Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: MRI |
MRINoun1. The use of nuclear magnetic resonance of protons to produce proton density images. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | MRI 1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2. Measurement Requirements and Interface. Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing. |
Health | Magnetic resonance imaging (mag-NET-ik REZ-o- nans IM-a-jing). A procedure in which a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
MRI ImageMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a method of creating images of the inside of opaque organs in living organisms as well as detecting the amount of bound water in geological structures. It is primarily used to visualise pathological or other physiological alterations of living tissues as well as to estimate the permability of rock to hydrocarbons.
First, the spins of the atomic nuclei of the tissue molecules are aligned in a powerful magnetic field. Then, radio frequency pulses are applied in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field lines so as to cause some of the hydrogen nuclei to change alignement. After this, the radio frequency is turned off and the nuclei go back to their original configuration but, as they do so, they release radio frequency energy which can be picked up by coils wrapped around the patient. These signals are recorded and the resulting data are processed by a computer to generate an image of the tissue. Thus, the examined tissue can be seen with its quite detailed anatomical features. In clinical practice, MRI is used to distinguish pathologic tissue such as a brain tumor from normal tissue.
The technique most frequently relies on the relaxation properties of magnetically-excited hydrogen nuclei in water. The sample is briefly exposed to a burst of radiofrequency energy, which in the presence of a magnetic field, puts the nuclei in an elevated energy state. As the molecules undergo their normal, microscopic tumbling, they shed this energy to their surroundings, in a process referred to as "relaxation." Molecules free to tumble more rapidly relax more rapidly. Differences in relaxation rates are the basis of MRI images--for example, the water molecules in blood are free to tumble more rapidly, and hence, relax at a different rate than water molecules in other tissues.
Though the behavior of atomic nuclei in the sample is central to the technique, the term "nuclear" was dropped from the technique's name to avoid an irrational avoidance of the technique in the face of worries or concerns born from the association of the word "nuclear" with the technologies used in nuclear weapons and the risks of radioactive materials. Unlike nuclear weapon technology, the nuclei relevant to MRI exist and are in place whether the technique is applied or not.
One of the advantages of an MRI scan is that, according to current medical knowledge, it is harmless to the patient. It only utilises strong magnetic fields and non-ionizing radiation in the radio frequency range. Compare this to CT scans and traditional X-rays which involve doses of ionizing radiation. It must be noted, however, that patients with metallic foreign bodies (say, shell fragments) or metallic implants (like artificial Titanium bones, or pacemakers) cannot be scanned in MRI machines, due to the very strong magnetic fields involved.
Another advantage of MRI scans is that the quality of the images obtained is usually of much better resolution than a CT scan. This is especially so for scans of the brain and spinal cord though it is noted that CT scans can sometimes be more useful for bony abnormalities.
Reflecting the fundamental importance and applicability of MRI in the medical field, Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discoveries concerning MRI.
Specialised MRI scans
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a technique which combines the spatially-addressable nature of MRI with the spectroscopically-rich information obtainable from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). That is to say, MRI allows one to study a particular region within an organism or sample, but gives relatively little information about the chemical or physical nature of that region--its chief value is in being able to distinguish the properties of that region relative to those of surrounding regions. MR spectroscopy, however, provides a wealth of chemical information about that region, as would an NMR spectrum of that region.
Functional MRI
Functional MRI (fMRI) measures signal changes in the brain that are due to changing neural activity. The brain is scanned at low resolution but at a rapid rate (typically once every 2-3 seconds). Increases in neural activity cause changes in the MR signal via a mechanism called the BOLD (blood oxygen level-dependent) effect. Increased neural activity causes an increased demand for oxygen, and the vascular system actually overcompensates for this, greatly increasing the amount of oxygenated hemoglobin relative to deoxygenated hemoglobin. Since deoxygenated hemoglobin reduces MR signal, the vascular response leads to a signal increase that is related to the neural activity. The precise nature of the relationship between neural activity and the BOLD signal is a subject of current research.
Diffusion MRI
Diffusion MRI measures the diffusion of water molecules in biological tissues. In an isotropic medium (inside a glass of water for example) water molecules naturally move according to Brownian motion. In biological tissues however the diffusion is very often anisotropic. For example a molecule inside the axon of a neuron has a low probability to cross a myelin membrane. Therefore the molecule will move principally along the axis of the neural fiber. Conversely if we know that molecules locally diffuse principally in one direction we can make the assumption that this corresponds to a set of fibers. Diffusion MRI is a tool for scientists (and medical doctors) to study connections in the brain. Diffusion MRI is still at the research stage. The problem of finding a fiber from a Diffusion MRI image is called tractography.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Magnetic resonance imaging."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon described independently by Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell in 1946 both of whom shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1952 for their discovery. It involves the interaction of atomic nuclei placed in an external magnetic field with an applied electromagnetic field oscillating at a particular frequency. Magnetic conditions within the material are measured by monitoring the radiation absorbed and emitted by the atomic nuclei.
NMR is used as a spectroscopy technique to obtain physical, chemical, and electronic properties of molecules. It is also the underlying principle of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. NMR is one of the techniques used to build quantum computers.
How NMR works
In NMR, the sample to be tested is placed in a static external magnetic field. An antenna (usually a coil-shaped inductor with the sample inside) is used to irradiate the sample with radio waves. At certain frequencies, atomic nuclei within the sample will absorb the radiation and enter an excited state. After a time, the nuclei will re-emit the radiation, which can be detected by the antenna. Finally, a measurement is taken of how much radiation is re-emitted, and when.
Only nuclei with non zero magnetic moment can undergo NMR. Such nuclei must have an odd number of protons or neutrons (ex. 1 H, 2 H, 13 C, 15 N, 31 P, 19 F).
A description of the interaction of atomic nuclei with the magnetic field involves both quantum and classical effects, and this gives rise to two different interpretations of some parts of the process. Both interpretations are discussed in the sections that follow.
Nuclear precession
An atomic nucleus can be thought of as a spinning charged body, which acts as a tiny magnet. The external magnetic field into which the sample material is placed exerts a torque on the nucleus that acts to align the nuclear magnetic field with the external field; however, since the nucleus is spinning, it will precess about the magnetic field instead of aligning with it. The angle of the nucleus's magnetic field is quantized (due to the quantization of angular momentum). In the case of the 1H hydrogen nucleus, which has spin 1/2, the magnetic field can either be oriented with the field or against it. The energy difference between the two different orientations is 2μH where μ is the magnetic moment of the nucleus. When no radiation is applied to the sample, the nuclei are distributed between the two orientations with a small excess in the direction of the magnetic field.
Although each nucleus can only be magnetized in a fixed number of directions, the total magnetization of all nuclei in the sample acts like a spinning magnet with arbitrary magnetization. In other words, the individual nuclei act like quantum mechanical objects, but the combination of all nuclei acts like a classical object. The classical magnetization aligns with the external magnetic field, and has magnitude proportional to the field.
Excitation
When radio power is sent to the antenna, it generates an oscillating magnetic field H1 (not to be confused with the external magnetic field). Quantum mechanically, this magnetic field is composed of an equal mixture of right-handed and left-handed photons, with an energy proportional to their frequency. If the photons' energy is exactly the same as the energy difference between the two orientations of a nucleus, and the photon has the proper handedness, then the nucleus can flip its orientation by absorbing the photon.
Classically, H1 can be decomposed into a superposition of two magnetic fields, one rotating clockwise about the external field, the other rotating counterclockwise. If the frequency of the rotating magnetic field is equal to the frequency at which the nuclei precess, then the magnetic field that is rotating in the same direction as the nuclear magnetization exerts a torque on the nuclear magnetization, changing its angle with respect to the external field H.
Relaxation
The sample is left in an excited state after the radiation is applied. The nuclei will emit radiation as they return to their equilibrium state, a process called relaxation. The mechanism of emission is exactly the reverse of the absorption described above. The radiation is of the same frequency as the excitation frequency, and can be picked up by an antenna and measured.
The classical and quantum descriptions are equivalent in most respects: the classical rotation frequency is the quantum photon frequency, and in both cases the result is that the magnetization of the sample has moved away from equilibrium. In practice, some effects (e.g. faster relaxation in liquids than in solids) are better explained by classical mechanics, while other effects (e.g. spin exchange between nuclei and electrons) are only explained quantum mechanically.
Uses of NMR
Nuclei are surrounded by orbiting electrons, which are also spinning charged particles [i.e. magnets] and so will partially shield the nuclei. The amount of shielding depends on the exact local environment. For example, a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen will be shielded differently than a hydrogen bonded to a carbon atom. In addition, two hydrogen nuclei can interact via a process known as spin spin coupling if they are on the same molecule, which will split the lines of the spectra in a recognisable way. By studying the peaks of a NMR spectra skilled chemists can determine the structure of many compounds. It can be a very selective technique, distinguishing among many atoms within a molecule or collection of molecules of the same type, but which differ only in terms of their local chemical environment.
A relatively recent example of NMR being used in the determination of a structure is that of Buckminsterfullerene. This now famous form of carbon has 60 carbon atoms forming a football shaped molecule. (That's a soccer ball, to Americans.) The carbon atoms are all in identical environments and so should see the same internal H field. Unfortunately Buckminster Fullerene contains no hydrogen and so 13C NMR has to be used [a more difficult form of NMR to do. However in [date here please] the spectra was obtained and sure enough it did contain just the one single spike, confirming the unusual structure of C60.
History
The development of NMR as a technique of analytical chemistry and biochemistry parallels the development of electromagnetic technology and its introduction into civilian use. Purcell had worked on the development and application of RADAR during World War II at MIT's Radiation Lab. His work during that project on the production and detection of radiofrequency energy, and on the absorption of such energy by matter, preceded his discovery of NMR and probably contributed to his understanding of it and related phenonmena.
Throughout the next several decades, NMR practice utilized a technique known as continuous-wave, or CW, spectroscopy, in which either the magnetic field was kept constant and the oscillating field was swept in frequency to chart the on-resonance portions of the spectrum, or more frequently, the oscillating field was held at a fixed frequency, and the magnetic field was swept through the transitions. This technique is limited in that it probes each frequency individually, in succession, which has unfortunate consequences due to the insensitivity of NMR--that is to say, NMR suffers from poor signal-to-noise ratio.
Fortunately for NMR in general, signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) can be improved by signal averaging. Signal averaging increases S/N by the square-root of the number of signals taken. A technique known as Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy (FT-NMR) can speed the time it takes to acquire a scan by allowing a range of frequencies to be probed at once. This technique has been made more practical with the development of computers capable of performing the computationally-intensive mathematical transformation of the data from the time domain to the frequency domain, to produce a spectrum.
Pioneered by Richard R. Ernst, FT-NMR works by irradiating the sample (still held in a static, external magnetic field) with a short pulse of radiofrequency energy (RF). According to Fourier theory, the shorter the pulse, the broader the range of frequencies it contains. The pulse perturbs the equilibrium energy states of the nuclei under study (1H for instance). At the end of the pulse, the nuclei relax back to their equilibrium state, emitting the energy absorbed by the system again in the radiofrequency range. Detectors record the decay of this excitation as a time-dependent pattern, known as the free induction decay (FID). This time-dependent pattern, when processed through the Fourier transform, reveals the frequency-dependent pattern of nuclear resonances, the NMR spectrum.
The use of pulses of various shapes, frequencies, and durations, in specifically-designed patterns, gives the spectroscopist great flexibility in determining what portions of a molecule, or what intra- and intermolecular dynamic processes, to study. A similar technique used for optical rather than NMR spectroscopy is simply called Fourier transform spectroscopy.
Two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a kind of FT-NMR in which there are at least two pulses, and as the experiment is repeated, the time between a pair of pulses is varied. The first dimension is the frequency of the excitation, and the second dimension is based on the time differential between the pair of pulses (because of the properties of the Fourier transform, this second dimension is eventually expressed as a frequency as well). In multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, there will be a sequence of pulses, and at least one variable time period (in 3D, two time seqences will be varied. In 4D, three will be varied).
These time intervals allow for, among other things, magnetization transfer between nuclei and therefore the detection of the kinds of nuclear-nuclear interactions that allowed for the magnetization transfer. The kinds of interactions that can be detected are classed into two kinds, usually. There are through-bond interactions and through-space interactions, the latter usually being a consequence of the nuclear Overhauser effect. Note also that experiments of the nuclear Overhauser variety allow you to establish distances between atoms.
Kurt Wüthrich, Ad Bax, Vladimir Sklenar and many others, developed 2D and multidimensional FT-NMR into a powerful technique for studying biochemistry, in particular for the determination of the structure of biopolymers such as proteins or even small nucleic acids. Wüthrich shared a part of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work. This technique complements biopolymer X-ray crystallography in that it is most frequently applicable to biomolecules in a liquid or liquid crystal phase, whereas crystallography (as the name implies) is performed on molecules in a solid phase. Though NMR is used to study solids, extensive atomic-level biomolecular structural detail is especially difficult to obtain in the solid state.
Because the intensity of NMR signals, and hence the sensitivity of the technique, depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the technique has also advanced over the decades with the development of more powerful magnets.
The sensitivity of NMR signals is also dependent, as noted above, on the presence of a magnetically-susceptible isotope, and therefore either on the natural abundance of such isotopes, or on the ability of the experimentalist to artificially enrich the molecules under study with such isotopes. The most abundant naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen and phosphorus, for instance, are both magnetically susceptible and readily useful for NMR spectroscopy. In contrast, carbon and nitrogen have useful nuclei, but which occur only in very low natural abundance.
References
Wuthrich, Kurt NMR of Proteins and Nucleic Acids Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY USA 1986.
See also
- physics
- electromagnetism
- chemistry
- medicine
- materials science
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Nuclear magnetic resonance."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
MRI | English | Mitsubishi Research Institute | Economics |
MRI | German | Kernspinresonanztomographie | Medicine |
MRI | Spanish | Resonancia magnética rápida | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonym: MRISynonym: magnetic resonance imaging (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: MRI |
| Specialty definitions using "MRI": chief, radiolog ♦ Echo-Planar Imaging ♦ Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine ♦ RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST, CHIEF ♦ scans. (references) |
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Periodicals |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Breast imaging technology has changed over the years. Shown are mammography on left and MRI on right. Note MRI's enhancement ability to confirm diagnosis. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | Shows MRI image of human skeleton. MRI diagnoses Ewing's sarcoma of the right hip. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "X-Ray Files" by Luke Partridge Commentary: "Color coded X-Ray, MRI, and CT Scan files. Lomo." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | The CT or MRI technician also may have suggestions. (references) | |
MRI can now also be used to measure brain activity. (references) | ||
MRI is better than CT scans for viewing soft tissue. (references) | ||
Business | Sources indicate that hospitals, especially in the interior, will require their own CT scanner and MRI equipment, in order to avoid transferring patients to Buenos Aires or other distant location for more complex studies. (references) | |
Thus, all indications have it that provincial hospitals will be soon requiring their own CT scanners, MRI equipment, Holter systems, etc., in order to avoid transferring patients to Buenos Aires for more complex studies and treatments. (references) | ||
This report reviews the imaging and non-invasive diagnostic equipment subsector, which for the purpose of this analysis, comprises radiology, computerized tomography, nuclear medicine, ecography, MRI, radiation therapy and bone densitometry. (references) | ||
Economic History | Egypt | The most promising sub-sectors include dialysis equipment and lasers, medical, laboratory equipment, and MRI and ICU monitoring equipment. (references) |
Mauritius | The MRI contract ($1.5 million) was awarded to GE Medical Systems while the CT Scans ($760,000) will be supplied by another U.S. company Marconi Medicals. (references) | |
India | Critical equipment such as surgical microscopes, MRI scanners, surgical lasers, digital subtraction, and angiography systems are bought under the zero duty import category. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "MRI" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 94.55% of the time. "MRI" is used about 55 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 94.55% | 52 | 47,145 |
| Noun (singular) | 3.64% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 1.82% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 55 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
mri | 2,262 | cardiac mri | 27 |
open mri | 146 | mri test | 26 |
mri no2 | 126 | mri training | 26 |
brain mri | 97 | mri shield | 25 |
mri scan | 80 | finding mri | 24 |
breast mri | 59 | mri technologist | 24 |
knee mri | 49 | mri staffing | 22 |
mri machine | 46 | mri stand up | 22 |
mri safety | 45 | mra mri | 19 |
mri school | 45 | mri tech | 19 |
mri picture | 39 | mri result | 19 |
cost mri | 37 | mri center | 17 |
mri recruiter | 33 | gadolinium mri | 17 |
mri technician | 33 | lumbar mri | 17 |
mobile mri | 33 | mri protocol | 17 |
mri job | 32 | mri recruiting | 16 |
mri of the shoulder | 28 | spine mri | 16 |
mri image | 27 | cervical mri | 16 |
mri equipment | 27 | mri neck | 16 |
contrast mri | 27 | mri pregnancy | 16 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "MRI"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Danish | MR-scanning af thyreoidea (magnetic resonance imaging of the thyroid, MRI of the thyroid), MR-scanning af spytkirtlerne (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging), MR-scanning af larynx (laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging, laryngeal MRI), MR-scanning af hjernen (brain magnetic resonance imaging, brain MRI, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral MRI), MR-scanning af af columna (neurospinal magnetic resonance imaging, neurospinal MRI), high resolution MR-undersøgelse (high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, high-resolution MRI), fysiologisk billeddannelse med magnetisk resonans (functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI), anatomisk billeddannelse med magnetisk resonans (anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, anatomical MRI). (various references) | |
Dutch | MRI van de schildklier (magnetic resonance imaging of the thyroid, MRI of the thyroid), magnetische resonantie tomografie van de schildklier (magnetic resonance imaging of the thyroid, MRI of the thyroid), KST van de schedel (brain magnetic resonance imaging, brain MRI, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral MRI), high resolution CT (high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, high-resolution MRI), kernspinresonantie (functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI, nuclear magnetic resonance), kernspintomografie (functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI), kernspintomografie met contrast (targeting magnetic resonance imaging, targeting MRI), kernspintomografie van de larynx (laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging, laryngeal MRI), kernspintomografie van de schedel (brain magnetic resonance imaging, brain MRI, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral MRI), anatomische kernspintomografie (anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, anatomical MRI), KST van de larynx (laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging, laryngeal MRI), nucleaire magnetische resonantie van de wervelkolom en van de gewrichten (neurospinal magnetic resonance imaging, neurospinal MRI), KST van de speekselklieren (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging), NMR (functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI), NMR van de larynx (laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging, laryngeal MRI), NMR van de schedel (brain magnetic resonance imaging, brain MRI, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral MRI), nucleaire magnetische resonantie (functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI), kernspintomografie van de speekselklieren (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging). (various references) | |
Finnish | toiminnallinen magneettiresonanssikuvaus (functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI), toiminnallinen magneettikuvaus (functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI), sylkirauhasten magneettikuvaus (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging), selkärangan magneettikuvaus (neurospinal magnetic resonance imaging, neurospinal MRI), selkärangan ja sen nivelten magneettikuvaus (neurospinal magnetic resonance imaging, neurospinal MRI), ohutleikemagneettikuvaus (high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, high-resolution MRI), ohutkerrosmagneettikuvaus (high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, high-resolution MRI), kurkunpään magneettikuvaus (laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging, laryngeal MRI), kilpirauhasen magneettikuvaus (magnetic resonance imaging of the thyroid, MRI of the thyroid), anatominen magneettiresonanssikuvaus (anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, anatomical MRI), anatominen magneettikuvaus (anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, anatomical MRI), aivojen magneettikuvaus (brain magnetic resonance imaging, brain MRI, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral MRI). (various references) | |
French | IRM anatomique (anatomical MRI), imagerie à résonance magnétique cérébrale (brain MRI, cerebral MRI), imagerie à résonance magnétique des glandes salivaires (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging), imagerie à résonance magnétique du larynx (laryngeal MRI), imagerie à résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (functional MRI), imagerie à résonance magnétique haute résolution (high-resolution MRI), imagerie à résonance magnétique taguée (targeting MRI), imagerie à résonance magnétique anatomique (anatomical MRI), imagerie par résonance magnétique du rachis et des articulations (neurospinal MRI), IRM thyroïdienne (MRI of the thyroid), IRM cérébrale (brain MRI, cerebral MRI), IRM des glandes salivaires (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging), IRM du larynx (laryngeal MRI), IRM du rachis et des articulations (neurospinal MRI), IRM fonctionnelle (functional MRI), IRM haute résolution (high-resolution MRI), IRM taguée (targeting MRI), imagerie à résonance magnétique thyroïdienne (MRI of the thyroid). (various references) | |
German | Kernspintomographie des Kehlkopfs (laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging, laryngeal MRI), Kernspintomographie des Gehirns (brain magnetic resonance imaging, brain MRI, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral MRI), Kernspintomographie der Wirbelsäule und der Gelenke (neurospinal magnetic resonance imaging, neurospinal MRI), Kernspintomographie der Speicheldrüsen (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging), Kernspintomographie der Schilddrüse (magnetic resonance imaging of the thyroid, MRI of the thyroid), Kernspinresonanztomographie (anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, anatomical MRI), hochauflösende Kernspintomographie (high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, high-resolution MRI), funktionelle Kernspintomographie (functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI). (various references) | |
Greek | ΙRM ανατομικό (anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, anatomical MRI), IRM σημασμένη (targeting magnetic resonance imaging, targeting MRI), IRM υψηλής ευκρίνειας (high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, high-resolution MRI), εγκεφαλική απεικόνιση μαγνητικού συντονισμού (brain magnetic resonance imaging, brain MRI, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral MRI), ανατομική απεικόνιση μαγνητικού συντονισμού (anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, anatomical MRI), απεικόνιση μαγνητικού συντονισμού,σημασμένη (targeting magnetic resonance imaging, targeting MRI), απεικόνιση μαγνητικού συντονισμού,υψηλής ευκρίνειας (high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, high-resolution MRI), απεικόνιση μαγνητικού συντονισμού των σιαλογόνων αδένων (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging), απεικόνιση μαγνητικού συντονισμού της σπονδυλικής στήλης και των αρθρώσεων (neurospinal magnetic resonance imaging, neurospinal MRI), απεικόνιση μαγνητικού συντονισμού του λάρυγγα (laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging, laryngeal MRI), απεικόνηση μαγνητικού συντονισμού του θυρεοειδή (magnetic resonance imaging of the thyroid, MRI of the thyroid). (various references) | |
Italian | RMI della laringe (laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging, laryngeal MRI), RMI del rachide e delle articolazioni (neurospinal magnetic resonance imaging, neurospinal MRI), RMI cerebrale (brain magnetic resonance imaging, brain MRI, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral MRI), risonanza magnetica per immagini funzionale (functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI), risonanza magnetica per immagini della laringe (laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging, laryngeal MRI), risonanza magnetica per immagini del rachide e delle articolazioni (neurospinal magnetic resonance imaging, neurospinal MRI), risonanza magnetica per immagini anatomica (anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, anatomical MRI), risonanza magnetica per immagini ad alta definizione (high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, high-resolution MRI), risonanza magnetica delle ghiandole salivari (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging), risonanza magnetica della tiroide (magnetic resonance imaging of the thyroid, MRI of the thyroid), risonanza magnetica cerebrale per immagini (brain magnetic resonance imaging, brain MRI, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral MRI), IRM delle ghiandole salivari (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging), IRM della tiroide (magnetic resonance imaging of the thyroid, MRI of the thyroid). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | imray.(various references) | |
Spanish | RM anatómica (anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, anatomical MRI), resonancia magnética anatómica (anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, anatomical MRI), resonancia magnética de alta resolución (high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, high-resolution MRI), resonancia magnética de columna y articulaciones (neurospinal magnetic resonance imaging, neurospinal MRI), resonancia magnética de laringe (laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging, laryngeal MRI), resonancia magnética de las glándulas salivales (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging), resonancia magnética de tiroides (magnetic resonance imaging of the thyroid, MRI of the thyroid), resonancia magnética funcional (functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI), IRM cerebral (brain magnetic resonance imaging, brain MRI, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral MRI), resonancia magnética nuclear de las glándulas salivales (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging), RM marcada (targeting magnetic resonance imaging, targeting MRI), RM cerebral (brain magnetic resonance imaging, brain MRI, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral MRI), RM de alta resolución (high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, high-resolution MRI), RM de columna y articulaciones (neurospinal magnetic resonance imaging, neurospinal MRI), RM de laringe (laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging, laryngeal MRI), RM de las glándulas salivales (salivary gland MRI, salivary gland MRI magnetic resonance imaging), RM de tiroides (magnetic resonance imaging of the thyroid, MRI of the thyroid), RM funcional (functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI), resonancia magnética marcada (targeting magnetic resonance imaging, targeting MRI). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "MRI": mridanga, mridangam, mridangams, mridangas. (additional references) | |
Words containing "MRI": amrita, amritas, bottomries. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: mir, rim. | |
| Words within the letters "i-m-r" | |
-1 letter: mi. | |
| Words containing the letters "i-m-r" | |
+1 letter: amir, brim, emir, firm, grim, mair, mire, miri, mirk, mirs, miry, prim, rami, rime, rims, rimy, trim. | |
+2 letters: aimer, amirs, brims, chirm, crime, crimp, dimer, emirs, fermi, firms, grime, grimy, ihram, inarm, mairs, maria, mbira, merit, micra, micro, mikra, miler, mimer, miner, minor, mired, mires, mirex, mirks, mirky, mirth, mirza, miser, miter, mitre, mixer, moira, moire, murid, prima, prime, primi, primo, primp, prims, prism, ramie, remit, remix, rimed, rimer, rimes, scrim, simar, smirk, timer, trims, ziram. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Images: Digital Art 8. Quotations: Non-fiction | 9. Usage Frequency 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Abbreviations | 13. Acronyms 14. Derivations 15. Anagrams 16. Bibliography |
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