, Iowa

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry County is a county located in the U.S. State of Iowa. As of 2000, the population is 20,336. Its county seat is Mount Pleasant, Iowa⁶.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,131 km² (437 mi²). 1,125 km² (434 mi²) of it is land and 6 km² (2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.51% water.

Demographics

As of the census² of 2000, there are 20,336 people, 7,626 households, and 5,269 families residing in the county. The population density is 18/km² (47/mi²). There are 8,246 housing units at an average density of 7/km² (19/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 94.78% White, 1.49% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American, 1.88% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.52% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. 1.26% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 7,626 households out of which 32.80% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.70% are married couples living together, 8.20% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.90% are non-families. 26.80% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.20% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.46 and the average family size is 2.98. In the county the population is spread out with 24.70% under the age of 18, 9.00% from 18 to 24, 29.20% from 25 to 44, 22.50% from 45 to 64, and 14.70% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 102.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 102.80 males. The median income for a household in the county is $39,087, and the median income for a family is $46,985. Males have a median income of $31,801 versus $23,075 for females. The per capita income for the county is $18,192. 8.80% of the population and 6.70% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 10.30% are under the age of 18 and 9.30% are 65 or older.

Cities and towns

*Coppock
*Hillsboro
*Mount Pleasant
*Mount Union
*New London
*Olds
*Rome
*Salem
*Wayland
*Westwood
*Winfield

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry County, Iowa."

Top     

Henry Estienne

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry Estienne, also known as Stephens or Stephanus, is the name of two 16th-century printers of Paris. The first was the father of Robert Estienne, and the second was the son.

Henry, the first printer of this name, had an establishment of his own in Paris from 1503 to 1520. He was on friendly terms with some of the most learned men of the day, Budé, Briconnet, and Faber Stapulensis, and had among his proof-readers Beatus Rhenanus. Among his publications were Faber's editions of Aristotle, the Psalterium quincuplex, and his commentary on the Pauline Epistles.

Henry left three sons, François, Robert, and Charles. François published a number of works (1537-47) which had no bearing upon theology. His few impressions, chiefly issues of the classics, were all in Latin except Psalterium and a Horae Virginis in Greek.

Charles studied medicine, wrote some works on natural history, and gained an honorable position both as scholar and as author. In 1551 he assumed control of the Paris printing establishment, on Robert's departure to Geneva, and printed a number of works till 1561, using the title "royal typographer" (typographus regius). One of his works that long remained an authority was a Dictionarium Latino-Gallicum, 1552. He published a number of smaller editions of Hebrew texts and targums, which were edited by J. Mercier.

Henry, the second, the eldest son of the great Robert, and without doubt the most distinguished member of the family, was born in Paris, 1528, and died at Lyons March, 1598. He displayed in his youth a genuine enthusiasm for Greek and Latin; and his father took special pains with his education, and, as a part of his general training, he undertook in his nineteenth year a protracted journey to Italy, England, and Flanders, where he busied himself in collecting and collating manuscripts for his father's press.

In 1554 he published at Paris his first independent work, the Anacreon. Then he went again to Italy, helping Aldus at Venice, discovered a copy of Diodorus Siculus at Rome, and returned to Geneva in 1555. In 1557 he seems to have had a printing-establishment of his own, and, in the spirit of modern times, advertised himself as the "Parisian printer" (typographus parisiensis). The following year he assumed the title, illustris viri Huldrici Fuggeri typographus, from his patron, Fugger of Augsburg.

In 1559 Henry assumed charge of his father's presses, and distinguished himself as the publisher, and also as the editor and collator, of manuscripts. Athenagoras, Aristotle, AEschylus, appeared in 1557; Diodorus Siculus, 1559; Xenophon, 1561; Thucydides, 1564; Herodotus, 1566 and 1581. He improved old translations, or made new Latin translations, of many Greek authors. His most celebrated work, the Thesaurus linguae graecae, which has served up to the nineteenth century as the basis of Greek lexicography, appeared in 4 vols., 1572, with a supplement in 2 vols.

Of the editions of the Greek New Testament that went forth from his presses, there deserve mention those of Beza, with his commentary, 1565, 1569, 1582, 1588-89, and the smaller editions of 1565, 1567, 1580. A triglot containing the Peshito appeared in 1569, of which some copies are in existence, bearing the date Lyons, 1571. In 1565 a large French Bible was printed.

Henry's own editions of the Greek New Testament of 1576 and 1587 are noteworthy; the former containing the first scientific treatise on the language of the apostolic writers; the latter, a discussion of, the ancient divisions of the text. In 1594 he published a concordance of the New Testament, the preparatory studies for which his father had made. Much earlier he translated Calvin's catechism into Greek, which was printed in 1554 in his father's printing-room.

Henry was married three times, and had fourteen children, of whom three survived him. His son Paul (b. 1567), of whose life little is known, assumed control of the presses. Two of Paul's sons were printers-- Joseph at La Rochelle, and Antoine (d. 1674), who became "Printer to the king" in Paris in 1613. Fronton Le Due's Chrysostom, and Jean Morin's Greek Bible (3 vols., 1628) were issued from Antoine's presses.

His son Henry succeeded to the title of "Printer to the king" in 1649, and his work closed about 1659. He left no children, and was the last of the family who took active interest in editing and printing. The high standard that had been established by the early Stephens was maintained to the last, and the publications of the later publishers were mainly in the division of Greek and Roman classics.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry Estienne."

Top     

Henry Houssaye

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry Houssaye (February 24, 1848 - September 23, 1911), French historian, was born in Paris, the son of the novelist Arsène Houssaye.

His early writings were devoted to classical antiquity, studied not only in books but on the actual Greek sites which he visited in 1868. He published successively Histoire d’Apelles (1867), a study on Greek art; L'Armee dans la, Greet, antique (1867); Histoire d’Alcibiade et de la République athénienne, depuis la mort de Périclès jusqu’à l’avènement des trente tyrans (1873); Papers on Le Nombre des citoyens d'Athenes au V'me siecle avant l’ère chrétienne (1882); La Loi agraire a Sparte (1884); Le premier siège de Paris, an 52 avant l’ère chrétienne (1876); and two volumes of miscellanies, Athenes, Rome, Paris, l'histoire et les moeurs (1879), and Aspasie, Cléopâtre, Théodora (6th ed. 1889).

The military history of Napoleon I then attracted him. His first volume on this subject, called 1814 (1888), went through no fewer than forty-six editions. It was followed by 1815, the first part of which comprises the first Restoration, the return from Elba and the Hundred Days (1893); the second part, Waterloo (1899); and the third part, the second abdication and the White Terror (1905). He was elected a member of the French Academy in 1895.

Reference

• This entry incorporates public domain text originally from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica.

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry Houssaye."

Top     

Henry I of Castile

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry I of Castile, king of Castile and Leon, son of Alfonso VIII of Castile, reigned 1214-1217.

Preceded by: Alfonso IX of Castile

List of Castilian monarchs

Followed by: Berenguela of Castile

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry I of Castile."

Top     

Henry I of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry I (~1068 - December 1, 1135) was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and reigned as King of England from 1100 to 1135, succeeding his brother, William II Rufus. He was also known by the nicknames "Beauclerk" and "Lion of Justice".

Henry was born sometime between May 1068 and May 1069, somewhere in England, possibly Selby in Yorkshire.

After succeeding to the throne of England on the sudden death of his brother, he proceeded to usurp the duchy of Normandy, which by the right of inheritance belonged to his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, whom he imprisoned at Cardiff until his death in 1134. In England, Henry carried out social and judicial reforms, restoring the laws of King Edward the Confessor.

On November 11, 1100, Henry married Edith, daughter of King Malcolm III of Scotland, by whom he had up to four children before her death in 1118. When she married Henry, Edith changed her name to Matilda at Henry's request for political reasons. On January 29, 1121, he married Adeliza, daughter of Godfrey, Count of Louvain, but there were no children from this marriage.

Henry I also holds the record for the largest number of acknowledged illegitimate children born to any English king, with a provisional total of twenty-five.

However, neither of his legitimate sons, both by his first wife, survived him; both died in the wreck of the White Ship, on November 25, 1120, off the coast of Normandy. One of these sons, Richard, remains extremely obscure and may not have existed at all. The other, William, definitely existed and his death proved a disaster for England.

Henry died of food poisoning from eating foul lampreys in December, 1135, at St. Denis le Fermont in Normandy and was buried at Reading Abbey. He willed the throne of England to his daughter, Matilda, sometimes called "Empress Maud", who was married to Henry V, the Holy Roman Emperor. Although Henry's barons had already sworn allegiance to her as their queen, the throne was usurped by Henry's nephew Stephen, and civil war broke out. The dispute was eventually settled by Stephen's naming of Matilda's son, Henry, as his heir in 1153.

Preceded by: William II

List of British monarchs

Succeeded by: Stephen

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry I of England."

Top     

Henry II of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry II Plantagenet (March 25, 1133 - July 6, 1189), was Duke of Anjou and King of England (1154 - 1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. His soubriquets include "Curt Mantle" (because of the practical short cloaks he wore), "Fitz Empress," and sometimes "The Lion of Justice," which had been used for his grandfather Henry I. He would be known as the first of the Angevin Kings.

Following the disastrous reign of King Stephen, Henry's reign was one of efficient consolidation. Henry II is regarded as England's greatest medieval king.

He was born on March 5, 1133, to the Empress Matilda and her second husband, Geoffrey the Fair, Duke of Anjou. He was brought up in Anjou and visited England in 1142 to help his mother in her disputed claim to the English throne.

Prior to coming to the throne he already controlled Normandy and Anjou on the continent; his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152 added her land holdings to his, including vast areas such as Touraine, Aquitaine, and Gascony. He was thus effectively more powerful than the king of France with an empire that stretched from Solway Firth almost to the Mediterranean and from the Somme to the Pyrenees. As king, he would make Ireland a part of his vast domain. He also was in lively communication with the Emperor of Byzantium Manuel I Comnenus.

In August 1152 Henry, who had been fighting Eleanor's ex-husband Louis VII of France and his allies, rushed back to her, and they spent several months together. Around the end of November 1152 they parted: Henry went to spend some weeks with his mother and then sailed for England, arriving on 6 January 1153. Some historians believe that the couple's first child, William, Count of Poitiers, was born in 1152. It is possible that this was why Henry came home at that time, and the progress they made through Eleanor's lands was to mark the birth of the new heir -- that is, that their stated purpose of "introducing the new count" to the people meant Count William, not Count Henry. Others think William was born in 1153, and point out that Henry might still have been there nine months before William was born.

During Stephen's reign, the barons had subverted feudal legislation to undermine the monarch's grip on the realm; Henry saw it as his first task to reverse this shift in power. Castles which had been built without authorisation during Stephen's reign, for example, were torn down, and an early form of taxation replaced military service as the primary duty of vassals. Record-keeping was dramatically improved in order to streamline this taxation.

Henry II established courts in various parts of the country and was the first king to grant magistrates the power to render legal decisions on a wide range of civil matters in the name of the Crown. Under his reign, the first written legal textbook was produced, proving the basis of what today is referred to as Common Law. By the Assize of Clarendon (1166), trial by jury became the norm. Since the Norman Conquest, jury trials had been largely replaced by trial by ordeal and "wager of battel" (which was not abolished in England until 1819). This was one of Henry's major contributions to the social history of England. As a consequence of the improvements in the legal system, the power of church courts waned. The church, not unnaturally, opposed this, and its most vehement spokesman was Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, formerly a close friend of Henry's and his chancellor. Henry had appointed Becket to the archbishopric precisely because he wanted to avoid conflict.

The conflict with Becket effectively began with a dispute over whether clergy who had committed a secular offence could be tried by the secular courts. Henry attempted to subdue Becket and his fellow churchmen by making them swear to obey the "customs of the realm", but there was controversy over what constituted these customs, and the church was reluctant to submit. Becket left England in 1164 to solicit personally the support of the Pope in Rome and the king of France, where he stayed for a time. After a reconciliation between Henry and Thomas in Normandy in 1170, he returned to England. Becket again confronted Henry, this time over the coronation of Prince Henry (see below). The much-quoted words of Henry II echo down the centuries: "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?" Four of his knights took their king literally (as he may have intended for them to do, although he later denied it) and travelled immediately to England, where they assassinated Becket in Canterbury Cathedral on December 29, 1170.

William, Count of Poitiers, had died in infancy. In 1170, Henry and Eleanor's fifteen-year-old son Henry was crowned king, but he never actually ruled and is not counted as a monarch of England; he is now known as Henry the Young King to distinguish him from his nephew Henry III of England.

Henry and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, had four sons and three daughters. (Henry also had some ten children by at least four other women, and Eleanor had several of those children reared in the royal nursery with her own children; some remained members of the household in adulthood.) His attempts to wrest control of her lands from her (and her heir Richard) led to confrontation between Henry on the one side and his wife and legitimate sons on the other.

Henry's notorious liaison with Rosamund Clifford, the "fair Rosamund" of legend, is thought to have begun in 1165, during one of his Welsh campaigns, and continued until her death in 1176. However, it was not until 1174, at around the time of his break with Eleanor, that Henry acknowledged Rosamund as his mistress. Almost simultaneously, he began negotiating to divorce Eleanor and marry Alice, daughter of King Louis VII of France, who was already betrothed to his son, Richard. His affair with her continued for some years, and, unlike Rosamund Clifford, Alice is believed to have given birth to several of his illegitimate children.

Henry II's attempt to divide his titles amongst his sons but keep the power associated with them provoked them into trying to take control of the lands assigned to them, which amounted to treason, at least in Henry's eyes. Henry was fortunate to have on his side a knight who was both loyal and unbeatable in battle: William Marshal; Henry's illegitimate son Geoffrey Plantagenet (1151-1212), Archbishop of York, also stood by him the whole time and was the only son with Henry when he died.

When Henry's legitimate sons rebelled against him, they often had the help of King Louis VII of France. The death of Henry the Young King, in 1183, was followed by the death of the next in line to the throne, Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany who was trampled to death by a horse in 1186. His third son, Richard the Lionheart, with the assistance of Philippe II Auguste, attacked and defeated Henry on July 4, 1189; Henry died at the Chateau Chinon on July 7, 1189 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey, near Chinon and Saumur in the Anjou Region that today is part of France.

Richard the Lionheart then became king of England. He was followed by King John, the youngest son of Henry II, laying aside the claims of Geoffrey's son, Arthur, and daughter, Eleanor.

Fiction

The treasons associated with the succession were the main theme of the play The Lion in Winter, which was made into a film starring Peter O'Toole and Katherine Hepburn. Henry II and his sons King Richard and King John were also the subject of the BBC2 series The Devil's Crown and the 1978 book of the same title, written by Richard Barber and published as a guide to the tv series, which starred Brian Cox and Jane Lapotaire as Henry and Eleanor.

Preceded by: Stephen

List of British monarchs

Succeeded by: Richard I

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry II of England."

Top     

Henry II of France

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henri II (1519-1559), a member of the Valois Dynasty, was King of France from 1547 to 1559.

Born March 31, 1519 in the Royal Château at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, the son of François I and Claude de France, his marriage was arranged to Catherine de Medici (1519-1589) on October 28, 1533 when both were 14 years old.

He was crowned king, on July 25, 1547 in the cathedral at Reims, his reign marked by wars with Austria, and the persecution of the Protestant Huguenots. Henri II severely punished them, burning them alive or cutting out their tongues for speaking their Protestant beliefs. Even someone suspected of being a Huguenot was imprisoned for life.

Henri II was an avid hunter and participant in jousting tournaments. On July 1, 1559, during a match to celebrate a peace treaty with his longtime enemies, the Hapsburgs of Austria and to celebrate the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth to King Philip II of Spain, King Henri's eye was pierced by a sliver from a shattered lance that penetrated the brain. He suffered terribly, passing away on July 10, 1559 and was buried in a cadaver tomb in Saint Denis Basilica.

He was succeeded by his son, Francis II. Henri II's death resulted in the next forty years in France being filled with turbulence as his sons and other claimants to the French crown fought for power.

Issue:

1. François II, (January 19, 1544 - December 5, 1560)
2. Elisabeth de France, (April 2, 1545 - October 3, 1568)
3. Claude, (November 12, 1547 - February 21, 1575)
4. Louis, (February 3, 1549 - October, 1549)
5. Charles-Maximilien (Charles IX), (June 27, 1550 - May 30, 1574)
6. Edouard Alexandre (Henri III), (September 19, 1551 - August 2, 1589)
7. Marguerite de Valois, (May 14, 1553 - March 27, 1615)
8. Hercule (François), Duke of Alençon and Anjou, (March 18, 1555 - June 19, 1584)
9. Jeanne, (June 24, 1556 - June 24, 1556) (Twin - died at birth)
10. Victoire, (June 24, 1556 - August, 1556) (Twin - died at two months)

Preceded by: François I

List of French monarchs

Succeeded by: François II

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry II of France."

Top     

Henry II of Navarre

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry II (1503 - May 25, 1555), titular king of Navarre, was the eldest son of Jean d'Albret (d. 1516) by his wife Catherine de Foix, sister and heiress of Francis Phoebus, king of Navarre, and was born at Sanquesa in April 1503.

When Catherine died in exile in 1517 Henry succeeded her in her claim on Navarre, which was disputed by Ferdinand I king of Spain; and under the protection of Francis I of France he assumed the title of king.

After ineffectual conferences at Noyon in 1516 and at Montpellier in 1518, an active effort was made in 1521 to establish him in the de facto sovereignty; but the French troops which had seized the country were ultimately expelled by the Spaniards.

In 1525 Henry was taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia, but he contrived to escape, and in 1526 married Margaret, the sister of Francis I and widow of Charles, duke of Alençon. By her he was the father of Jeanne d'Albret (d. 1572), and was consequently the grandfather of Henry IV of France. Henry, who had some sympathy with the Huguenots, died at Pau on May 25 1555.

Reference

• This entry incorporates public domain text originally from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica.

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry II of Navarre."

Top     

Henry III of Castile

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry III (1379 - 1406) was the son of John I of Castile and succeeded him as King of Castile and León in 1390. He married Catherine (in English, or Catalina in Spanish) the daughter of John of Gaunt and his second wife Constance (in English, or Constanza in Spanish), a daughter of King Pedro I), and their son became John II of Castile.

King Henry began the conquest of the Canary Islands in 1402.

Preceded by: John I of Castile

List of Castilian monarchs

Followed by: John II of Castile

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry III of Castile."

Top     

Henry III of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry III (October 1, 1207 - November 16, 1272) is one of the least-known British monarchs, considering the great length of his reign. He was born in 1207, the son of the infamous King John, and succeeded to the throne at the age of nine, with the result that the country was ruled by regents until 1227. Henry married Eleanor of Provence, and they had nine children, the eldest of whom succeeded Henry as Edward I of England.

Henry's reign was marked by civil strife, as the English barons demanded more say in the running of the kingdom. This led to the calling of the first English Parliament by Simon de Montfort, who, besides being the leader of opposition, was married to Henry's sister. At the Battle of Lewes in 1264, Henry was defeated and taken prisoner by de Montfort. Henry's son, Edward, turned the tables on de Montfort in 1265 at the Battle of Evesham, following which savage retribution was exacted on the rebels. From about 1270, Henry effectively gave up the reins of government to his son. He died in 1272 and is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Henry was succeded by his son, Edward I of England.

Preceded by: John

List of British monarchs

Succeeded by: Edward I Longshanks

Marriage and children

Married on 14 January 1236, Canterbury Cathedral, Kent, England to Eleanor of Provence, with:

• Edward I (1239-1307)
• Margaret (1240-1275)
• Beatrice (1242-1275)
• Edmund Crouchback (1245-1296)
• Richard (1247-1256)
• John (1250-1256)
• William (1251-1256)
• Katherine (1253-1257)
• Henry

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry III of England."

Top     

Henry III of France

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henri III (September 19, 1551 - August 2, 1589) was King of France from 1574 to 1589.

- King Henri III -

Henri was born Edouard-Alexandre at the Royal Palace of Fontainbleau, Seine-et-Marne, the son of King Henri II and Catherine de Medici. He was elected king of Poland in 1573 but shortly after, at the death of his brother Charles IX, he returned to France. He was crowned King of France in 1575 in the cathedral at Reims.

Prior to ascending to the throne, he was a leader of the royal army in the French Wars of Religion against the Protestants. While still duke, he aided his mother in the massacre of the Huguenots on Saint Bartholomew's Day and his reign as king would see France in constant turmoil over religion.

In 1576, King Henri III signed the Edict of Beaulieu granting minor concessions to the Protestants. His action resulted in the Catholic extremist Henri, Duke of Guise, forming the Catholic League. After much posturing and negotiations King Henri III was forced to rescind most of the concessions made to the Protestants in the Edict of Beaulieu.

In 1584 the king's brother and heir presumptive died. Under the Salic Law, the next heir to the throne was Protestant Henri of Navarre, a descendant of St. Louis. Under pressure from the Duke of Guise, head of the Catholic League, Henri III issued an edict suppressing Protestantism and annulling Henri of Navarre's right to the throne.

On May 12, 1588 Henry III fled Paris after Henry of Guise entered the city.

On December 23, 1588, in the Chateau Blois, the Duke of Guise arrived in the council chamber where his brother the Cardinal waited. He was told that the King wished to see him in the private room adjoining the King’s bedroom. There, guardsmen murdered him, and then the Cardinal. In order to make sure that no contender for the French throne was free to act against him, the king had the Duke’s son imprisoned. Though deceitful and cruel, the Duke of Guise was highly popular in France and the citizenry turned against the king for the murders. The French Parliament instituted criminal charges against the king, and he fled Paris to join forces with Henry of Navarre.

On August 1, 1589, Henri III, lodged with his army in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, prepared to attack Paris when a young fanatical monk named Jacques Clément, carrying false papers, was granted access to deliver important documents to the king. The monk gave the king a bundle of papers and stated he had a secret message to deliver. The king signaled for his attendants to step back for privacy and Clément whispered in his ear while plunging a knife in his stomach. At first the wound did not appear fatal but the King commanded all his officers around him that in the event he did not survive, they were to be loyal to Henri of Navarre as their new king. The following morning, King Henri III of France died, the day he was to have launched the assault to retake Paris.

Although he had been married on February 13, 1575 to Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont, and expected to produce an heir, the homosexual King Henri III was not highly respected by the citizens or the nobility as he paraded around dressed in women's clothes, accompanied by a number of youthful male attendants referred to as his mignons (darlings).

Henri III was interred in the Saint Denis Basilica. Childless, he was the last of the Valois kings.

Henri of Navarre succeeded him as Henri IV, the first of the Bourbon kings.

Preceded by: Charles IX

List of French monarchs

Succeeded by: Henry IV

Preceded by: Sigismund II of Poland

List of Polish rulers

Succeeded by: Stephen Bathory

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry III of France."

Top     

Henry IV of France

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

By Frans Pourbus the younger (Larger Version)

Henry IV (December 13, 1553 - May 14, 1610) was King of France from 1589-1610, the first of the Bourbon kings of France. He was the son of Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre. Henry was born in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in the southwest of France.

On August 18 1572 Henry married Marguerite de Valois, sister of the then King Charles IX. In the same year he became king Henry III of Navarre, succeeding his mother Jeanne d'Albret, who had brought him up as a Huguenot. Jeanne herself was also a Protestant, and had declared Calvinism the religion of Navarre. Henry's marriage was part of a plan to help quell the French Wars of Religion. As part of this plan, he was forced to convert to Roman Catholicism on February 5, 1576, and kept in confinement, but later that year he gained his freedom and resumed Protestantism.

He became the legal heir to the French throne upon the death in 1584 of François, Duke of Alençon, brother and heir to King Henri III, who had succeeded Charles IX in 1574.

Since Henry of Navarre was a descendant of King Louis IX, King Henry III had no choice but to recognize him as the legitimate successor. (Salic law disinherited the king's sisters and all others who could claim descent by distaff line.) On the death of the king in 1589, Henri of Navarre became nominally the king of France. But the Catholic League, strengthened by support from outside, especially from Spain, was strong enough to force him to the south, and he had to set about winning his kingdom by military conquest. He was victorious at Ivry and Arques, but failed to take Paris.

With the encouragement of the great love of his life, Gabrielle d'Estrée, on July 25, 1593 he declared that Paris vaut bien une messe (Paris was worth a Mass) and permanently renounced Protestantism. His entrance into the Roman Catholic Church secured for him the allegiance of the vast majority of his subjects and he was crowned King of France at the Cathedral of Chartres on February 27, 1594. In 1598, however, he declared the Edict of Nantes, which gave complete toleration to the Huguenots.

Henry's first marriage was not a happy one, and the couple remained childless. Even before Henry had succeeded to the throne in August, 1589 the two had separated, and Marguerite de Valois lived for many years in the chateau of Usson in Auvergne. After Henry had become king various advisers impressed upon him the desirability of providing an heir to the French Crown in order to avoid the problem of a disputed succession. Henry himself favored the idea of obtaining an annulment of his first marriage and taking Gabrielle d'Estrée as a bride, who had already borne him three children. Henry's councillors strongly opposed this idea, but the matter was resolved unexpectedly by Gabrielle d'Estrée's sudden death in April, 1599 after she had given birth prematurely to a stillborn son.

Henry IV proved to be a man of vision and courage. Instead of costly war to suppress opposing nobles, Henri simply paid them off. As king, he adopted policies and undertook projects to improve the lives of all citizens that would make him one of the country’s most popular rulers ever.

During his reign, Henri IV promoted agriculture, drained swamps to create productive crop lands, and undertook many public works. He protected forests from further desecration, built a new system of tree-lined highways, and constructed new bridges and canals. He had a 1200m canal built in the park at the Royal Chateau at Fontainebleau (which can be fished today), and ordered the planting of pines, elms and fruit trees.

The king renewed Paris as a great city with the Pont Neuf, which still stands today, constructed over the River Seine to connect the Right and Left Banks of the city. Henri IV also had the Place Royale built (since 1800 known as Place des Vosges) and he added the Grande Galerie to the Louvre. More than a quarter of a mile long and one hundred feet wide, this huge addition was built along the bank of the Seine River and at the time was the longest edifice of its kind in the world. King Henri IV, a promoter of the arts by all classes of peoples, invited hundreds of artists and craftsmen to live and work on the building’s lower floors. This tradition continued for another two hundred years until Emperor Napoleon I banned it.

King Henri's vision extended beyond France and he financed the expeditions of Samuel de Champlain to North America that saw France lay claim to Canada.

Henri IV said: "I rule with my ass in the saddle and a gun in my fist." Yet, he is the same man who once stopped in the midst of a battle to write a love letter. Frivolous, wise, tender, brave, and industrious, he embodied French qualities. Although he was a man of kindness, compassion, and good humor, and much loved by his people, King Henri IV was assassinated on 14 May, 1610 in Paris, by a fanatic called Ravaillac, and was buried at Saint Denis Basilica. His widow, Marie de Médicis, served as Regent to their 9-year-old son, Louis XIII until 1617.

While the rest of France marks the end of monarchist rule each year on Bastille Day, in Henri's birthplace of Pau, his reign as king of France is celebrated.

Marriages

• Marguerite de Valois (1) annulled in 1599
• December 17 1600 married Marie de Médicis (2)

Issue (2)

• Louis XIII (September 27, 1601 - May 14, 1643)
• Gaston (April 25, 1608 - February 2, 1660)
• Elisabeth (November 22, 1603 - October 6, 1644)
• Henriette-Marie (November 25, 1609 - September 10, 1669)
• Christine (February 12, 1606 - December 27, 1663)
• Nicholas (April 16, 1607 - November 17, 1611)

Preceded by: Henry III

List of French monarchs

Succeeded by: (Marie de Medicis, regent for Louis XIII)

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry IV of France."

Top     

Henry of Flanders

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry (c. 1174-1216), was the second emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople.

He was a younger son of Baldwin V of Hainault (and later as Baldwin VIII count of Flanders), and Margaret, sister of Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders.

Having joined the Fourth Crusade about 1201, he distinguished himself at the siege of Constantinople in 1204 and elsewhere, and soon became prominent among the princes of the new Latin empire of Constantinople. When his elder brother, the emperor Baldwin I, was captured at the Battle of Adrianople in April 1205, Henry was chosen regent of the empire, succeeding to the throne when the news of Baldwin’s death arrived, He was crowned August 20, 1205.

Henry was a wise ruler, whose reign was largely passed in successful struggles with Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria, and with his rival, Theodore I Lascaris, emperor of Nicaea. Henry appears to have been brave but not cruel, and tolerant but not weak; possessing "the superior courage to oppose, in a superstitious age, the pride and avarice of the clergy." The emperor died, poisoned, it is said, by his Greek wife, on June 11, 1216.

This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

Preceded by: Baldwin I

Latin Empire

Followed by: Peter of Courtenay

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry of Flanders."

Top     

Henry Pelham

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry Pelham (1696 - March 6, 1754) was Prime Minister of Great Britain from February 14, 1743 to his death. Pelham was the younger brother of Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, and a younger son of Thomas, 1st Baron Pelham of Laughton and of Lady Grace Holles, daughter of the 3rd earl of Clare. He was educated by a private tutor and at Christ Church, Oxford, which he entered in July 1710. As a volunteer he served in Dormer's regiment at the battle of Preston in 1715, spent some time on the Continent, and in 1717 entered Parliament for Seaford, Sussex.

Through strong family influence and the recommendation of Walpole he was cbosen in 1721 a lord of the Treasury. The following year he was returned for Sussex county. In 1724 he entered the ministry as secretary of war, but this office he exchanged in 1730 for the more lucrative one of paymaster of the forces. He made himself conspicuous by his support of Walpole on the question of the excise, and in 1743 a union of parties resulted in the formation of an administration in which Pelham was prime minister, with the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer; but rank and influence made his brother, the duke of Newcastle, very powerful in the cabinet, and, in spite of a genuine attachment, there were occasional disputes between them, which led to difficulties.

Being strongly in favour of peace, Pelham carried on the War of the Austrian Succession with languor and indifferent success, but the country, wearied of the interminable struggle, was disposed to acquiesce in his foreign policy almost without a murmur. King George II, thwarted in his own favourite schemes, made overtures in 1746 to Lord Bath, but his purpose was upset by the resignation of the two Pelhams (Henry and Newcastle), who, however, at the king's request, resumed office. Pelham remained prime minister till his death, when his brother succeeded him.

His very defects were among the chief elements of Pelham's success, for one with a strong personality, moderate self-respect, or high conceptions of statesmanship could not have restrained the discordant elements of the cabinet for any length of time. Moreover, he possessed tact and a thorough acquaintance with the forms of the House of Commons. Whatever quarrels or insubordination might exist within the cabinet, they never broke out into open revolt. Nor can a high degree of praise be denied to his financial policy, especially his plans for the reduction of the national debt and the simplification and consolidation of its different branches.

Pelham had married in 1726 Lady Catherine Manners, daughter of the 2nd duke of Rutland; and one of his daughters married Henry Fiennes Clinton, 2nd duke of Newcastle.

Reference

• Original text adapted from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry Pelham."

Top     

Henry the Young King

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry the Young King (1155-1183) was the first of four sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Fostered by Thomas a Becket, in 1170 the fifteen-year-old Henry was crowned king during his father's lifetime, but he never actually ruled and is not counted in the monarchs of England.

He is now known as "Henry the Young King" to distinguish him from his nephew Henry III of England. He broke with his father and allied with his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine and brothers in a lengthy civil war (1173-74) in which he tried to wrest the power of the crown from his father. When he died at the age of 28 of dysentery, during the middle of a second rebellion, his father is said to have exclaimed: "He cost me much, but I wish he had lived to cost me more."

The historian W.L. Warren said of him, "The Young Henry was the only one of his family who was popular in his own day. It was true that he was also the only one who gave no evidence of political sagacity, military skill, or even ordinary intelligence....", and elaborated in a later book, "He was gracious, benign, affable, courteous, the soul of liberality and generosity. Unfortunately he was also shallow, vain, careless, empty-headed, incompetent, improvident, and irresponsible."

Henry did not seem much interested in the day-to-day business of government, or in the subtleties of military tactics. Instead he spent much of his time at tournaments or meddling in the affairs of his brothers.

Henry the Young King was married to Margaret of France. His brothers Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland both later became king.

References

• Henry II, by W.L. Warren, ISBN 0520034945
• The Young King Henry Plantagenet, 1155-1183, in history, literature, and tradition, by O.H. Moore

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry the Young King."

Top     

Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, (1081 - May 23, 1125) was the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty. He forced the abdication in 1105 of his father, the emperor Henry IV and secured his own election as king, assuming the imperial crown in 1111.

Despite initial Papal support for his accession, Henry continued the Investiture Controversy started by his father against the Pope's insistence on control all ecclesiastical appointments in Germany. Invading Italy twice (1110 and 1116) and setting up a rival antipope in opposition to the Pope in Rome, Henry eventually secured a compromise (the Concordat of Worms, 1122) under which the Pope would invest church appointees with their spiritual offices, the Emperor with their lay rights.

In 1114, Henry married the young Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, at Mainz. They had no children.

Preceded by: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

List of German Kings and Emperors

Succeeded by: Lothar II, Holy Roman Emperor

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor."

Top     

Henry VI of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry VI (December 6, 1421 - May 20, 1471) was King of England from 1437 to 1461 and then from 1470 to 1471.

Childhood

Henry was the only child and heir of King Henry V of England, therefore great things were expected of him from birth. He was born on December 6, 1421 at Windsor, but his father died when he was only a few months old. His mother, Catherine of Valois, was French and only twenty years old. Because of general suspicion of her nationality, she was prevented from having much to do with her son's upbringing, and regents ruled the kingdom on his behalf.

Henry's half-brothers, Edmund and Jasper Tudor, the sons of his mother's second marriage, were later given earldoms, Edmund being the father of Henry Tudor, later King Henry VII of England.

Coronations

Henry was eventually crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey on November 6, 1429 at the age of eight, and King of France at Notre Dame in Paris on December 16, 1431. However he did not assume the reins of government until he was declared of age in 1437 - the year in which his mother died.

Early in the child king's reign, the most powerful of the regents were his uncles, John, Duke of Bedford and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. The former died in 1435; the latter was disgraced, accused of treason and probably murdered in 1447.

Reign

As a result of his successes in the Hundred Years' War, Henry V had left England in possession of considerable territories in France, but the momentum was lost on his death, and, during his son's reign, most of the ground he had gained would be lost. Henry VI had proved to be a deeply spiritual man, lacking the worldly wisdom necessary to allow him to rule effectively. His wife, Margaret of Anjou, whom he married in 1445, was far more capable. By the time of the birth of their first and only child, Edward Prince of Wales, in 1453, the king had suffered a mental breakdown, and it was rumoured that the child was not his. After a violent struggle between the houses of Lancaster and York who contested the throne, Henry was deposed on March 4, 1461 by his cousin, who became King Edward IV of England.

Queen Margaret was determined to win back the throne on behalf of her husband and son, and eventually formed an alliance with Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who had fallen out with the new king. After marrying off his daughter to the Prince of Wales, Warwick returned to England, defeated the Yorkists in battle, and restored Henry VI to the throne on October 30, 1470. His return to power lasted a very short time. Warwick overreached himself by declaring war on Burgundy, whose ruler responded by giving Edward IV the assistance he needed to win back his throne by force. The Prince of Wales was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471.

Death and Legacy

Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he was murdered some time during May of that 1471. Although legend has accused Richard, Duke of Gloucester of his murder, Richard is an unlikely suspect, having been only nineteen at the time.

King Henry VI was originally buried in Chertsey Abbey then his body was moved to Windsor Castle and then to Westminster Abbey.

He was succeeded by Edward IV, son of Richard, Duke of York.

Ironically for one so personally pious and peace-loving, Henry left a great legacy of strife and civil war. Perhaps his one lasting positive achievement was his fostering of education -- he founded both Eton College and King's College, Cambridge.

Preceded by: Henry V

List of British monarchs

Succeeded by: Edward IV

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry VI of England."

Top     

Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (November 1165 - September 28, 1197) was king of Germany 1190-1197, and Holy Roman Emperor 1191-1197.

Emperor Henry VI was crowned king of Sicily in Palermo in 1194, entered Rome in 1196, and was crowned by Pope Celestine III. His accession to the throne of Sicily united the northern and southern lands of the empire and deeply alarmed other Mediterranean powers.

Preceded by: Frederick I Barbarossa

List of German Kings and Emperors

Succeeded by: Philip of Swabia

Parentage and Children

Frederick II of Swabia	Judith of Bavaria	Renald III of Burgundy	Agatha of Lorraine
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor		Beatrix of Burgundy
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Spouse(s)		Children
Constance of Sicily		Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor."

Top     

Henry VIII of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry VIII
King of England, Ireland and France
Painting by Hans Holbein the Younger

Henry VIII (June 28, 1491 - January 28, 1547) was King of England from April 22 (crowned on June 24), 1509 until his death on January 28, 1547. He was accorded the title King of Ireland by the Irish Parliament in 1541, having previously been styled Lord of Ireland.

Born at the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, he was the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. He was created Prince of Wales after the death of his older brother Arthur, Prince of Wales. A dispensation from Pope Julius II was necessary in order to allow him to marry his brother's widow Catherine of Aragon, and this was obtained on the basis of non-consummation. They contracted a marriage on June 11 1509. Following difficulties with Rome over his divorce from Catherine (which was not sanctioned by the Pope, who was under pressure from Catherine's nephew, Charles V at the time), Henry split from the Roman Catholic Church, seized many of the Church's assets, and formed the Church of England. This became final with the passing of the Act of Supremacy 1536.

During 1513 Thomas Howard, Third Duke of Norfolk, defeated the invasion attempt of James IV of Scotland at Flodden during Henry's absence at war against France. Henry's long rivalry with King Francis I of France was made more serious by the cooperation between France and Scotland, both Catholic countries. Henry and Francis had met at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. Peace with France was finally concluded in 1546.

Henry VIII greatly improved English seapower, establishing dockyards at Woolwich and Deptford on the River Thames in south-east London, and instituting an efficient navy. His flagship, the Mary Rose, sank in the Solent during a battle, and its retrieval during the 1980s provided valuable archaeological evidence about the period. It is now on display at Portsmouth.

Throughout his life he was an avid gambler playing at dice, tables and cards. It is claimed by some that he was playing Primero at the time of Elizabeth's birth. Other card games played by Henry include cent, Imperial and Pope Julius.

The other major achievement of Henry's reign was the Act of Union of 1536, which effectively brought Wales under English government, with the result that the first Welsh members of parliament were elected in 1542. Henry was proud of his own Welsh blood. In 1533 Henry introduced the first legislation against homosexuals with the Buggery Act, making buggery punishable by hanging, a penalty not finally lifted until 1861.

Henry is also famous for his six wives. While he was still legally married to Catherine of Aragon he married Anne Boleyn in secret on January 25, 1533 (his marriage to Catherine had to be annulled by a special act of Parliament on May 23 of the same year). Anne bore Henry a female child Elizabeth but she did not give him the male heir he so desperately wanted. For this reason he had his marriage with her annulled, had her executed on trumped up charges of adultery, and married Jane Seymour. Seymour gave Henry a male child, but she died shortly after doing so. The boy was sickly, and Henry reluctantly remarried, on the advice of his chancellor, Thomas Cromwell. Cromwell, like his predecessors, More and Wolsey, fell from favour and was charged with treason. Henry took advantage of the situation to move his main London residence to the Palace of Whitehall, formerly Wolsey's and known as York Place, from the Palace of Westminster,

His fourth wife was the German Protestant Anne of Cleves. Henry disliked her from the beginning, and had their marriage annulled after only a few months. He proceeded to marry Catherine Howard, a young cousin of Anne Boleyn, who, like Anne, was found guilty of adultery and executed for treason. His last wife was Catherine Parr, a more mature woman who had been twice widowed. None of his last three queens bore him any children. A mnemonic to remember the fates of his six queens is "Divorced, beheaded, died; divorced, beheaded, survived."

It is well known that, in later life, Henry was grossly overweight, and possibly suffered from both gout and syphilis. In his younger days, however, he had been a very active man. His increased size dates from a jousting accident in 1536. He suffered a thigh wound which not only prevented him from taking exercise but which gradually became ulcerated and may have indirectly led to his death. Henry died in 1547 at Whitehall in London and was buried at Windsor. At his death he left three children, each of whom had a turn on the English throne: Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.

Also see the notes on Thomas Abel, Thomas Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More, John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Thomas Howard Duke of Norfolk, Palace of Beaulieu

There have been been many films about Henry VIII and his court. Two that bear mention here are the 1933 The Private Life of Henry VIII starring Charles Laughton and the 1972 The Six Wives of Henry VIII starring Keith Michell.

See also: Dissolution of the Monasteries

Preceded by: Henry VII

List of British monarchs

Succeeded by: Edward VI

The Henry VIII and his wives' relationship matrix:

relationships	Henry VIII	Catherine of Aragon	Anne Boleyn	Jane Seymour	Anne of Cleves	Katherine Howard	Catherine Parr
Henry VIII	self	half 3C1R	5C1R	5C	5C	5C1R	3C1R
Catherine of Aragon	half 3C1R	self	6C1R	4C3R	5C1R	6C1R	half 3C2R
Anne Boleyn	5C1R	6C1R	self	half 2C	8C1R	1C	4C1R
Jane Seymour	5C	4C3R	half 2C	self	7C1R	half 2C	5C1R
Anne of Cleves	5C	5C1R	8C1R	7C1R	self	8C1R	7C
Katherine Howard	5C1R	6C1R	1C	half 2C	8C1R	self	6C
Catherine Parr	3C1R	half 3C2R	4C1R	5C1R	7C	6C	self

Key: C = cousin; R = removed;

Example: 2C1R = 2nd cousin once removed (See "Cousin" on Wikipedia page Family for further explanation)

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry VIII of England."

Top     

Henry, Illinois

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry is a city located in Marshall County, Illinois. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 2,540.

Geography

Henry is located at 41°6'47" North, 89°21'37" West (41.113152, -89.360218)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.8 km² (1.5 mi²). 3.6 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 4.79% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 2,540 people, 1,014 households, and 678 families residing in the city. The population density is 705.5/km² (1,821.3/mi²). There are 1,085 housing units at an average density of 301.4/km² (778.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 97.68% White, 0.51% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.12% from other races, and 1.30% from two or more races. 0.63% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,014 households out of which 29.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% are married couples living together, 8.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% are non-families. 29.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.42 and the average family size is 3.00. In the city the population is spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.1 males. The median income for a household in the city is $40,236, and the median income for a family is $50,375. Males have a median income of $39,919 versus $18,621 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,473. 5.6% of the population and 5.7% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 5.5% are under the age of 18 and 6.3% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry, Illinois."

Top     

Henry, Nebraska

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry is a village located in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska. As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 162.

Geography

Henry is located at 41°59'54" North, 104°2'48" West (41.998249, -104.046801)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²). 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 162 people, 56 households, and 42 families residing in the village. The population density is 208.5/km² (547.9/mi²). There are 59 housing units at an average density of 75.9/km² (199.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 98.15% White, 0.62% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.62% Pacific Islander, 0.62% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 4.32% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 56 households out of which 35.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% are married couples living together, 12.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% are non-families. 19.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.89 and the average family size is 3.24. In the village the population is spread out with 28.4% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 81.3 males. The median income for a household in the village is $36,250, and the median income for a family is $43,750. Males have a median income of $27,500 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the village is $17,348. 6.3% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.0% are under the age of 18 and 33.3% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry, Nebraska."

Top     

Henry, Prince of Wales

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry, Prince of Wales or Henry Frederick Stuart (February 19, 1594 - November 6, 1612) was the eldest son of King James VI of Scotland/James I of England and Anne of Denmark.

He was born at Stirling Castle and became Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick and Lord of the Isles immediately on his birth. Following his father's accession to the throne of England in 1603, he was made Duke of Cornwall and was invested Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in 1610, thus bringing together the Scottish and English titles traditionally held by male heirs to the throne ever since that date.

Henry showed great promise, and his death from typhoid at the age of eighteen was regarded as a tragedy for the nation. His titles were inherited by his younger brother, Charles, who until then had lived in Henry's shadow. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

His name survives in the name of Prince Henry's High School in the town of Evesham in Worcestershire, England.

Others to have held this title are:

• King Henry V of England
• King Henry VIII of England

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry, Prince of Wales."

Top     

Henry, South Dakota

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry is a town located in Codington County, South Dakota. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 268.

Geography

Henry is located at 44°52'40" North, 97°27'57" West (44.877650, -97.465968)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.8 km² (1.5 mi²). 3.8 km² (1.5 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 268 people, 101 households, and 71 families residing in the town. The population density is 71.4/km² (185.3/mi²). There are 116 housing units at an average density of 30.9/km² (80.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.88% White, 0.00% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.75% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 1.87% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 101 households out of which 37.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.4% are married couples living together, 9.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% are non-families. 26.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.65 and the average family size is 3.28. In the town the population is spread out with 28.7% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 111.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $36,607, and the median income for a family is $42,500. Males have a median income of $24,167 versus $25,750 for females. The per capita income for the town is $13,778. 10.0% of the population and 5.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 10.0% are under the age of 18 and 38.5% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry, South Dakota."

Top     

Henry, Tennessee

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry is a town located in Henry County, Tennessee. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 520.

Geography

Henry is located at 36°12'8" North, 88°25'6" West (36.202197, -88.418208)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.1 km² (1.2 mi²). 3.1 km² (1.2 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 520 people, 191 households, and 141 families residing in the town. The population density is 167.3/km² (434.2/mi²). There are 207 housing units at an average density of 66.6/km² (172.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 82.88% White, 14.42% African American, 0.38% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 2.31% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 6.73% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 191 households out of which 40.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% are married couples living together, 19.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 25.7% are non-families. 20.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.72 and the average family size is 3.16. In the town the population is spread out with 30.2% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.1 males. The median income for a household in the town is $26,333, and the median income for a family is $30,714. Males have a median income of $21,250 versus $21,667 for females. The per capita income for the town is $12,663. 18.7% of the population and 15.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 22.4% are under the age of 18 and 12.5% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry, Tennessee."

Top     

Top     

Top     

Modern Usage: Henry

Top     

Commercial Usage: Henry