Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Independent |
IndependentAdjective1. Free from external control and constraint; "an independent mind"; "a series of independent judgments"; "fiercely independent individualism"; "an independent republic". 2. Not dependent on or conditioned by or relative to anything else. 3. Of political bodies; "an autonomous judiciary"; "a sovereign state". 4. Not contingent. 5. (grammar) of a clause; able to stand alone syntactically as a complete sentence; "the main (or independent) clause in a complex sentence has at least a subject and a verb". 6. Not controlled by a party or interest group. Noun1. A neutral or uncommitted person (especially in politics). 2. A writer or artist who sells services to different employers without a long-term contract with any of them. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "independent" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Dream Interpretation | To dream that you are very independent, denotes that you have a rival who may do you an injustice. To dream that you gain an independence of wealth, you may not be so succcessful{sic} at that time as you expect, but good results are promised. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted .... |
Engineering & Technology | Said of a part or item which performs a function by itself and is not dependent on other items. Source: European Union. (references) |
Military & Defense | A merchant ship under naval control sailed singly and unescorted by a warship. Source: European Union. (references) |
Post & Telecom | Not necessarily specific to one aspect. Source: European Union. (references) |
Statistics | Two random variables are independent if their joint probability density is the product of their individual(marginal)probability densities. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Religion
- In English church history, an Independent advocated local congregational control of religious and church matters, without any wider geographical hierarchy, either ecclesiastical or political. Independents reached particular prominence in the period of the English Civil War and of the Commonwealth of England.
Mathematics
- In math, two variables can possess statistical independence.
Politics
- In politics, Independent can refer to a voter or politician who is not affiliated with any political party.
Newspaper
- The Independent is a British broadsheet newspaper that has recently (2003) launched a tabloid sized version.
Music industry
- In the music_industry, an independent record label -- or indie -- is a record label not associated with the 'major' record labels.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Independent."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
An independent film (or indie film) is a film produced without the support of a major movie studio or a big budget. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.Creatively, it was becoming increasingly difficult to get studio backing for experimental films. Experimental elements in theme and style are inhibitors for the big studios.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. The problem is exacerbated by the trend towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987). An unproven director is almost never given the opportunity to get his or her big break with the studios unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Films with unknowns, particular in lead roles, are also rarely produced.
Until the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety. Film requires expensive lighting and postproduction facilities.
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, IEEE 1394 connections and non-linear editing system software like Adobe Premiere Pro and iMovie, make movie-making relative inexpensive.
Popular digital camcorders, mostly semi-professional equipment with 3-CCD technology, include:
Most of these cost between US $3-5,000 in 2003, with costs continuing to decline as features are added.
- Canon XL-1 [1]
- Sony VX-1000/2000/2100
- Sony PD-150/170
Another key expense for independent movie makers is the music for the film. The licence fees for popular songs can range between US $10-20,000.
Anecdotal evidence for the difference between indie films and studio films abounds. The following example was taken from a guest on David Letterman's talk show in November 2003:
Independent movie-making has resulted in the proliferation of short films and short film festivals. Full-length films are often showcased at film festivals such as Robert Redford's Sundance Film Festival and the Cannes Film Festival. Award winners from these exhibitions often get picked up for distribution by major film studios, and go on to worldwide releases.
- The scene "Amy opens the window" takes half a day and perhaps ten shots in a big studio production:
- Amy walks to the window,
- Window itself,
- Amy touching the handle,
- shot from outside the window, etc.
- For independent film makers, that scene is one shot, and done before 9 a.m.
See also
- list of video topics
- film
- video
- chroma key
External links
- Internet Movie Database Independent Films
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Independent film."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Scottish independence refers to the idea that Scotland should be an independent sovereign state separate from the British state.Until the 1707 Act of Union Scotland was an independent country (see: Wars of Scottish Independence), which just happened to have had the same person as monarch to England for a hundred years.
Scottish independence is supported by the Scottish Independence Party, Scottish National Party, Scottish Socialist Party,and the Scottish Green Party, as well as by a number of independent members of the Scottish Parliament.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Scottish independence."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In probability theory, when we assert that two events are independent, we intuitively mean that knowing whether or not one of them occurred makes it neither more probable nor less probable that the other occurred. For example, the events "today is Tuesday" and "it rains today" are independent.Similarly, when we assert that two random variables are independent, we intuitively mean that knowing something about the value of one of them does not yield any information about the value of the other. For instance, the height of a person and their IQ are independent random variables. Another typical example of two independent variables is given by repeating an experiment: roll a die twice, let X be the number you get the first time, and Y the number you get the second time. These two variables are independent.
Independent events
We define two events E1 and E2 of a probability space to be independent iff
Here E1 ∩ E2 (the intersection of E1 and E2) is the event that E1 and E2 both occur; P denotes the probability of an event.
- P(E1 ∩ E2) = P(E1) · P(E2).
If P(E2) ≠ 0, then the independence of E1 and E2 can also be expressed with conditional probabilities:
which is closer to the intuition given above: the information that E2 happened does not change our estimate of the probability of E1.
- P(E1 | E2) = P(E1)
If we have more than two events, then pairwise independence is insufficient to capture the intuitive sense of independence. So a set S of events is said to be independent if every finite nonempty subset { E1, ..., En } of S satisfies
This is called the multiplication rule for independent events.
- P(E1 ∩ ... ∩ En) = P(E1) · ... · P(En).
Independent random variables
We define random variables X and Y to be independent if
for A and B any Borel subsets of the real numbers.
- Pr[(X in A) & (Y in B)] = Pr[X in A] · Pr[Y in B]
If X and Y are independent, then the expectation operator has the nice property
and for the variance we have
- E[X· Y] = E[X] · E[Y]
Furthermore, if X and Y are independent and have probability densities fX(x)and fY(y), then (X,Y) has a joint density of
- Var(X + Y) = Var(X) + Var(Y).
- fXY(x,y)dx dy = fX(x)dx fY(y)dy.
- Still need to deal with independence of sets of more than 2 random variables.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Statistical independence."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Independent is a British newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly's Independent News & Media. It is nicknamed the Indie, with the Sunday edition being the Sindie.It was originally published in broadsheet form, but since 2003 is now published in both broadsheet and tabloid form, with the same content in each edition. The tabloid edition is being rolled out gradually.
It has a daily circulation of around 200,000 (2002), the lowest of any daily British newspaper.
History
The Independent is the youngest British broadsheet still in existence, first published in October 1986. It was produced by Newspaper Publishing Ltd. and was the creation of Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover and Matthew Symonds. All three were former journalists at the Daily Telegraph who had fled the regime of Lord Berry. Marcus Sieff was made the first chairman of Newspaper Publishing and Smith took control of the paper.
The paper was created in a time of considerable tension in British journalism. Rupert Murdoch was challenging long accepted practises and was fighting with the print unions. In this unsettled atmosphere the newly created paper was able to attract very good staff from the Murdoch broadsheets, who chose to jump ship rather than move to Wapping. The Independent also had a rather better relationship with its printers than others, mainly because it had not been around long enough for the relations to sour.
Challenging The Guardian for liberal readers the paper managed to reach a circulation of over 400,000 in 1989. Competing for readers in a moribund market the arrival of The Independent was one of the factors that sparked both a general freshening of newspaper design and content as well as a costly 'price war'. The market was very tight, when The Independent launched an independent Sunday section in 1990 it did very poorly and was soon merged back into the main paper, although Sunday publication did continue.
Into the 1990s it became clear that the parent company, Newspaper Publishing, was suffering, two European media groups had taken small stakes in the company. A number of other media companies were interested in taking fuller control of the ailing paper for a number of reasons. Both Tony O'Reilly's media group and Mirror Group Newspapers developed substantial stakes in the company by mid-1994. In March 1995 Newspaper Publishing was restructed with a rights issue, spliting the shareholding into O'Reilly (43%), MGN (43%), Prisa (El Pais, 12%). In the same month Smith left the paper. In April 1996 there was another refinancing and in March 1998 O'Reilly bought out the other 54% of the company for £30 million, including assuming the company's debt. Brendan Hopkins headed Independent News while Andrew Marr and Rosie Boycott were made editors of both the broadsheet publications (the other being the Belfast Telegraph).
Boycott left in April 1998 (to the Mirror) and Marr in May 1998 (later to join the BBC as its Political Editor), Simon Kelner was made the new editor. By this time the circulation of the paper had fallen to below 100,000. Independent News spent heavily to improve circulation and the paper underwent a number of redesigns. While circulation improved it did not approach the 1989 figures or restore the paper to profitability and the job cuts and tight financial controls took their toll on the journalists and their morale. Ivan Fallon, on the board since 1995, replaced Hopkins as head of Independent News & Media in July 2002. The paper is currently losing around £5 million a year.
Writers and Columnists
- David Aaronovitch
- Yasmin Alibhai-Brown
- Robin Cook
- Robert Fisk
- Johann Harri
- Miles Kington
- Mark Steel
- Janet Street-Porter
- Andreas Whittam Smith
External link
- http://www.independent.co.uk/
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "The Independent newspaper."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| IN | English | Independent Newspapers | Publishing & Graphic Arts |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: IndependentSynonyms: autonomous (adj), main(a) (adj), self-governing (adj), sovereign (adj), freelance (n), mugwump (n), self-employed person (n). (additional references) |
| Antonym: dependent (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Freedom | Bushwhacker; freelance, free thinker, free trader; independent. |
Adjective: free, free as air; out of harness, independent, at large, loose, scot-free; left alone, left to oneself. | |
Heterodoxy | Protestant; Huguenot; orthodox dissenter, Congregationalist, Independent; Episcopalian, Presbyterian; Lutheran, Calvinist, Methodist, Wesleyan; Ana, Baptist; Mormon, Latter-day Saint, Irvingite, Sandemanian, Glassite, Erastian; Sublapsarian, Supralapsarian; Gentoo, Antinomian, Swedenborgian; Adventist, Bible Christian, Bryanite, Brownian, Christian Scientist, Dunker, Ebionite, Eusebian; Faith Curer, Curist; Familist, Jovinianist, Libadist, Quaker, Shaker, Stundist, Tunker; ultramontane; Anglican, Oxford School; tractarian, Puseyite, ritualist; Puritan. |
Irrelation | Adjective: irrelative, irrespective, unrelated; arbitrary; independent, unallied; unconnected, disconnected; adrift, isolated, insular; extraneous, strange, alien, foreign, outlandish, exotic. |
Reasoning, | Adjective: intuitive, instinctive, impulsive; independent of reason, anterior to reason; gratuitous, hazarded; unconnected. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Independent |
| English words defined with "independent": independent variable. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "independent": device independent bitmap, Dual Independent Map Encoding ♦ independent beams, Independent City, Independent Logical File, independent place, INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCER, Independent Verification and Validation ♦ maximal independent set ♦ Platform Independent Graphical User Interface ♦ Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks ♦ Vendor Independent Messaging. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "independent": Autocephalous. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Independent" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Romanian (free, independent, independently, self contained, self-dependent, separate, substantive), Swedish (independent). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | All right, so even if independent contractors are working on the Death Star, why are you uneasy with its destruction (Clerks.; writing credit: Kevin Smith) You're killing independent George (Seinfeld; writing credit: Andreas Lenze; Bea Schmidt) He's independent. He likes to do things his own way but he cares (Chisum; writing credit: Andrew J. Fenady) That's two independent thought alarms in one day. Willie, the children are over-stimulated (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge) 'A closer look at the file and independent research by this newspaper into its key claims indicate that many of the serious accusations against Mr Wigand are backed by scant or contradictory evidence' (The Insider; writing credit: Eric Roth) | |
Lyrics | We independent women, some mistake us for whores (Lady Marmalade; performing artist: Christina Aguilera) You're real independent so your parents be bugging (Around the Way Girl; performing artist: L.L. Cool J) An independent lady, takin' care of herself (Modern Girl; performing artist: Sheena Easton) You can't control an independent heart (If You Love Somebody Set Them Free; performing artist: Sting) | |
Clever | First secure an independent income, then practice virtue. (references; author: Greek Proverb) Independent Worker: Nobody knows what he she does. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Independent Poland (1916) The 2003 IFP/West Independent Spirit Awards Nomination Show (2003) 2003 IFP Independent Spirit Awards (2003) The 2002 IFP/West Independent Spirit Awards (2002) Independent Focus (1998) | |
Song Titles | Miss Independent (performing artist: KELLY CLARKSON) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies |
| ||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Independent scallop dredgers at Seaford Scallop Company. Credit: Fisheries. |  | View of #2 (left) and #1 (right) furnaces with crane track. Photograph by Jack E. Boucher, April 1974. (Reproduction Number: HAER, ALA, 37-WOOD,1-13) Rich in the primary ingredients for making iron—iron ore, coal and limestone—central Alabama has been a center of iron production since before the Civil War. Many railroad companies and iron manufacturers set up shop in Jefferson County, and the region's iron ore made the city of Birmingham famous for high-quality foundry iron. The Woodward Iron Company established the first iron furnaces in the Bessemer area just south of Birmingham in the 1880s. By 1966, the company had become one of the largest independent manufacturers of pig iron in the United States. The furnaces shown here were demolished in 1974-75. (See HABS/HAER, National Park Service for more history.). Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Mascot presented to Smith Independent League of Illinois. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | '...But first, let's hear your position on the Alaska pipeline and independent gas distributors!' / Oliphant. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Petersburg, Va. General view of camp of Oneida, N.Y., Independent Cavalry Company at Army headquarters, with men at leisure. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Independent Presbyterian Church, Savannah, Georgia. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Independent refinery. Business section of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in background. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Near Kingsburg. Small independent gas stations litter the highway. California. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, this is to certify ... / L. Kurz. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | The Independent Benevolent Society of Philadelphia / Wm. Crozier pinxt. ; H. Anderson sct. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Benjamin Disraeli | Colonies do not cease to be colonies because they are independent. |
Charles Churchill | Genius is independent of situation. |
Greek Proverb | First secure an independent income, then practice virtue. |
Karl Marx | In bourgeois society capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality. |
Pauline Kael | In the arts, the critic is the only independent source of information. The rest is advertising. |
Samuel Adams | The country shall be independent, and we will be satisfied with nothing short of it. |
Sebastien-Roch Nicolas De Chamfort | Nature never said to me: Do not be poor; still less did she say: Be rich; her cry to me was always: Be independent. |
Star Valley Independent | Of course, some guys carry marriage too far. Like the bigamist who found that two rites make a wrong. |
William Cobett | To be poor and independent is very nearly an impossibility. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent. (Second Treatise of Government) |
US Declaration of Independence | 1776 | He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. (reference) |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | In bourgeois society capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | It is also independent of the security. (reference) |
Winston S. Churchill | 1946 | All this means that the people of any country have the right, and should have the power by constitutional action, by free unfettered elections, with secret ballot, to choose or change the character or form of government under which they dwell; that freedom of speech and thought should reign; that courts of justice, independent of the executive, unbiased by any party, should administer laws which have received the broad assent of large majorities or are consecrated by time and custom. ("Iron Curtain" Speech) |
United Nations | 1948 | Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | It was quite a different sort of thing, a sentiment distinct and independent. |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | I admire the mind of man independent of all religions |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | His independent hands rolled a cigarette, smoothed it and lighted it, and he inhaled deeply and blew the smoke out through his nose |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | A simple and independent mind does not toil at the bidding of any prince |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Others are in independent adolescent treatment facilities. (references) | |
Researchers then matched the ASD patients with an independent registry of vaccinations. (references) | ||
There is no evidence that apnea of prematurity is an independent risk factor for infant apnea. (references) | ||
Business | The remaining 93% are independent businesses. (references) | |
Aetna reported that it is also using independent agents. (references) | ||
The advantages of independent agents include lower fixed costs. (references) | ||
Children | Spain | Several of the Autonomous Communities have an office of the Defender of Children, an independent, nonpartisan agency charged with defending children's rights. (references) |
Belarus | According to "Narodnaya Volya," an independent newspaper, the budget provision for the year for persons with disabilities was $71 (114,958 rubles), compared to approximately $875 (1.4 million rubles) for the Belarusian Patriotic Youth Union, a proregime patriotic organization. (references) | |
Brazil | On April 6, President Cardoso signed into law what is essentially a patients' bill of rights, which for the first time establishes clear criteria for commitment into mental institutions and gives the Public Minister (an independent watchdog agency) an opportunity to review each case of involuntary or compulsory commitment. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Czech Republic | The electronic media are independent. (references) |
Venezuela | Print and electronic media are independent. (references) | |
Moldova | Nevertheless there is an active independent media. (references) | |
Discrimination | Australia | The law prohibits discrimination based on these factors, and the Government and an independent judiciary vigorously enforce the prohibition. (references) |
Economic History | Indonesia | Type: Independent republic. (references) |
Malta | Malta's judiciary is independent. (references) | |
Human Rights | Russia | Efforts to develop an independent judiciary continued. (references) |
Cape Verde | Judges are independent and may not belong to a political party. (references) | |
Peru | Most human rights NGO's are independent and generally objective. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Gabon | Pygmies largely were independent of formal authority, keeping their own traditions, independent communities, and local decision-making structures. (references) |
Malaysia | Without assistance from independent surveyors, the NGO contends that indigenous people are powerless legally to dispute encroachment on their land. (references) | |
Minorities | China | Authorities have cracked down harshly on suspected Uighur nationalists and independent Muslim religious leaders. (references) |
Political Economy | Hong Kong | Macau's judiciary is independent. (references) |
Syria | Businessmen hold many of the independent seats. (references) | |
PANAMA | Some independent economists forecast even slower growth. (references) | |
Political Rights | Mauritania | Their administrative staff is independent of the Government. (references) |
Malaysia | In 1999, a group of NGO's formed an independent election watch organization. (references) | |
Saint Lucia | Two members of the Senate are independent, appointed by the Governor General. (references) | |
Trade | Uruguay | The BCU is not independent. (references) |
Burma | The parties can choose independent arbitrators. (references) | |
Turkey | In 1994, the Central Bank became an autonomous body but is not independent. (references) | |
Travel | Oman | The Japanese have also captured a major share of the market, independent of transshipment through Dubai. (references) |
Georgia | The U.S. Government does not recognize an independent republic of Abkhazia separate from the Republic of Georgia. (references) | |
Italy | A person seeking to work in Italy in an independent or self-employed capacity files an application directly with the Italian Embassy or Consulate along with needed credentials demonstrating experience in the field of work. (references) | |
Women | Egypt | Smaller, independent studies confirm that wife beating is common. (references) |
Central African Republic | Women who are educated and financially independent tend to seek monogamous marriages. (references) | |
Hungary | As of 2000, the Women's Representation Secretariat became an independent department within the Ministry. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Cyprus | Both of the other major unions are independent. (references) |
New Zealand | A few small, independent labor unions also exist. (references) | |
Kazakhstan | Most independent trade unions belong to the CFTUK. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | ABSOLUTE, adj. Independent, irresponsible. An absolute monarchy is one in which the sovereign does as he pleases so long as he pleases the assassins. Not many absolute monarchies are left, most of them having been replaced by limited monarchies, where the sovereign's power for evil (and for good) is greatly curtailed, and by republics, which are governed by chance. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Lynne Cheney | That we are so uniquely blessed to live in freedom as we do. And that if you don't understand how we got to be this way, how we got to be a free and independent country, you first of all don't understand what a privilege it is. |
Madonna | I think boys are harder in the beginning, and I think they become more independent later. And I think it's the reverse. |
Walter Cronkite | Sure. In World War II, there were very few places we couldn't go. I can't remember really being turned down to go anywhere. Each of the armies had its own press camp with it of independent reporters. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
George Washington | 1789-1797 | As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent patriot. |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | In matters of religion I have considered that its free exercise is placed by the Constitution independent of the powers of the General Government. |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | Independent farmers are every where the basis of society and true friends of liberty. |
Franklin Pierce | 1853-1857 | Of the complicated European systems of national polity we have heretofore been independent. |
Woodrow Wilson | 1913-1921 | To be indifferent to it, or independent of it, was out of the question. |
Calvin Coolidge | 1923-1929 | Under the eternal urge of freedom we became an independent Nation. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | Our basic policy in the Far East is to encourage the development of a strong, independent, united, and democratic China. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | There is hope for a free, independent, and sovereign Lebanon. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | When I became President, there was just one independent public charter school in all America. |
George W. Bush | 2001-2005 | America stands committed to an independent and democratic Palestine, living side by side with Israel in peace and security. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Independent" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 83.08% of the time. "Independent" is used about 10,693 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 83.08% | 8,884 | 1,078 |
| Noun (proper) | 16.9% | 1,807 | 4,678 |
| Noun (singular) | 0.02% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 10,693 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Ireland | Independent News & Media PLC | New Zealand | Independent Newspapers Limited |
| United Kingdom | Independent Energy Holdings Plc | USA | California Independent Bancorp |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "independent": code independent system ♦ commonwealth of Independent States ♦ device independent bitmap ♦ financially independent ♦ high level service independent building block ♦ independent auditor ♦ independent beams ♦ independent brigade ♦ independent chord ♦ independent church ♦ independent clause ♦ Independent company ♦ independent counsel ♦ independent drive ♦ independent ejection system ♦ independent events ♦ independent fire ♦ independent firing ♦ independent gentleman ♦ independent insurance broker ♦ independent Logical File ♦ independent member ♦ independent mine ♦ independent motor drive ♦ independent nation ♦ independent of ♦ Independent Practice Associations ♦ Independent Project Analysis ♦ Independent Project Analysis, Inc. ♦ independent projects ♦ independent prosecutor ♦ Independent seconds watch ♦ independent sideband ♦ independent State of Papua New Guinea ♦ Independent State of Samoa ♦ independent system operator ♦ independent union ♦ independent variable ♦ independent Verification and Validation ♦ law of independent assortment ♦ lead a free and independent life ♦ linearly independent vector set ♦ man of independent means ♦ method of independent variables ♦ military independent ♦ platform Independent Graphical User Interface ♦ redundant Arrays of Independent Disks ♦ speaker independent recognition ♦ speaker independent voice recognition ♦ stochastically independent ♦ syntactically independent ♦ vendor Independent Messaging. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "independent": independent-but-dying-to-be-subservient, independent-minded. | |
Ending with "independent": context-independent, database-independent, device-independent, hardware-independent, host-independent, innervation-independent, machine-independent, newly-independent, non-independent, platform-independent, position-independent, processor-independent, protocol-independent, quasi-independent, receptor-independent, semi-independent, system-independent, time-independent, transport-independent. | |
Containing "independent": semi-independent-past. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "independent"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | i pavarur nga ana financiare, i pavarur (detached, freelance, irrespective, mugwump, non party, non-partisan, self contained, self sufficient, self-determined, self-sufficing, self-supporting, substantive, unattached, unbound), i mëvetëshëm, pa paragjykime (dispassionate, open minded, unprejudiced, unprepossessed). (various references) | |
Arabic | ممتع بالحكم الذاتي, مستقل في رأيه, مستقل (autonomous, detached, distinct, freelance, maverick, particular, self contained, self-governing, separate, several, sovereign, unattached), غير حزبي (nonpartisan), حر (at large, disengaged, free, freeman, heat, liberated, loose, open, voluntary), شخص مستقل. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | свободен (at large, available, disengaged, disposable, easeful, easy, exempt, facile, familiar, fetterless, floating, fluent, footloose, free, glib, go-as-you-please, immune, intestate, leisure, loose, neglige, off, open, otiose, quit, spare, tripping, unbending, unbound, unbuttoned, uncommitted, unconstrained, unforced, unreserved, unrestricted, unstudied, untenanted, untrammelled, vacant, void, wide), собствен (individual, own, peculiar, proper), самостоятелен (self contained, self sufficient, self-sufficing, separate, strong-minded, substantive, unattached), самоуверен (bold, cocksure, reliant, self confident, self-assertive, self-reliant, unflappable), финансово свободен, отделен (detached, discrete, disjunct, distinct, divided, individual, insular, lone, odd, particular, self contained, separate, several, single, singular, solitary, stray, unattached), независим (autonomous, coordinate, free, freelance, mugwump, self sufficient, sovereign, substantive, uncommitted), не свързан с друг, безпартиен (non party). (various references) | |
Chinese | 独立 (Independence, stand-alone), 無黨派 (politically unaffiliated), 獨 (alone, only, single, sole). (various references) | |
Czech | samostatný (self contained, self-reliant, separate, single handed, unaided, unassisted), nezávislý (free lance, freedom-loving, freelance, self contained, unattached). (various references) | |
Danish | uafhængig (independant), skib som sejler alene og ueskorteret. (various references) | |
Dutch | zelfstandig onafhankelijk, onafhankelijk (autonomous, independant). (various references) | |
Farsi | مستقل (Absolute, Autocratic, Free, Maverick, Realty), خودمختار (Autonomous), دارای قدرت مطلقه . (various references) | |
Finnish | riippumaton (selfsupporting, sovereign), itsenäinen (autonomous, self-governing, sovereign). (various references) | |
French | indépendant (independant). (various references) | |
German | selbständig (autonomous, free, independently, self sufficient, self-employed, self-reliant, separate), unabhängig (abandoned, freelance, independantly, independently, nonpartisan, self contained, sovereign, unattached). (various references) | |
Greek | ανεξάρτητος (freelance, independent of). (various references) | |
Hebrew | לא תלוי, עומד ברשות עצמו (autonomous, self contained), עצמאי (autonomous, maverick, sovereign, substantive, unattached). (various references) | |
Hungarian | szabad (aerial, disengaged, exposed, fetterless, footloose, franchised, frank, free, free for all, freehold, leisure, licit, permissible, to give sy line enough, unbound, unchecked, unimpeded, vacant), független (free, irrespective, maverick, self-sufficing, separate, sovereign, substantive, unattached, uncontrolled), önálló (autonomic, autonomous, irrespective, self sufficient, self-employed, self-sufficient, self-sufficing, self-supporting, separate, several, substantive). (various references) | |
Indonesian | merdeka, berdaulat (become predominant, sovereign). (various references) | |
Italian | indipendente (free, freelance, self-conteined, self-supporting, separate, stand alone, standalone, unattached). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 自営 (operating own business, self-employed, self-supporting), 自主的 (autonomous), 無所属 , インディア紙 (an Indian, India paper, individual, individualism, individualist). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | むしょぞく, インディペンデント , じしゅてき (autonomous), じえい (bodyguard, operating own business, self-defense, self-employed, self-supporting). (various references) | |
Korean | 독립 (Independence). (various references) | |
Manx | seyr (autonomous; carpenter, aweigh, complimentary, disengaged, floating, fluid, free, gratis, gratuitous, immune, inexpensive, unforced, wright), neuchrogheydagh, neuchroghee, neuchroghagh, gyn oaie, gyn eie (besides, without). (various references) | |
Norwegian | uavhengig (independant). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | independentay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | independente (autonomic, autonomous, free, independant, irrespective, self-contained, self-reliant, self-sufficient, self-sufficing, separate, unattached, uncommitted). (various references) | |
Romanian | independent (free, independently, self contained, self-dependent, separate, substantive), neatârnat (autonomous), neafiliat al nici un partid, cu stare, autonom (autonomous, free, self-governing, separate), înstãrit (circumstanced, in easy circumstances, in good circumstances, rich, warm, wealthy, well off, well to do). (various references) | |
Russian | независимый (autonomous, detached, modeless, self contained, self-determined, self-supporting). (various references) | |
Scottish | coingeis (indifferent). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | samostalan (one-man, self contained, solo), nezavisan (detached, non-independent). (various references) | |
Spanish | independiente (freelance, self contained, self sufficient, self-dependent, self-reliant, separate). (various references) | |
Swedish | oberoende (independant, independence, independency, independently, self sufficient, self-reliance, self-reliant, self-sufficing, unattached), självständig (independant, self contained, self sufficient, self-sufficing), oavhängig (independant). (various references) | |
Turkish | serbest (at large, at liberty, cavalier, disengaged, easy, exempt, fetterless, footloose, free, freehearted, freewheeling, go-as-you-please, in the clear, latitudinarian, leisure, liberal, loose, open, permissive, quit, unattached, unbound, unchecked, unconfined, unconstrained, unencumbered, unengaged, unfettered, unhampered, unrestrained, unrestricted, unshackled, untrammelled), maddi yönden bağımsız, kendi geçimini sağlayan, hür (free, liberal), bağımsız (crossbench, detached, distanced, free, sovereign, unattached, uncommitted, unconnected), özgür (at large, at liberty, exempt, free, latitudinarian, unfettered). (various references) | |
Turkmen | цzbaюdak, garaюsyz. (various references) | |
Ukrainian | суверенний (imperial, sovereign), самостійний (self contained, self-dependent, separate), незалежний (autonomic, detached, exempt, free, freelance, non-affiliated, self sufficient, self-supporting), значний (appreciable, considerable, gey, handsome, important, intense, notable, pretty, respectable, smart, substantive, tidy), людина з незалежними поглядами, безпартійний (non party, non-partisan). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | tự nó đã hiệu nghiệm, người không phụ thuộc, người độc lập, không tuỳ thuộc đủ sung túc, không phụ thuộc (independently, self-sufficient, self-sufficing), độc lập không lệ thuộc. (various references) | |
Welsh | Annibynnwr, annibynnol. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | liber libera, liberum, liber libera; liberum. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "independent": independently, independents. (additional references) | |
| |
"Independent" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: indapendent, indenpendent, indepedent, independaent, independant, independenc, independenty, indepndent, indpeendent, indpendent, inedependent, insependent, undependent. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "independent" (pronounced i'ndupe"ndunt) |
| 9 | -d u p e" n d u n t | dependent, interdependent. |
| 7 | -p e" n d u n t | pendant. |
| 6 | -e" n d u n t | ascendant, attendant, defendant, descendant, descendent, resplendent, superintendent, transcendent. |
| 5 | -n d u n t | abundant, corespondent, correspondent, despondent, redundant, respondent. |
| 4 | -d u n t | antecedent, antioxidant, ardent, accident, coincident, confident, imprudent, decadent, decedent, discordant, dissident, evident, incident, mordant, nonresident, overconfident, oxidant, precedent, provident, prudent, resident, retardant, rodent, strident, student, trident, verdant. |
| 3 | -u n t | agent, aggrandizement, agreement, ailment, alignment, allotment, amazement, ambient, ambivalent, amendment, amusement, ancient, announcement, annulment, antidepressant, antigovernment, apartment, apparent, appeasement, applicant, appointment, apportionment, argent, argument, armament, arraignment, arrangement, arrant, arrogant, absent, absorbent, abstinent, accelerant, accompaniment, accomplishment, abandonment, abatement, aberrant, abhorrent, abortifacient, accountant, accouterment, achievement, acknowledgement, acknowledgment, adamant, adherent, adjacent, adjournment, adjustment, adjutant, adolescent, adornment, advancement, advertisement, advisement, afferent, affiant, affluent, aspirant, assailant, assessment, assignment, assistant, assortment, astonishment, astringent, atonement, attachment, attainment, banishment, basement, battlement, belligerent, bemusement, beneficent, benevolent, bereavement, betterment, bewilderment, blandishment, blatant, bombardment, brilliant, buoyant, celebrant, claimant, clairvoyant, Clement, client, coefficient, cogent, cognizant, coherent, combatant, commandment, commencement, commitment, compartment, competent, complacent, complainant, complaisant, complement, compliant, component, comportment, concealment, concomitant, concurrent, condiment, confinement, confluent, consequent, consignment, consistent, consonant, constant, constituent, consultant, containment, contaminant, contentment, contestant, continent, contingent, convalescent, convenient, convent, convergent, conversant, coolant, copayment, cormorant, Courant, covenant, Crescent, crosscurrent, current, curtailment, ignorant, immanent, immigrant, imminent, impairment, impatient, impeachment, impediment, impertinent, implement, important, impotent, impoundment, impoverishment, impressment, imprisonment, improvement, inadvertent, incandescent, debarment, debasement, decent, declarant, decongestant, deferment, defiant, deficient, defoliant, delinquent, deodorant, department, deployment, deportment, depressant, derailment, detachment, detergent, determent, determinant, deterrent, detriment, development, deviant, different, diligent, diminishment, disagreement, disappointment, disarmament, disbarment, disbursement, discernment, discouragement, disenchantment, disenfranchisement, disengagement, disestablishment, disgruntlement, disillusionment, disinfectant, disinvestment, dismantlement, dismemberment, disobedient, dispersant, displacement, dissonant, distant, divalent, divergent, divestment, docent, dominant, dormant, easement, ebullient, efferent, effervescent, efficient, effluent, elegant, element, elephant, eloquent, embankment, embarrassment, embayment, embellishment, embezzlement, embodiment, emergent, emigrant, eminent, emplacement, employment, empowerment, enactment, encampment, enchantment, encirclement, encouragement, encroachment, endangerment, endearment, endorsement, endowment, enforcement, engagement, enhancement, enjoyment, enlargement, enlightenment, enlistment, enrichment, enrollment, enslavement, entanglement, entertainment, enticement, entitlement, entombment, entrant, entrapment, entrenchment, environment, equipment, equivalent, errant, escapement, escarpment, esculent, establishment, estrangement, evanescent, excellent, excitement, excrement, exigent, existent, exorbitant, expectant, expectorant, expedient, experiment, exponent, extant, extinguishment, extravagant, exuberant, exultant, Fabricant, fervent, figment, filament, flagrant, flamboyant, flatulent, flippant, fluent, fluorescent, formant, fragment, fragrant, fraudulent, frequent, fulfillment, gallant, garment, garnishment, giant, government, grandiloquent, grandparent, harassment, hesitant, hydrant, incessant, incipient, incitement, inclement, incoherent, incompetent, inconsistent, incontinent, inconvenient, increment, incumbent, indecent, indictment, indifferent, indigent, indignant, indolent, inducement, indulgent, inefficient, infant, informant, infotainment, infrequent, infringement, ingredient, inhabitant, inhalant, inherent, innocent, inpatient, insignificant, insistent, insolent, insolvent, installment, instant, instrument, insufficient, insurgent, integument, intelligent, intercurrent, intermittent, internment, intersegment, intolerant, intransigent, invariant, investment, involvement, iridescent, irrelevant, irreverent, irritant, itinerant, jubilant, judgement, judgment, latent, leant, lenient, lieutenant, ligament, litigant, lubricant, lucent, luminescent, luxuriant, magnificent, malevolent, malignant, maltreatment, management, measurement, merchant, micromanagement, migrant, militant, miscreant, misgovernment, misjudgment, mismanagement, misstatement, mistreatment, moment, monovalent, monument, movement, mutant, nascent, negligent, noncombatant, nonexistent, nongovernment, nonmanagement, nonpayment, nonviolent, nourishment, nutrient, obedient, observant, obsolescent, occupant, odorant, ointment, omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient, operant, opponent, opulent, ornament, orpiment, outpatient, outplacement, overpayment, overstatement, pageant, parchment, parent, parliament, participant, patent, patient, pavement, payment, peasant, penchant, penitent, pennant, percipient, permanent, persistent, pertinent, petulant, pheasant, pigment, piquant, placement, pleasant, pliant, poignant, pollutant, postponement, postretirement, potent, preadolescent, predicament, predominant, preeminent, pregnant, prejudgment, prepayment, prescient, present, presentment, prevalent, procurement, proficient, prominent, pronouncement, propellant, proponent, protestant, prurient, pungent, punishment, pursuant, puzzlement, quadrant, quiescent, quotient, radiant, rampant, readjustment, reagent, realignment, reappointment, reapportionment, rearmament, rearrangement, reassessment, reassignment, recalcitrant, recent, recipient, recombinant, recruitment, recurrent, redeployment, redevelopment, reemployment, reenactment, refinement, refreshment, refrigerant, refurbishment, Regent, regiment, registrant, reimbursement, reinforcement, reinstatement, reinvestment, relevant, reliant, reluctant, reminiscent, remnant, repayment, repellent, repentant, replacement, replenishment, repugnant, requirement, resentment, resettlement, resilient, resistant, resonant, restatement, resultant, resurgent, reticent, retirement, retrenchment, reverent, rudiment, ruminant, sacrament, salient, seafront, sealant, sediment, segment, semipermanent, sentiment, Sequent, sergeant, serpent, servant, settlement, shipment, significant, silent, solvent, somnolent, stagnant, statement, stimulant, stringent, subcontinent, subsequent, subservient, succulent, sufficient, supergiant, supplement, supplicant, suppressant, surfactant, talent, tangent, temperament, tenant, tenement, testament, tetravalent, tolerant, torrent, tournament, transient, translucent, transparent, treatment, trenchant, triumphant, truant, truculent, tumescent, turbulent, tyrant, undercurrent, underdevelopment, underemployment, undergarment, underpayment, understatement, unemployment, unimportant, unpleasant, unrepentant, urgent, vacant, vagrant, valiant, variant, vehement, vibrant, vigilant, violent, virulent, warrant, wonderment. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "d-d-e-e-e-i-n-n-n-p-t" | |
-2 letters: dependent. | |
-3 letters: indented, intended, nineteen. | |
-4 letters: dentine, endited, pendent, pennine, pentene. | |
-5 letters: deepen, denied, denned, dented, dentin, depend, dieted, dinned, dinted, dipnet, edited, endite, indeed, indene, indent, intend, needed, peened, peined, pended, penned, pinene, pinned, tended, tenpin, tinned. | |
| Words containing the letters "d-d-e-e-e-i-n-n-n-p-t" | |
+1 letter: independents. | |
+2 letters: independently. | |
+3 letters: interdependent, interdepending. | |
+4 letters: interdependence, interdependency. | |
+5 letters: interdependences, interdependently, postindependence. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Spoken | 13. Quotations: Speeches 14. Usage Frequency 15. Names: Company Usage 16. Expressions | 17. Expressions: Internet 18. Translations: Modern 19. Translations: Ancient 20. Abbreviations | 21. Acronyms 22. Derivations 23. Rhymes 24. Anagrams | 25. Bibliography |
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