Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | MicrosoftThe new Evil Empire (the old one was IBM). The basic complaints are, as formerly with IBM, that (a) their system designs are horrible botches, (b) we can't get source to fix them, and (c) they throw their weight around a lot. See also Halloween Documents. Source: Jargon File. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
simple:Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is the world's largest private sector producer of commercial off-the-shelf computer software. Its headquarters are in Redmond, Washington, a suburb of Seattle. The company was founded in Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen to develop and sell BASIC interpreterss under the company name Micro-soft.
Microsoft products
Software
Microsoft produces a wide range of software products.
- Microsoft's current signature products are the various operating systems produced under the name Windows. There have been many versions, the most current being Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Windows comes pre-installed on almost all IBM compatible personal computers sold. See History of Microsoft Windows for a detailed history.
- The company's older flagship operating system was MS-DOS, which used a command line interface. Early versions of Windows required the use of MS-DOS code. This requirement was eliminated in Windows NT and its descendants, which include Windows 2000 and Windows XP.
- Microsoft Office is the company's line of office software. It includes Word (a word processor), Excel (a spreadsheet), and PowerPoint (presentation software). Microsoft also produces Microsoft Office for Apple Macintosh computers. Microsoft Office is widely regarded as the de-facto standard.
- Microsoft Visual Studio is the company's set of programming tools and compilers. It is GUI oriented and links easily with the Microsoft APIs, but must be specially configured for non-Microsoft libraries. The current implementation is Visual Studio .NET 2003.
- Internet Explorer is the company's web browser. It is the most widely used web browser in the world, and has been included as the default browser with all versions of Windows since Windows 95. It is also available for the Apple Macintosh free. Internet Explorer is discontinued on the Mac in 2003.
- Microsoft FrontPage is a WYSIWYG HTML editor.
- Windows Media Player is a music and video player that comes bundled with Windows.
- Microsoft produces computer games that run on Windows PCs, such as the Age of Empires and Microsoft Flight Simulator series.
- Microsoft develops and publishes video games for its XBox video game console. In addition, all "third party" XBox video game publishers, such as Electronic Arts and Activision, pay Microsoft a royalty for each game software disc manufactured.
- Microsoft also produces a line of reference works, such as encyclopedias and atlaseses, under the name Encarta.
Network Services
In the mid-1990s, Microsoft began to expand its product line into the networked computer world. It launched its online service MSN (Microsoft Network) on August 24, 1995, which was a direct competitor to AOL. MSN became an umbrella service for all of Microsoft's online services.
In 1996, Microsoft and NBC, an American broadcasting network, created MSNBC, a combined 24-hour news television channel and online news service.
At the end of 1997, Microsoft acquired Hotmail, the original and most popular webmail service. It was rebranded MSN Hotmail and was used as a platform to boost Passport, a universal login service.
MSN Messenger, an instant messaging client, was introduced in 1999 to compete with the popular AOL Instant Messenger (AIM).
Training
Microsoft has created a number of training initiatives, with the intention of creating a pool of low-cost employees with skills relating partly or exclusively to Microsoft products. The best known of these is the MCSE qualification, which stands for "Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer". While the MCSE certifies familiarity with Microsoft products, it is not, as its name suggests, an engineering qualification.
Hardware
Although Microsoft also produces a number of computing related hardware products.
- A line of computer input devices, including Mouse, Keyboard, Joystick, gamepads.
- The company bought WebTV, a television Internet appliance.
- When Microsoft released the XBox in late 2001, the company entered the multi-billion dollar game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo.
History of Microsoft
Formed in 1975, Microsoft started to sell its BASIC interpreter at a time when hobbyists, who also wrote small BASIC interpreters, freely gave away the source code of their creations. However, because its was one of the few commercial vendors of BASIC interpreters, many home computer manufacturers chose Microsoft BASIC for their systems. As the popularity of Microsoft's BASIC grew, manufacturers adopted Microsoft BASIC's syntax and other features to maintain compatibility with existing Microsoft BASIC implementations. Because of this feedback loop, Microsoft BASIC became a de facto standard, and the company cornered the market. Later, it tried (unsuccessfully) to extend their grip on the home computer market by designing the MSX home computer standard.
The name "Micro-soft" (for microcomputer software) was used by Bill Gates in a letter to Paul Allen for the first time on November 29, 1975. "Microsoft" became a registered trademark on November 26, 1976.
In late 1980, International Business Machines needed an operating system for its new home computer, the IBM PC. Microsoft licensed an existing operating system called 86-DOS, written by Tim Patterson for Seattle Computer Products' line of Intel 8086-based hobbyist computers, and contracted with IBM to provide one of three alternative operating systems for the PC. Microsoft subsequently purchased all rights to 86-DOS, renamed it MS-DOS (for Microsoft Disk Operating System), and modified the operating system for IBM's 8088-based hardware. It was released as IBM PC-DOS 1.0 with the introduction of the PC in 1981, and, because it was smaller, cheaper, and much more readily available than the other system software, quickly became the default system for the IBM PC. In contracting with IBM, however, Microsoft had retained the rights to license the software to other computer vendors as MS-DOS. The flood of IBM PC clones in the early 1980s, from companies including Texas Instruments, Compaq, and Seiko Epson, made Microsoft's operating system ubiquitous in that segment of the industry.
Software running on PC hardware was not necessarily technically better than the mainframe software that it replaced, but it had two advantages that mainframe software could not beat: it offered more freedom to the end-user. And it offered this at much lower cost. Microsoft's success rode on the PC boom.
Microsoft developed a wide variety of software products including:
Some of these products were successful, and some were not. Although early versions of Microsoft software were often buggy, feature-poor, and inferior to its competitors, later versions improved rapidly and the software grew in popularity. By the turn of the millennium, many of Microsoft's software products dominated the market in their respective categories.
- operating systems
- compilers and interpreters for programming languages
- word processors, spreadsheets and other office software
- Internet applications, e.g. a web browser and email client
Microsoft has devoted huge amounts of effort to marketing and usability engineering in developing their products, as well as to the integration of their software products with one another in an attempt to create a seamless and consistent computing environment for the user.
Microsoft has attempted to leverage the powerful Windows brand into many other markets, with products such as Windows CE for PDAss and their "Windows powered" Smartphone products.
Public perceptions
For a long time, Microsoft was widely seen as the "good guy" in the computer software market, providing an inexpensive alternative to the expensive systems provided by the major mainframe and UNIX vendors, and it was admired for the large amounts of money it made in doing so.
By the 1990s, the perception that Microsoft had become the "bad guy" had increased substantially. It was frequently accused of leveraging its market dominance in desktop computing in order to try to exploit its customers unfairly.
In recent years, Microsoft has been accused of anti-competitive business practices by US government and Microsoft's competitors, and has generated huge negative perceptions.
The monopoly question
Microsoft's Windows product has an effective monopoly in the desktop operating systems market. Those who make this claim point out that, among other things, almost every PC sold has a copy of Microsoft Windows pre-installed.
Some observers claim that the characterization of Microsoft as a monopoly leaves its competitors in a conflict:
Monopoly or not, there is no doubt that:
- On the one hand, competitors reject this characterisation as negating their own position. In a monopolized market, there exists only one provider of a product or service. Therefore, to competitors, calling Microsoft a monopoly is a defeatist strategy: it denies either their own existence, or their capacity to survive and to compete.
- On the other hand, competitors favor the characterization of Microsoft as a monopoly because such a characterization benefits them. First, it raises the potential for regulatory intervention. Second, the public relations benefits of being seen as an "underdog" may increase sales.
Critics of Microsoft have accused it of using its dominance in desktop operating system to try to leverage market share in other sectors of the computer market, such as web browsers (Internet Explorer), server operating systems (Windows NT), office software suites (Microsoft Office), and streaming media (Windows Media).
- In most mass-market desktop software application markets, Microsoft is a dominant player.
- This dominance attracts widespread resentment.
- This resentment is not restricted to its competitors.
After its bundling of the Internet Explorer web browser into its Windows operating system, Microsoft acquired an extremely large market share in the browser market. Partly as a result of this dominance, Microsoft was convicted by a USA federal court for abusing its monopoly in the desktop operating systems market (see Microsoft antitrust case for more details).
Microsoft has in all of these cases depicted its actions as its response to customer demand.
Critics also decry Microsoft's "embrace and extend" strategy of adding proprietary features to open, de facto standards, thereby using its market dominance to gain de facto ownership of standards "extended" in this way.
Security
By 2002, several of Microsoft's networking- and Internet-related products had become the subject of intense criticism following several high-profile security lapses. Malicious programmers increasingly exploited weaknesses in Microsoft software by creating and distributing worms, viruses, and Trojan horses designed to spread across the Internet and waste computing resources or destroy data. These exploits frequently targeted Microsoft's Outlook and Outlook Express e-mail programs, Internet Information Server (IIS) Web server, and SQL database server software. Microsoft contends that its dominant position in several Internet-related software categories naturally subjects the company's products to more attacks, because the products themselves are so widespread. Critics counter that these attacks also target Microsoft products that do not hold commanding market shares, and suggest that this is because Microsoft products in general are fundamentally less secure than those of the company's competitors.
In several cases, Microsoft's practice of designing and configuring software to make it easier to use and less intimidating to novices has facilitated the spread of these viruses and worms. For example, Windows operating systems released since 1995 hide file extensions by default, which can help malicious programmers trick unwitting e-mail recipients into opening dangerous file attachments that masquerade as harmless files with innocuous extensions. (Recent versions of Outlook and Outlook Express disable dangerous file types upon receipt, so that users cannot open them.) Critics charge that this focus on usability and automation has come at the expense of important security considerations.
In January 2002, Gates announced the Trustworthy Computing initiative, which he described as a long-term, companywide initiative to find and fix security and privacy vulnerabilities in all of Microsoft's products. The initiative prompted the company to reevaluate and redesign several of its practices and processes, and has significantly delayed the release of Windows Server 2003, the successor to the Windows 2000 Server family of operating systems. Reaction to the Trustworthy Computing initiative has been mixed, with observers lauding Microsoft's increased focus on security but charging that the company still has a lot of work to do.
Advantages of Microsoft software
Most of the advantages of Microsoft software arise from its ubiquity, allowing the user to benefit from so-called network effects. For example, the large installed base of Microsoft Office makes MS Office files the de-facto standard word-processor format, making a copy of MS Office essential for most business users. In addition, more potential employees having training in MS Office than competing products. Hence using MS Office can result in reduced training requirements, especially in the case of temporary employment.
Microsoft software is also designed to be easy to configure, allowing companies to hire lower-paid non-expert systems administrators. Microsoft supporters argue that this results in a decreased "total cost of ownership".
Microsoft software also represents a "safe" option for IT managers purchasing software systems, in that the ubiquity of Microsoft software allows them to claim that they are following accepted best practices. This is a particularly attractive option for IT managers with limited technical knowledge.
Disadvantages of Microsoft software
Microsoft software makes heavy use of software re-use. Whilst this is very efficient for rapid software development, it leads to complex interdependencies between software packages. This can mean, for example, that crashing the Microsoft web browser can also crash the operating system GUI.
The same interdependencies mean that the resources of most Microsoft software can be used from most other Microsoft software. This means that most programs can run other programs, even where this should not be possible. For example, macros embedded in documents or HTML in E-mail can run programs, allowing an attacker to take over the user's computer. Microsoft has a security stance of "permitted unless forbidden", which is hard to change, as much Microsoft software relies on this policy.
This is demonstrated in the proliferation of worm and virus programs that attack Microsoft software. This problem is compounded by the very ubiquity of Microsoft software, cited as an advantage above. Once a working virus is released, it is almost certain to spread very widely because almost every computer it comes across is able to replicate and spread the virus. This effect has recently been dubbed the "Microsoft monoculture", by analogy to the problems associated with lack of biodiversity in the environment.
As a result, the advantage mentioned above of being able to hire less highly trained, and therefore cheaper, systems administrators is offset by two factors:
Microsoft's critics describe the greater costs of running a Microsoft installation as "total costs of non-ownership" as they point out that the users of Microsoft software actually do not own the software they run: something which is crucial to Microsoft's business model.
- greater unreliability means you will have to hire more of them
- Microsoft shops are more liable to security breaches, because reducing computer insecurity requires highly trained systems administrators, regardless of the operating system in use.
The future
As the OpenSource movement becomes more and more popular since 1997, Microsoft have increasingly taken it seriously as a competitor. The OpenSource movement posses as a threat to Microsoft, especially large potential markets like China and Brazil has government sponsored movements away from Windows towards Linux.
Linux as of 2003 has become a popular OS in the server market with almost 25% market share. Linux is also trying to make an entrance as a consumer product. Linux-based products are beginning to be bundled with PCs sold in the consumer market. Notably is Lindos sold by Walmart in 2003.
Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer has stated that Linux is a "tough competitive force... It's non-traditional, it's free and it's cheap. We have to educate people why what they pay for [our offerings] is more than offset by the value we deliver. We used to be the cheap guys. We were cheaper than Novell, cheaper than Oracle. We can't do that with this one." (Reported in CRN.com, June 17, 2002).
With $50 billion in cash reserves, it is unlikely that Microsoft will lose its position as a major player in the computer market anytime soon.
November, 2002: Microsoft's quarterly 10-Q filing to the Securities and Exchange Commission revealed that most of its businesses were losing money, while two had enormous profit margins: almost 86% for its "client" division that sells Windows. Microsoft is likely to focus on these sectors of the market. (See theSEC filing and the news.com article)
Microsoft is working to leverage its current success in desktop operating systems into new markets such as media players, server software, handheld devices, web services and video games, with varying degrees of success.
It is also looking to move towards a "subscription model" for licensing. Microsoft's current revenue scheme depends on users buying upgrades on a periodical basis, but this is becoming increasingly difficult, as many users fail to see the benefits of upgrades and continue to use older packages, such as Windows 95. Microsoft would like to switch to a subscription basis, whereby users pay an annual fee for software. The success of this strategy partly depends on the proliferation of broadband Internet access, as Microsoft will need build online licence verifying mechanisms into its programs.
At the same time, Microsoft is engaging in a major public relations and branding exercise to try to combat the negative PR associated with the recent accusations regarding its business practices.
Microsoft is now positioning PCs running Windows XP Media Center Edition as a home entertainment hub.
Based on recent Microsoft management comments, it appears that Microsoft is attempting to move up-market, positioning its products and services as high-value, rather than low-cost. Steve Ballmer was quoted as saying in 2002 "We are actually having to learn how to say, 'We may have a high price on this one, but look at the additional value and how that value actually leads to a lower cost of ownership despite the fact that our price may be higher,'" (Reported in VARbusiness, July 15 2002).
Microsoft .NET initiative
The .NET initiative is a major company-wide effort by Microsoft. It has several aspects including:
It will achieve this by using a proprietary extension of XML to link several different devices together to be controlled quickly and easily by other computers. Critics view .NET as yet another Microsoft attempt to leverage its operating system monopoly into a similar monopoly on Internet applications.
- Easing the development of applications that use the Internet
- Alleviating problems related to managing and installing multiple versions of complex software packages on the same system (see DLL-hell).
- Providing a more consistent development platform for all Windows applications (see Common Language Infrastructure [CLI]).
Furthermore, in regard to the name of the initiative and its components, critics also point out that not only are the terms ".net" and "CLI" in use to mean other things (Microsoft used CLI to stand for Common Language Infrastructure), but that Microsoft regularly overloads generic terms (e.g. "Windows", "Word", "DNS") to refer to its proprietary technology, and then attempts to control them using trademark law and patent law.
Microsoft Next-Generation Secure Computing Base initiative
Microsoft has now launched the Next-Generation Secure Computing Base, recently renamed from Palladium operating system initiative. This effort is also called Trusted Computing. Microsoft presents this as their solution to computer insecurity. Opponents have characterised it as another exercise in entrenching and extending their monopoly, effectively allowing Microsoft to control all uses of PC technology. In particular, they have accused Microsoft of using it as a way to combat the emergence of free software.
The Future of Windows
Microsoft has a number of new initiatives: .NET, Palladium and the "Longhorn" operating system (Longhorn is the next home Windows release).
Microsoft intends that Longhorn will have many new features such as speech recognition and an enhanced user interface but it is likely that the operating system itself will be an extension of and improvement on Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.
See also
- History of Microsoft Windows
- Halloween documents
- Microsoft antitrust case
- Microsoft Developer's Network
External links
Microsoft sites
- Microsoft web site: http://www.microsoft.com/
- Microsoft Network (MSN): http://www.msn.com/
- Microsoft Xbox: http://www.xbox.com/
- Microsoft Encarta encyclopedia: http://encarta.msn.com/
Other sites
- [1] OpenSource website.
- [1] Free Software Foundation.
- FAQ on the Microsoft Antitrust case by The Center for the advancement of Capitalism (a pro-Microsoft site.)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Microsoft."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| MIDL | English | Microsoft Interface Definition Language | Computer - (NT) |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Crosswords: MICROSOFT |
| Specialty definitions using "MICROSOFT": Microsoft Access, Microsoft Basic, Microsoft Certified Solution Developer, Microsoft Certified System Engineer, Microsoft Certified Systems Developer, Microsoft Corporation, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Exchange, Microsoft Foundation Classes, Microsoft IIS, Microsoft IntelliMouse Explorer, Microsoft Internet Information Server, Microsoft Mail, Microsoft Mail Application Program Interface, Microsoft Network, Microsoft Networking, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Point to Point Encryption, Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Word ♦ The Microsoft Network. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "MICROSOFT" is also a word in the following language with the English translation in parentheses. German (Microsoft). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Lyrics | Yeah, more like microsoft (Freakin It; performing artist: Will Smith) | |
Clever | Microsoft Works (references; author: unknown) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
High Tech |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
 |  |
| "CeBIT2003 - Microsoft free zon" by Julia Eisenberg Commentary: "CeBIT2003 - Microsoft free zone." | "Geek crossing" by Jeremy Maritz Commentary: "Me and some work buddies crossing the street in an obvious location while I was working at Microsoft." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | Acer, Apple Computer, Microsoft, Oracle, and SGS are some of the other major IT businesses operating in India. (references) | |
This is not surprising as Microsoft products are shipped through a channel of 2,000 partners who enjoy discounted pricing. (references) | ||
Companies such as IBM, Intel, Hewlett-Packard, Compaq, Microsoft or Sun Microsystems all have established offices in Germany. (references) | ||
Economic History | Sweden | Among those companies are Microsoft, IBM, Motorola and Intel. (references) |
Mauritius | In 1998, Microsoft opened a regional distribution office in Mauritius, serving the Indian Ocean region. (references) | |
China | More recently, several companies, including Microsoft and Motorola, have established research centers in China. (references) | |
Political Economy | MOROCCO | Morocco's new commercial courts have ruled in favor of Microsoft in past cases against software pirates. (references) |
MOROCCO | In the last two years, Microsoft, the Business Software Alliance, and the Moroccan Bureau for the Rights of the Author have participated in an antipirating campaign, which according to private studies has reduced the level of software pirating from almost 90 percent in 1995 to about 60 percent in 2000. According to the same study, financial losses in the software industry are between $6 to 6.5 million. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Weil | You get them in many health food stores. There is a product out there called Microsoft that I like, there's another product called Host Defense. Read the labels, go to my web site for more information about it. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "MICROSOFT" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 94.98% of the time. "MICROSOFT" is used about 1,792 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 94.98% | 1,702 | 4,927 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 2.4% | 43 | 52,181 |
| Noun (singular) | 1.78% | 32 | 61,292 |
| Noun (common) | 0.84% | 15 | 90,616 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,792 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| USA | Microsoft Corporation |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "MICROSOFT": Microsoft Access ♦ Microsoft Basic ♦ Microsoft Certified Solution Developer ♦ Microsoft Certified System Engineer ♦ Microsoft Certified Systems Developer ♦ Microsoft Corporation ♦ Microsoft disk operating system ♦ Microsoft Excel ♦ Microsoft Exchange ♦ Microsoft Extended ♦ Microsoft Foundation Classes ♦ Microsoft IIS ♦ Microsoft IntelliMouse Explorer ♦ Microsoft Internet Information Server ♦ Microsoft Mail ♦ Microsoft Mail Application Program Interface ♦ Microsoft Network ♦ Microsoft Networking ♦ Microsoft Office ♦ Microsoft Point to Point Encryption ♦ Microsoft SQL Server ♦ Microsoft Windows ♦ Microsoft Word ♦ the Microsoft Network. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "MICROSOFT": microsoft-backed, microsoft-compatible, microsoft-controlled, Microsoft-insignia, Microsoft-intel, microsoft-led. | |
Ending with "MICROSOFT": anti-microsoft. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "MICROSOFT"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Chinese | 微软, 微軟 . (various references) | |
German | Microsoft, Microsaft. (various references) | |
Korean | 마이크로소프트. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | icrosoftmay.(various references) | |
Russian | микрософт. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"MICROSOFT" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Microsft, Microsof, microsofts, Micrososft, Mircosoft. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-f-i-m-o-o-r-s-t" | |
-1 letter: comforts. | |
-2 letters: comfits, comfort, motoric, octrois, osmotic. | |
-3 letters: comfit, crofts, formic, fortis, micros, motifs, motors, octroi, sitcom. | |
-4 letters: coifs, coirs, coofs, coots, corms, croft, firms, first, foist, foots, forms, forts, frits, frost, micro, moist, moors, moots, morts, motif, motor, omits, osmic, rifts, riots, roofs, rooms, roost, roots, rotis, rotos, scoot, scrim, stoic, storm, tiros. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-f-i-m-o-o-r-s-t" | |
+1 letter: conformist, discomfort. | |
+2 letters: conformists, discomforts. | |
+3 letters: conformities, discomforted. | |
+4 letters: confirmations, conformations, discomforting, disconformity, nonconformist. | |
+5 letters: discomfortable, fibrosarcomata, inconformities, mortifications, nonconformists, unconformities. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Crosswords 2. Usage: Modern 3. Usage: Commercial 4. Images: Digital Art | 5. Quotations: Non-fiction 6. Quotations: Spoken 7. Usage Frequency 8. Names: Company Usage | 9. Expressions 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Abbreviations | 13. Acronyms 14. Derivations 15. Anagrams 16. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
