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Definition: Egypt |
EgyptNoun1. A republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC. 2. An ancient empire west of Israel; centered on the Nile River and ruled by a Pharaoh; figured in many events described in the Old Testament. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
"Egypt" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "that troubles or oppresses", "anguish". |
Date "Egypt" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Bible | Egypt the land of the Nile and the pyramids, the oldest kingdom of which we have any record, holds a place of great significance in Scripture. The Egyptians belonged to the white race, and their original home is still a matter of dispute. Many scholars believe that it was in Southern Arabia, and recent excavations have shown that the valley of the Nile was originally inhabited by a low-class population, perhaps belonging to the Nigritian stock, before the Egyptians of history entered it. The ancient Egyptian language, of which the latest form is Coptic, is distantly connected with the Semitic family of speech. Egypt consists geographically of two halves, the northern being the Delta, and the southern Upper Egypt, between Cairo and the First Cataract. In the Old Testament, Northern or Lower Egypt is called Mazor, "the fortified land" (Isa. 19:6; 37: 25, where the A.V. mistranslates "defence" and "besieged places"); while Southern or Upper Egypt is Pathros, the Egyptian Pa-to-Res, or "the land of the south" (Isa. 11:11). But the whole country is generally mentioned under the dual name of Mizraim, "the two Mazors." The civilization of Egypt goes back to a very remote antiquity. The two kingdoms of the north and south were united by Menes, the founder of the first historical dynasty of kings. The first six dynasties constitute what is known as the Old Empire, which had its capital at Memphis, south of Cairo, called in the Old Testament Moph (Hos. 9:6) and Noph. The native name was Mennofer, "the good place." The Pyramids were tombs of the monarchs of the Old Empire, those of Gizeh being erected in the time of the Fourth Dynasty. After the fall of the Old Empire came a period of decline and obscurity. This was followed by the Middle Empire, the most powerful dynasty of which was the Twelfth. The Fayyum was rescued for agriculture by the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty; and two obelisks were erected in front of the temple of the sun-god at On or Heliopolis (near Cairo), one of which is still standing. The capital of the Middle Empire was Thebes, in Upper Egypt. The Middle Empire was overthrown by the invasion of the Hyksos, or shepherd princes from Asia, who ruled over Egypt, more especially in the north, for several centuries, and of whom there were three dynasties of kings. They had their capital at Zoan or Tanis (now San), in the north-eastern part of the Delta. It was in the time of the Hyksos that Abraham, Jacob, and Joseph entered Egypt. The Hyksos were finally expelled about B.C. 1600, by the hereditary princes of Thebes, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty, and carried the war into Asia. Canaan and Syria were subdued, as well as Cyprus, and the boundaries of the Egyptian Empire were fixed at the Euphrates. The Soudan, which had been conquered by the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty, was again annexed to Egypt, and the eldest son of the Pharaoh took the title of "Prince of Cush." One of the later kings of the dynasty, Amenophis IV., or Khu-n-Aten, endeavoured to supplant the ancient state religion of Egypt by a new faith derived from Asia, which was a sort of pantheistic monotheism, the one supreme god being adored under the image of the solar disk. The attempt led to religious and civil war, and the Pharaoh retreated from Thebes to Central Egypt, where he built a new capital, on the site of the present Tell-el-Amarna. The cuneiform tablets that have been found there represent his foreign correspondence (about B.C. 1400). He surrounded himself with officials and courtiers of Asiatic, and more especially Canaanitish, extraction; but the native party succeeded eventually in overthrowing the government, the capital of Khu-n-Aten was destroyed, and the foreigners were driven out of the country, those that remained being reduced to serfdom. The national triumph was marked by the rise of the Nineteenth Dynasty, in the founder of which, Rameses I., we must see the "new king, who knew not Joseph." His grandson, Rameses II., reigned sixty-seven years (B.C. 1348-1281), and was an indefatigable builder. As Pithom, excavated by Dr. Naville in 1883, was one of the cities he built, he must have been the Pharaoh of the Oppression. The Pharaoh of the Exodus may have been one of his immediate successors, whose reigns were short. Under them Egypt lost its empire in Asia, and was itself attacked by barbarians from Libya and the north. The Nineteenth Dynasty soon afterwards came to an end; Egypt was distracted by civil war; and for a short time a Canaanite, Arisu, ruled over it. Then came the Twentieth Dynasty, the second Pharaoh of which, Rameses III., restored the power of his country. In one of his campaigns he overran the southern part of Palestine, where the Israelites had not yet settled. They must at the time have been still in the wilderness. But it was during the reign of Rameses III. that Egypt finally lost Gaza and the adjoining cities, which were seized by the Pulista, or Philistines. After Rameses III., Egypt fell into decay. Solomon married the daughter of one of the last kings of the Twenty-first Dynasty, which was overthrown by Shishak I., the general of the Libyan mercenaries, who founded the Twenty-second Dynasty (1 Kings 11:40; 14:25, 26). A list of the places he captured in Palestine is engraved on the outside of the south wall of the temple of Karnak. In the time of Hezekiah, Egypt was conquered by Ethiopians from the Soudan, who constituted the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. The third of them was Tirhakah (2 Kings 19:9). In B.C. 674 it was conquered by the Assyrians, who divided it into twenty satrapies, and Tirhakah was driven back to his ancestral dominions. Fourteen years later it successfully revolted under Psammetichus I. of Sais, the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. Among his successors were Necho (2 Kings 23:29) and Hophra, or Apries (Jer. 37:5, 7, 11). The dynasty came to an end in B.C. 525, when the country was subjugated by Cambyses. Soon afterwards it was organized into a Persian satrapy. The title of Pharaoh, given to the Egyptian kings, is the Egyptian Per-aa, or "Great House," which may be compared to that of "Sublime Porte." It is found in very early Egyptian texts. The Egyptian religion was a strange mixture of pantheism and animal worship, the gods being adored in the form of animals. While the educated classes resolved their manifold deities into manifestations of one omnipresent and omnipotent divine power, the lower classes regarded the animals as incarnations of the gods. Under the Old Empire, Ptah, the Creator, the god of Memphis, was at the head of the Pantheon; afterwards Amon, the god of Thebes, took his place. Amon, like most of the other gods, was identified with Ra, the sun-god of Heliopolis. The Egyptians believed in a resurrection and future life, as well as in a state of rewards and punishments dependent on our conduct in this world. The judge of the dead was Osiris, who had been slain by Set, the representative of evil, and afterwards restored to life. His death was avenged by his son Horus, whom the Egyptians invoked as their "Redeemer." Osiris and Horus, along with Isis, formed a trinity, who were regarded as representing the sun-god under different forms. Even in the time of Abraham, Egypt was a flourishing and settled monarchy. Its oldest capital, within the historic period, was Memphis, the ruins of which may still be seen near the Pyramids and the Sphinx. When the Old Empire of Menes came to an end, the seat of empire was shifted to Thebes, some 300 miles farther up the Nile. A short time after that, the Delta was conquered by the Hyksos, or shepherd kings, who fixed their capital at Zoan, the Greek Tanis, now San, on the Tanic arm of the Nile. All this occurred before the time of the new king "which knew not Joseph" (Ex. 1:8). In later times Egypt was conquered by the Persians (B.C. 525), and by the Greeks under Alexander the Great (B.C. 332), after whom the Ptolemies ruled the country for three centuries. Subsequently it was for a time a province of the Roman Empire; and at last, in A.D. 1517, it fell into the hands of the Turks, of whose empire it still forms nominally a part. Abraham and Sarah went to Egypt in the time of the shepherd kings. The exile of Joseph and the migration of Jacob to "the land of Goshen" occurred about 200 years later. On the death of Solomon, Shishak, king of Egypt, invaded Palestine (1 Kings 14:25). He left a list of the cities he conquered. A number of remarkable clay tablets, discovered at Tell-el-Amarna in Upper Egypt, are the most important historical records ever found in connection with the Bible. They most fully confirm the historical statements of the Book of Joshua, and prove the antiquity of civilization in Syria and Palestine. As the clay in different parts of Palestine differs, it has been found possible by the clay alone to decide where the tablets come from when the name of the writer is lost. The inscriptions are cuneiform, and in the Aramaic language, resembling Assyrian. The writers are Phoenicians, Amorites, and Philistines, but in no instance Hittites, though Hittites are mentioned. The tablets consist of official dispatches and letters, dating from B.C. 1480, addressed to the two Pharaohs, Amenophis III. and IV., the last of this dynasty, from the kings and governors of Phoenicia and Palestine. There occur the names of three kings killed by Joshua, Adoni-zedec, king of Jerusalem, Japhia, king of Lachish (Josh. 10:3), and Jabin, king of Hazor (11:1); also the Hebrews (Abiri) are said to have come from the desert. The principal prophecies of Scripture regarding Egypt are these, Isa. 19; Jer. 43: 8-13; 44:30; 46; Ezek. 29-32; and it might be easily shown that they have all been remarkably fulfilled. For example, the singular disappearance of Noph (i.e., Memphis) is a fulfilment of Jer. 46:19, Ezek. 30:13. Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Ancient Egypt refers to the civilisation of the Nile Valley between about 3000 BC and the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BC.See the following articles:
History of Egypt
Egyptian chronology
Egyptian hieroglyph
Egyptian language
Egyptian Museum
Egyptian mythology
Arts of the ancient world
Great Pyramid of Giza
Pharoah
Egyptology
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ancient Egypt."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
LiteratureArt
Music
See also:
- Music of Egypt
- Pop Musicians
- Amr Diab
- Instruments
- Oud
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Culture of Egypt."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A new page based on the new template is being worked on at Egypt/Temp, please make any changes you want to make on that page.
The Arab Republic of Egypt (Arabic: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah, جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة, where Misr (مصر) is the word for Egypt) is a large nation of northeastern Africa(misr is derived from the name of misraem the grandson of noah). It includes the Sinai Peninsula, possibly considered part of Asia. The main area of habitation is along the Nile river. Large areas of land are part of the Sahara Desert and very sparsely inhabited.The capital city is Cairo (القاهرة). Other towns and cities include Alexandria, Aswan, Asyut, El-Mahalla El-Kubra, Giza, Hurgharda, Luxor, Kom Ombo, Port Safaga, Port Said, Sharm el Sheikh, Shubra-El-Khema, Suez, Zagazig
Israel, England and France invaded Egypt on October 29, 1956, occupied the Sinai and then withdrew on January 22, 1957.
From the CIA World Factbook 2000. Barely Wikified.
- History of Egypt
- Geography of Egypt
- Demographics of Egypt
- Politics of Egypt
- Economy of Egypt
- Communications in Egypt
- Transportation in Egypt
- Military of Egypt
- Foreign relations of Egypt
- Culture of Egypt
- List of famous Egyptian people
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Egypt."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Egypt is a town located in Craighead County, Arkansas. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 101.Geography
Egypt is located at 35°52'3" North, 90°56'43" West (35.867472, -90.945372)1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.0 km² (0.4 mi²). 1.0 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.Demographics
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 101 people, 43 households, and 28 families residing in the town. The population density is 105.4/km² (274.5/mi²). There are 51 housing units at an average density of 53.2/km² (138.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.03% White, 0.00% Black or African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 2.97% from two or more races. 0.99% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 43 households out of which 23.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% are married couples living together, 16.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% are non-families. 30.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 20.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.35 and the average family size is 2.90. In the town the population is spread out with 24.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 19.8% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 27.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 43 years. For every 100 females there are 71.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 76.7 males. The median income for a household in the town is $18,750, and the median income for a family is $24,063. Males have a median income of $19,583 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the town is $9,828. 29.9% of the population and 22.6% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 55.6% are under the age of 18 and 13.8% are 65 or older.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Egypt, Arkansas."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Egyptian Air Force of EAF (Al Quwwat Al Jawwiya Il Misriya in Arabic) is the Aviation branch of the Egyptian armed forces.
History
The Egyptian Air Force was initially a part of the Royal Air Force which established bases in Egypt during World War II. It is from here that Egyptian squadrons were formed and which eventually led to the formation of the Egyptian Air Force. Almost immediately after World War II, Egypt found itself in a conflict with Israel in 1947. The Egyptian Air Force contributed to this conflict with C-47 Dakotas and Spitfires.
After Nasser took power and decided to nationalize the Suez Canal, Egypt got involved in a war with Israel, France, and the United Kingdom. The result was heavy losses on the Egyptian side. It also forced the EAF to begin rebuilding it's Air Force with non-British help. The Soviet Union became the principal supplier of the EAF and many other Arab states. This allowed the EAF to greatly modernize and return to combat effectiveness.
Despite the Soviet upgrade of the EAF, when the Six-Day War came around in 1967 the EAF found itself destroyed in mere hours after the initiation of hostilites with Israel. In response, the Soviets again sent a large number of air craft and trainers to Egypt in order to help revitalize the EAF.
In the Yom Kippur War, the EAF initially performed well; carrying out precision strikes and engaging in dogfights with the Israeli Air Force. Despite it's intial sucesses though, the EAF lost about 200 planes at the end of the 18-day conflict. This again prompted the Egyptian government to look to the Soviets for rebuilding aid. This time, Anwar Sadat began to demand more modern planes that could compete with the American-built ones in the Israeli Air Force. The Soviet government stalled, and the EAF began purchasing French Dassault Mirage Vs and American F-4 Phantoms.
This, along with the Camp David Accords shifted a change in the composition of the EAF. The EAF began to rely on American, French and even some Chinese planes. In the 1980's, it acquired Mirage 2000s, and F-16s. The addition of these planes along with the ones already in the EAF give it an interesting composition; consisting of planes made in France, The United States, the Soviet Union and China. The EAF also has some AH-64 Apache helicopters, and recently has added K-8 trainers.
Currently, the backbone of the EAF is the F-16. The Mirage 2000 is the other modern interceptor used by the EAF. It continues to fly MiG-21s, F-7 Skybolts, TU-16 Badgers, F-4 Phantoms, P-3 Orions, Il-28, Dassault Mirage Vs, and C-130 Hercules among other planes
Aircraft
- AH-64 Apaches
- Alpha Jet
- C-130 Hercules
- Dassault Mirage 2000
- Dassault Mirage V
- F-7 Skybolt
- F-16 Fighting Falcon
- MiG-21 Fishbed
- P-3 Orion
- TU-16 Badger
Insignia
The Roundel of the EAF consists of three circles, with the outside one being red, the middle one white, and the inner one being black. These are the colors of Pan-Arabism. The fins of aircraft carry the Egyptian Flag.
External Links
- Egyptian Air Force Overview from Scramble
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Egyptian Air Force."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Ancient Egypt appeared as a unified state sometime around 3300 BC. It survived as an independent state until about 1300 BC. Archeological evidence indicates that a developed Egyptian society has existed for much longer. Archeological findings show that primitive tribes lived along the Nile long before the dynastic history of the pharaohs began. By 6000 B.C., organized agriculture had appeared.
In about 3100 B.C., Egypt was united under a ruler known as Mena, or Menes, who inaugurated the 30 pharaonic dynasties into which Egypt's ancient history is divided--the Old and the Middle Kingdoms and the New Empire. The pyramids at Giza (near Cairo), which were built in the fourth dynasty, testify to the power of the pharaonic religion and state. The Great Pyramid, the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu (also known as Cheops), is the only surviving monument of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Ancient Egypt reached the peak of its power, wealth, and territorial extent in the period called the New Empire (1567-1085 B.C.).
The Egyptians reached Crete around 2000 BC and were invaded by Indo-Europeans and Hyksos Semites. They defeated the invaders around 1570 BC and expanded into the Aegean, Sudan, Libya, and much of southwest Asia, as far as the Euphrates.
Egyptian chronology
Egyptian history is broken in several different periods. The dating of events in Egyptian history is still a subject of research. The conservative dates are not supported by any reliable absolute date for span of about three millennia. There is a recommended revision of the chronology of Egypt. See Egyptian chronology for further discussion, and the King List.
- Predynastic Period (Prior to 3100 BC)
- Archaic Period (1st - 2nd Dynasty)
- Old Kingdom (3rd - 6th Dynasty)
- First Intermediate Period (7th - 11th Dynasty)
- Middle Kingdom (12th - 13th Dynasty)
- Second Intermediate Period (14th - 17th Dynasty)
- New Kingdom (18th - 21st Dynasty)
- Libyan Period (22nd - 25th Dynasty)
- Late Period (26th - 30th Dynasty)
Archaic Period
Ancient Egyptians considered themselves to be, The People of Two Lands, these lands being Lower and Upper Egypt.
The earliest known Pharaoh of the 1st Dynasty is Menes. We know his name because it is written on a palette used for make-up (only men wore make-up). Funeral practices for the peasants would have been the same as in pre-Dynastic times, but the rich demanded something more. Thus, the Egyptians began construction of the mastabas.
Menes unified Upper and Lower Egypt in 3100 BC. Before this period the land was settled with autonomous villages, called nomess. Menes established a national administration and appointed royal governors.
The buildings of the central government were typically open-air temples constructed of wood or sandstone.
Old Kingdom
Third dynasty
Around about the 4th Dynasty, the art of embalming began. A cautionary note about embalming, mummification and preservation:
To embalm and to mummify essentially mean the same thing. To embalm (from the Latin 'in balsamum' means to 'put into balsam', a mixture of aromatic resins) and the process of mummification are very similar in that the corpses were anointed with ointments, oils and resins. The word 'mummy' comes from a misinterpretation of the process. Poorly embalmed bodies (from the Late Period) are often black and very brittle. It was believed that these had been preserved by dipping them in bitumen, the Arabic word for bitumen being 'mumiya'.
There are many modern techniques for preserving a body, however these were not available to the ancient Egyptians (freezing, pickling etc). The only method that they were aware of was by drying the body out in the hot sand. This left the body looking most un-lifelike, and not a very suitable home for the 'Ka'. Also not a very reverent way to treat your Pharaoh. The answer came from the Nile.
The Nile floods every year. Without it Egypt would be no more than a desert with a river going through it. The flooding brought with it essential silt which made the land fertile. when the waters subsided, it left pools of water behind which dried out in the sun. Once the water had evaporated it left behind a white crystalline substance called natron. The most notable thing about this substance is that it is highly hygroscopic: it will draw and absorb moisture. During the Old Kingdom, Queen Hetephere's internal organs were removed and placed in a solution of natron (about 3%). When the box was opened it contained just sludge, which was apparently all that remained of the Queen. Early attempts at mummification were total failures. This was recognised by the embalmers and so they took to preserving the shape of the body. They did this by wrapping the body in resin soaked bandages. They became so good at this that one example from the 5th Dynasty of a court musician called Waty, still holds details of warts, calluses, wrinkles and facial details.
Vizier Imhotep
Pharaoh Horus Netjerikhet Djzosèr
Pyramid of Djzosèr
A word about Upper and Lower Egypt. Lower Egypt is to the north and is that part where the Nile Delta flows into the Mediterranean Sea and Upper Egypt is to the South from the Libyan Desert down to just past Abu Simbel. The reason for this apparent upside-down naming is that Egypt is the 'Gift of the Nile' and as such everything is measured in relation to it. The Nile enters Egypt at the top, winding its way down until exiting via the fertile delta into the Mediterranean Sea in Lower Egypt.
After this first one, several other Pyramids were built and some abandoned before they were finished. One notable example is the 'Bent Pyramid': about halfway up it appears that the builders feared they would not be able to maintain the angle they were already building at, and decided to change it to a less steep angle. This resulted in an odd looking Pyramid whose top sloped in suddenly.
There is some evidence that around 2675 BC, Egypt started to import timber from Lebanon.
At around 2575 BC Pharaoh Khufu (aka. Cheops) makes his mark on the landscape. For him the greatest and most famous pyramid of all was constructed, the Great Pyramid of Giza. When looking at the pyramid group on the Giza plateau it does not seem to be the largest. This is because the tallest looking one has been built on higher ground, but is 10 metres smaller.
The Pharaoh Khufu was also responsible for sending expeditions into Nubia for slaves and anything else of value. It is unlikely that these people would have been used for the building of the monuments, at least not at first, as there would not have been enough of them. The Great Pyramid must have taken a great many years to build. One popular and convincing theory is that the peasant farming people of Egypt built all of the temples and monuments, during the floods. This is an attractive theory for many reasons. When the Nile floods the people of Egypt would have had nowhere to live. The Nile floods up to the edge of the desert and would have covered all of the farming and living areas. If there was work to be had building monuments during the flooding season, then the peasant farmers would have had the chance to feed and house their family. Of course all of this would have been paid out of the taxes that the farmers would have paid during the harvest season, but that is the nature of government. This would also account for how the country had become, and stayed, so stable for several hundred years.
Pyramid building continued for some time, in fact there are 80 known pyramid sites, although not all of them are still standing.
First Intermediate Period
This takes us through the 5th and 6th dynasties and into the First Intermediate Period. Little is recorded of this time, as it is a period of great unrest.
Middle Kindgom
Pharaoh Amenemhat I ended this period of unrest and united the country again and moved the capital to North (lower) Egypt. Sesostris I (son of Amenemhat I) co-reigns with him until his assassination. Sesostris I was able to take control immediately without the country degenerating into unrest again. Sesostris I continued to wage war on Nubia.
In 1878 the Pharaoh Senusret III became the king. He continued the military campaigns in Nubia and was the first to try to extend Egypt's power into Syria.
Later Amenemhat III came to power. He is regarded as being the greatest monarch of the Middle Kingdom and did much to benefit Egypt. He ruled for 45 years.
Much of the greater activities done by the 12th dynasty kings took place outside the valley of the Nile. As was done before there were many expeditions into Nubia, Syria and the Eastern Desert, searching for valuables to be mined and wood to bring back. Also trade was established with Minoan Crete.
During the middle kingdom the next phase in tomb design was the rock-cut tomb. The best examples of these can be seen in the Valley of the Kings. They still had grand temples built in more visible areas.
The 13th Dynasty is often entered as a part of the Middle Kingdom, although the period seems to be a time confusion and of foreign princes from Asia known as the Hyksos who took advantage of the political instabilities of the Nile Delta to take control of it and later extend their powers south. They brought with them the horse-drawn war chariot. It didn't take the Egyptians long to realise the power of this chariot and use it themselves. This breakdown of central control marks the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period.
Second Intermediate Period
The 13th Dynasty was ended by the members of the 17th Dynasty. The members of this Dynasty wanted to keep the culture and tradition of the Middle Kingdom alive and pushed the Hyksos out.
New Kingdom
The 18th Dynasty heralds the beginning of the New Kingdom. In this New Kingdom, coffins changed shape from the Middle Kingdom rectangle to the familiar mummy-shape with a head and rounded shoulders. At first these were decorated with carved or painted feathers, but later were painted with a representation of the deceased. They were also put together like Russian Dolls, in that a large outer coffin would contain a smaller one, which contained one that was almost moulded to the body. Each one was more elaborately decorated than the one larger than it. It is from this time that most mummies have survived.
All soft tissues like the brain and internal organs were removed. The cavities were washed and then packed with natron, and the body buried in a pile of natron. The intestines, lungs, liver and the stomach were preserved separately and stored in jars protected by the four sons of Horus: Duamutef (stomach), Qebhsenuef (intestines), Hapy (lungs), and Imsety (liver). Such was the perceived power of these jars that even when the 21st Dynasty started to return the organs to the body after preservation instead of using the jars, the jars continued to be included in the tombs.
Various Pharaohs extended the control of Egypt further than ever before, retaking control of Nubia and extending power northwards into the Upper Euphrates, the lands of the Hittites, and Mitanni.
This was a time of great wealth and power for Egypt. By the time of Amenophis III (1417 BC ~ 1379 BC), Egypt had become so wealthy that he did nothing to further extend its powers and instead rested upon his throne gilded with Nubian gold.
He was succeeded by his son Amenophis IV who changed his name to Akhenaton. He moved the capital to a new city he built and called Akhetaten. Here with his new wife Nefertiti, he concentrated on building his new religion and ignored the world outside of Egypt. This allowed various underground factions to build that were not happy with his new world. The new religion was something that had never happened before in Egypt. Previously, new gods came along and were absorbed into the culture, but no god was allowed to push out any old ones. Akhenaton, however, formed a monotheistic religion around Aten. Worship of all other gods was banned, and this caused the majority of the internal unrest. A new culture of art was introduced that was more naturalistic and a complete turnabout from the stylised frieze that had ruled Egyptian art for the last 1700 years. Towards the end of his 17 year reign he took a co-regent his brother, Smenkhkare. The co-reign lasted only two years. When Akhenaton died some of the old gods were revived. In truth they had never gone away, but gone underground. Smenkhkare died after a few months of solo reign. In his place was crowned a young boy. He was not ready for the pressure of ruling this great country and the advisors that surrounded him made the decisions for him. His given name was Tutankhaton, but with the resurgence of Amun he was re-named Tutankhamun. One of the most influential advisors was General Horemheb. Tutankhamun died while he was still a teenager and was succeeded by Ay who probably married Tutankhamun's widow to reinforce his right to the throne. It is possible that Horemheb made Ay a monarch to act as a transitional king until he was ready to take over. In any case, when Ay died, Horemheb became ruler and a new period of positive rule began. He set about securing internal stability and re-establishing the prestige that the country had before the reign of Akhenaton.
The 19th dynasty was founded by Rameses I. He only reigned for a short time, and was followed by Seti I (AKA Sethos I). Sethos I carried on the good work of Horemheb in restoring power, control and respect of Egypt. He also was responsible for creating the fantastic temple at Abydos. Seti I and his son Rameses II are the only two Pharaohs known to have been circumcised. Rameses II carried on his father's work and created many more splendid temples. Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote a poem about him called Ozymandias.
The reign of Rameses II is often given as the most likely date for the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. There are no records in Egyptian history of any of the events described in the Bible, nor any archaeological evidence.
Rameses II was succeeded by his son Merneptah and then by Seti II. Rameses III was a Pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty who, after a couple of battles, was followed by a number of short-lived reigns by Pharaohs all called Rameses.
After the death of Rameses XI, the priesthood in the person of Herihor wrest control of Egypt away from the Pharaohs. The country was once again split into two parts with Herihor controlling Upper and Smendes controlling Lower Egpyt. These were the new rulers of the 21st Dynasty. These kings were also known as The Tenites. Their reign seems to be without any other distinction and they were superseded without any apparent struggle by the Libyan kings of the 22nd Dynasty.
Egypt has long had ties with Libya, and the first king of the new Dynasty served as a general under the last ruler of the 21st Dynasty. It is known that he appointed his own son to be the High Priest of Amun, a post that was previously a hereditary appointment. The scant and patchy nature of the written records from this period suggest that it was unsettled. There appear to have been many subversive groups which eventually led to the creation of the 23rd dynasty which ran concurrent with the 22nd. After the withdrawal of Egypt from the Sudan, a Nubian prince took control of lower Nubia. He was succeeded by Piankhi, and it this Piankhi who decided to push north in an effort to crush his opponent who ruled in the Nile Delta region. He managed to attain power as far as Memphis. His opponent Tefnakhte ultimately submitted to him, but he was allowed to remain in power in Lower Egypt and founded the short-lived 24th Dynasty.
Memphis and the Delta region became the target of many attacks from the Assyrians, until Psammetichus managed to reunite Middle and Lower Egypt under his rule forming the 26th Dynasty and the start of the Late Period. Eventually he extended his control over the whole of Egypt in 656 BC. He eventually felt strong enough to sever all ties with Assyria, and Assyrian control lapsed. The Saite period, as the 26th Dynasty is also known, was a century of revived splendour for Egypt. During the reign of Apries, an army was sent to help the Libyans to eliminate the Greek colony of Cyrene. The disastrous defeat of this army brought about a civil war which resulted in Apries being replaced by Amosis II. Not very much is known about his reign, except from the Greeks who noted that he was mostly concerned with Egyptian domestic affairs and the promotion of good relations with its neighbours. He died in 526 BC, and one year later in 525 BC Egypt fell under Persian power and Cambyses became the first king of the 27th Dynasty.
The 30th Dynasty was established in 380 BC and lasted until 343 BC. This was the last native house to rule Egypt.
See also:
- Egyptian Mythology
- Season of the Going Out
- Season of the Harvest
- Season of the Inundation
External links
- The Ancient Egypt Site
- The History of the Ancient Near East
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "History of Ancient Egypt."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history, as a unified state, of any country in the world. The Nile valley forms a natural geographic and economic unit, being bounded to the east and west by deserts, to the north by the sea and to the south by the Cataracts of the Nile. The need to have a single authority to manage the waters of the Nile led to the creation of the world's first state in Egypt in about 3000 BC. Egypt's peculiar geography made it a difficult country to attack, which is why Pharaonic Egypt was for so long an independent and self-contained state.
Once Egypt did succumb to foreign rule, however, it proved unable to escape from it, and for 2,300 years Egypt was governed by foreigners: Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks and British. President Nasser used to say that he was the first native Egyptian to exercise sovereign power in Egypt since the last Pharaoh, Nectanebo II, was deposed by the Persians in 341 BC, and he was only slightly exaggerating.
Egyptian has been divided by this encyclopedia into five periods:
- History of Ancient Egypt: 3000 BC to 332 BC
- History of Greek and Roman Egypt: 332 BC to 639 AD
- History of early Arab Egypt: 639 to 1517
- History of Ottoman Egypt: 1517 to 1882
- History of Modern Egypt: since 1882
Related articles
- Pharaoh
- Egyptian mythology,
- History of the Middle East
- History of Africa
- Aegyptus
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "History of Egypt."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This is a list of cities in Egypt:
See also: List of cities
- Alexandria
- Aswan
- Cairo
- El Alamein
- Luxor
- Port Said
- Suez
- Taba
External link
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of cities in Egypt."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to Egypt. This is so that those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by clicking on Related changes in the sidebar.The list is not necessarily complete or up to date - if you see an article that should be here but is not (or one that should not be here but is), please do update the page accordingly.
1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Misc
123
A
Aaru - Ababda - Abbas I - Abbas II - Abraham of Alexandria - Abu Simbel - Abukir - Abydos, Egypt - Abyssinian cat - Adim - Aegyptus - Ahmed H. Zewail - Aker - Akeru - Akh - Akhenaten - Akhnaten - Alexander the Great - Alexandria - Alexandrian text-type - Alhazen - Amarna - Amasis II - Amathaunta - Amaunet - Ambrose of Alexandria - Ament - Ammit - Ammon - Ammut - Amon - Amr Diab - Amr Moussa - Ancient Near East - Andjety - Anget - Ankhesenpaaten - Ankt - Anti - Antony and Cleopatra - Anubis - Anuket - Anwar Sadat - Ap-uat - Arabic language - Arsinoe II of Egypt - Arsinoe III of Egypt - As (god) - Aswan - Aswan Dam - Aten - Athanasius of Alexandria
B
Ba - Ba-Pef - Babi - Babu - Baggush Box - Banebdjetet - Bast - Bastet - Bata - Battle of Actium - Battle of Alexandria - Battle of Megiddo - Battle of Navarino - Battle of the Nile - Beb - Bedouin - Berenice II of Egypt - Bes - Beset - Bibliotheca Alexandrina - Bonner Fellers - Book of the Dead - Budasheer - Burials in the Valley of the Kings - Busiris - Buto
C
Caesarion - Cairo - Camp David Accords (1978) - Canopic jar - Canopus - Cartouche - Chariot - Chem - Chensit - Chenti-cheti - Chnum - Chons - Chontamenti - Cleitarchus - Clement of Alexandria - Cleopatra - Cleopatra (movie) - Cleopatra I of Egypt - Cleopatra II of Egypt - Cleopatra VII of Egypt - Cleopatra Thea - Codex Sinaiticus - Communications in Egypt - Constantin François de Chasseboeuf, Comte de Volney - Conventional Egyptian chronology - Coptic alphabet - Coptic Christianity - Coptic language - Culture of Egypt - Cyrenaica - Cyril of Alexandria
D
Dalida - David Rohl - Dedun - Demographics of Egypt - Demotic - Djebauti - Djoser - Dodi Al-Fayed - Dua - Duat - Duamutef
E
Eastern Berber languages - Economy of Egypt - Egypt - Egypt/Temp - Egyptian Campaign - Egyptian chronology - Egyptian hieroglyph - Egyptian Islamic Jihad - Egyptian language - Egyptian languages - Egyptian Museum - Egyptian mythology - Egyptian Sand Sea - Egyptian soul - Egyptology - El Alamein - El-Mahalla El-Kubra - Elephantine - Embalming - Ennead - Eratosthenes - Erwin Rommel - Etienne-Louis Malus - Euclid - Exodus
F
Farouk of Egypt - Fedayeen - First Battle of El Alamein - First dynasty of Egypt - Foreign relations of Egypt - François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers - Fuad I of Egypt - Fuad II of Egypt
G
Gama'at Islamiya - Gamal Abdel Nasser - Gaston Maspero - Gates of Cairo - Geb - Geography of Egypt - Giza - Great Pyramid of Giza
H
Hapi - Harakhti - Hathor - Hatmehit - Hatshepsut of Egypt - Hedetet - Heget - Heh - Heliopolis - Hemen - Hemsut - Hermanubis - Hesat - Heron - Hetepet - Hez-ur - Hieratic - Hieroglyph - Hike - History of Ancient Egypt - History of early Arab Egypt History of Ottoman Egypt - History of Egypt - History of Greek and Roman Egypt - History of Modern Egypt - Horus - Hosni Mubarak - Howard Carter - Hyksos
I
Ihu - Imiut - Imhotep - Immutef - Imset - Ipet - Isis - Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty - Isten
J
Jean-François Champollion - Juesaes - Junit
K
Ka - Karnak - Kebechet - Kemwer - Khem - Khentimentiu - Khepri - Kis - Kiya - Kom Ombo - KV5 - KV55 - KV62
L
Lake Mareotis - Lake Nasser - Land of Goshen - Land of Punt - Legend of Osiris and Isis - Leonardo da Vinci Art Institute - Levant - Library of Alexandria - List of cities in Egypt - List of Coptic Popes - List of Egyptians - List of Egyptian Dynasties - List of Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria - Long Range Desert Group - Luxor - Libyan Desert - Lord Carnarvon
M
Maahes - Maàt - Mafdet - Mameluks - Mark Antony - Mark the Evangelist - Mastaba - Matheos I of Alexandria - Memphis, Egypt - Mendes - Menhit - Menthu - Meret - Meretseger - Merneferre Ai - Mersa Matruh - Mesenet - Miles Lampson - Military history of Egypt during World War II - Military of Egypt - Min - Mnewer - Mohamed Al-Fayed - Mohamed ElBaradei - Mohammed Mahmoud Khalil and his Wife - Moses - Mount Sinai, Egypt - Mummy - Museum of Islamic Ceramic - Muslim Brotherhood - Mut
N
Nag Hammadi - Naguib Mahfouz - Naunet - Nebtuu - Nechmetawaj - Necho II - Neferhor - Nefertari - Nefertem - Nefertiti - Neith - Nekhbet - Nenun - Neper - Nephthys - Nepit - Neter-khertet - Nile - Nilo-Saharan languages - Nilometer - Nubia - Nubian language - Nuit - Nunet
O
Obelisk - Ogdoad - Old Kingdom - Omar Sharif - Operation Compass - Origen - Osiris - Osiris-Dionysus - Ozymandias
P
Pachet - Pachomius - Papyrus - Passage of Red Sea - Pepi II Neferkare - Petbe - Peter of Alexandria - Petesuchos - Pharaoh - Phoenix (mythology) - Pi-hahiroth - Politics of Egypt - Polybus - Port Said - Ptah - Ptolemaic Empire - Ptolemy - Ptolemy I of Egypt - Ptolemy II of Egypt - Ptolemy III of Egypt - Ptolemy IV of Egypt - Ptolemy V of Egypt - Ptolemy VI of Egypt - Ptolemy VII of Egypt - Ptolemy XII of Egypt - Ptolemy XIII of Egypt - Punt (region) - Pyramid - Pyramid of Djoser
Q
Qakare Ibi - Qattara Depression - Qetesh
R
Ra - Rahab - Ramses - Ramses I - Ramses II - Ramses III - Ramses IV - Ramses V - Ramses VI - Ramses VII - Ramses VIII - Ramses IX - Ramses X - Ramses XI - Rat-taui - Red Sea - Reformed Egyptian - Renenet - Renpet - Reret - Resheph - Richard O'Connor - Rosetta Stone - Ruti
S
Saa - Sachmet - Sahara Desert - Sai - Saqqara - Sarcophagus - Satis - Season of the Going Out - Season of the Harvest - Season of the Inundation - Seb - Sechat-Hor - Second Battle of El Alamein - Sed - Sekhmet - Senet - Sentait - Sepa - Septu - Sesmu - Set - Set (mythology) - Shai - Shait - Shardana - Shenouda III of Alexandria - Shittah-tree - Shu (Egyptian deity) - Sidi Barrani - Sinai Peninsula - Sistrum - Six-Day War - Siwa Oasis - Siwi language - Smenkhkare - Sobek - Somtus - Sopdet - Sphinx - Stargate - Stella - Suad Husni - Suez - Suez Canal - Suez Crisis - Syenite
T
Taba - Tadukhipa - Tahapanes - Taharqa - Tanis, Egypt - Taouris - Taurt - Taweret - Tefnut - Temple of Kom Ombo - Tenenit - The Ten Commandments (1956 movie) - Third dynasty of Egypt - Thomas Young - Thoth - Thutmose III of Egypt - Tirhakah - Tiy - Toeris - Transportation in Egypt - Tutankhamun
U
Umm Kulthum - Uneg - United Arab Republic - Unut - Upper and Lower Egypt - Urthekau - Uto
V
Valley of the Kings - Via della Vittoria - Via Maris
W
Wady el-'Arish - Wagh el Birket - Wepwawet - West Nile virus - Western Desert Force - William Flinders Petrie - Wosyet
X
Y
Yom Kippur War - Youssef Chahine
Z
Zagazig - Zahi Hawass - Zenenet
Working pages
List of Egypt-related topics
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of Egypt-related topics."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Ptolemy, one of Alexander the Great's generals, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC he declared himself King Ptolemy I, known as "Soter" (saviour). The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharoahs of independent Egypt. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 31 BC.
The dynastic history of Ptolemaic Egypt is very confusing, because all the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy, and because most of them married their sisters, who were usually called Cleopatra. The most famous member of the line was the last Ptolemaic queen, Cleopatra VII.
Ptolemaic rulers and consorts
The dates in brackets are regnal dates for the kings. They frequently ruled jointly with their wives, who were also their sisters. The only queen who actually exercised regal authority was Cleopatra VII (51 BC-30 BC), with her two brothers and her son as successive nominal co-rulers.
- Ptolemy I Soter (305 BC-282 BC) and Euridice I, then Berenice I
- Ptolemy II Philadelphos (282 BC-246 BC) and Arsinoe I, then Arsinoe II Philadelphos
- Ptolemy III Euergetes I (246 BC-222 BC) and Berenice II
- Ptolemy IV Philopater (222 BC-204 BC) and Arsinoe III
- Ptolemy V Epiphanes (204 BC-180 BC) and Cleopatra I
- Ptolemy VI Philometor (180 BC-164 BC, (163 BC-145 BC) and Cleopatra II
- Ptolemy VII Neos Philopater (145 BC)
- Ptolemy VIII (164 BC-163 BC, (145 BC-116 BC) and Cleopatra III Euergetes (Kokke)
- Ptolemy IX Philometor Soter II (Lathyros) (116 BC-107 BC, (88 BC-80 BC) and Cleopatra IV (also Cleopatra Selene)
- Ptolemy X Alexander I (107 BC-88 BC) and Cleopatra V Berenice II
- Ptolemy XI Alexander II (80 BC) and Cleopatra III Berenice III
- Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) (80 BC-51 BC) and Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
- Ptolemy XIII (51 BC-47 BC) and Cleopatra VII
- Ptolemy XIV (47 BC-44 BC)
- Ptolemy XV (44 BC-30 BC)
Simplified Ptolemaic family tree
Ptolemy I = Berenice I | | ----------------- | | | | Arsinoe II = Ptolemy II | | Ptolemy III = Berenice II | | ------------------ | | | | Arsinoe III = Ptolemy IV | | Cleopatra I = Ptolemy V | | --------------------------------------------- | | | | | | Ptolemy VI = Cleopatra II Ptolemy VIII = Cleopatra III | | | | ----------------------- | | | | Ptolemy VII Cleopatra III | | -------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | | Ptolemy IX (1) = Cleopatra IV Ptolemy X = (1) Cleopatra = (2) Cleopatra | = (2) | Selene | Selene | Berenice III | | | | | | | | | Berenice III Ptolemy XII = Cleopatra V | | | | Berenice III = Ptolemy XI | ----------------------------------- | | | | | | Cleopatra VII (1) = Ptolemy XIII | Julius Caesar = (2) = Ptolemy XIV | | Ptolemy XV
Related articles
- History of Greek and Roman Egypt
- Hellenistic civilization
External links
- History of the Ptolemies
- Ptolemaic genealogy
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ptolemaic dynasty."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Transportation facilities in Egypt are centered in Cairo and largely follow the pattern of settlement along the Nile. The main line of the nation's 4,800-kilometer (2,800-mi.) railway network runs from Alexandria to Aswan. The well-maintained road network has expanded rapidly to over 21,000 miles, covering the Nile Valley and Nile Delta, Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts, the Sinai, and the Western oases.Egypt Air provides reliable domestic air service to major tourist destinations from its Cairo hub, in addition to overseas routes. The Nile River system (about 1,600 km. or 1,000 mi.) and the principal canals (1,600 km.) are important locally for transportation. The Suez Canal is a major waterway of international commerce and navigation, linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea. Major ports are Alexandria, Port Said, and Damietta on the Mediterranean, and Suez and Safraga on the Red Sea.
Railways:
total: 4,955 km
standard gauge: 4,955 km 1,435-m gauge (42 km electrified; 1,560 km double track)City with underground railway system: Cairo
Highways:
total: 64,000 km
paved: 49,984 km
unpaved: 14,016 km (1996 est.)Waterways: 3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal, 193.5 km (including approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 m of water
Pipelines: crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km
Ports and harbors: Alexandria, Al Ghardaqah, Aswan, Asyut, Bur Safajah, Damietta, Marsa Matruh, Port Said, Suez
Merchant marine:
total: 180 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,348,148 GRT/2,014,483 DWT
ships by type: bulk 25, cargo 63, container 1, liquified gas 1, passenger 57, petroleum tanker 14, roll-on/roll-off 16, short-sea passenger 3 (1999 est.)Airports: 90 (1999 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 71
over 3,047 m: 12
2,438 to 3,047 m: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 4 (1999 est.)Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 19
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 9 (1999 est.)Heliports: 2 (1999 est.)
- See also : Egypt
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Transportation in Egypt."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| EG | English | Egypt | Geography |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: EgyptSynonyms: Arab Republic of Egypt (n), Egyptian Empire (n), United Arab Republic (n). (additional references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | When one is in Egypt, one should delve deeply into its treasures (The Spy Who Loved Me; writing credit: Christopher Wood) The one who I choose will be the best man to rule Egypt. I owe that to my fathers, not to my sons (The Ten Commandments; writing credit: J.H. Ingraham; A.E. Southon) Not Egypt, thank you, we tried that once and it was not a success (The Little Drummer Girl; writing credit: John Le Carré; Loring Mandel) If those tanks reach El Alamein, the Germans have Egypt. (Tobruk; writing credit: Leo Gordon) It was built to last forever like the Pyramids in Egypt. (Dark Shadows; writing credit: Seong-ho Park) | |
Lyrics | Like the lost catacombs of Egypt only God knows where we stuck it (The Bad Touch; performing artist: Bloodhound Gang) | |
Clever | Denial ain't just a river in Egypt. (references; author: Mark Twain) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Egypt by Three (1953) Little Egypt (1951) Somewhere in Egypt (1943) Porky in Egypt (1938) Charlie Chan in Egypt (1935) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | View of Cairo, Egypt from Alabaster Mosque. Credit: CDC. |  | Safsaf Oasis, Egypt. Credit: NASA. |
 | Red Sea, Egypt. Credit: NASA. |  | Cairo, Egypt. Credit: NASA. |
 | A crusader's outpost in the Northern Gulf of Aqaba south of Taba, Egypt. Credit: Small World. |  | Resort hotel at Taba, Egypt in the northern Gulf of Aqaba. Credit: Small World. |
 | B-1B from Ellsworth AFB flies over pyramids in Egypt. |  | Leavened bread has been around a long while-since the days of ancient Egypt, Babylon and Greece, in fact. Then, as now, it was made from wheat, or from a mixture of wheat and rye. The elastic gluten in wheat is essential for bread to rise. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer.. |
 | Caption: Superintendent Melvin J. Weig, Right, Presenting Edison Electromotograph to a Representative of American University, Cairo, Egypt, Harold S. Anderson, Museum Curator, at Left; West Orange, NJ; July 29, 1966; {12.450/61} (jpg). |  | In Egypt, school children are examined for streptococcal infection, which may be a warning of rheumatic fever. / WHO p. Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by D. Henrioud.. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Niagara Falls - Pharaoh Egypt" by George Shemtov Commentary: "Niagara Falls - Pharaoh Egypt ." | "Egypt in Amsterdam" by Ary Post Commentary: "A restaurant in Amsterdam." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | All property and possessions in Egypt of the German Empire and the German States pass to the Egyptian Government without payment. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | A little of Egypt and of Bohemia in the lower strata, accommodated the higher spheres, and answered the purpose of the powerful |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | In 1977, the virus was detected in Egypt (probably exported there in infected domestic animals from Sudan) and caused a large outbreak of RVF among animals and humans. (references) | |
West Nile virus was first isolated from a febrile adult woman in the West Nile District of Uganda in 1937. The ecology was characterized in Egypt in the 1950s. The virus became recognized as a cause of severe human meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the spinal cord and brain) in elderly patients during an outbreak in Israel in 1957. Equine disease was first noted in Egypt and France in the early 1960s. The appearance of WN virus in North America in 1999, with encephalitis reported in humans and horses, may be an important milestone in the evolving history of this virus. (references) | ||
Business | All major producers are represented in Egypt. (references) | |
Egypt currently has a ban on clothing imports. (references) | ||
Most major U.S. brands are represented in Egypt. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Egypt | Government censors ensure that foreign films made in the country portray Egypt in a favorable light. (references) |
Bahrain | Radio and television broadcasts in Arabic and Farsi from neighboring countries and Egypt are received without interference. (references) | |
Egypt | Some human rights groups outside Egypt believe that religion was a factor in the al-Kush murder investigation, but most human rights and Christian activists in Egypt do not. (references) | |
Economic History | Georgia | These are Austria, Bulgaria, Egypt, and Iran. (references) |
Egypt | The second stage will cover the rest of Egypt. (references) | |
Egypt | The mortgage facility in Egypt is underdeveloped. (references) | |
Human Rights | Yemen | Women's rights activists attended the program from Tunisia, Egypt, Pakistan, Malaysia, and the United States, as well as Yemen. (references) |
Yemen | The program was attended by women's rights activists from Tunisia, Egypt, Pakistan, Malaysia, and the United States, as well as Yemen. (references) | |
Minorities | Albania | The Roma, and the Egyptians, who trace their roots back to Egypt, are among the most neglected groups in the country. (references) |
Political Economy | EGYPT | At present Egypt has no direct export subsidies. (references) |
EGYPT | In 1994, Egypt adopted the Harmonized System of customs classification. (references) | |
EGYPT | In September 1998, Egypt declared that it would not sign a third program with the IMF. (references) | |
Trade | Egypt | Egypt no longer requires import licenses. (references) |
Egypt | Banks are the main source of finance for projects in Egypt. (references) | |
Egypt | Egypt requires restrictive labeling for imports of food products. (references) | |
Travel | Egypt | The workweek in Egypt is Sunday through Thursday. (references) |
Egypt | International drivers licenses are valid in Egypt. (references) | |
Egypt | Drug enforcement policies in Egypt are very strict. (references) | |
Women | Djibouti | After the 1995 U.N. Women's Conference in Cairo, Egypt, the UNFD declared that all forms of mutilation should be forbidden. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | SACRED, adj. Dedicated to some religious purpose; having a divine character; inspiring solemn thoughts or emotions; as, the Dalai Lama of Thibet; the Moogum of M'bwango; the temple of Apes in Ceylon; the Cow in India; the Crocodile, the Cat and the Onion of ancient Egypt; the Mufti of Moosh; the hair of the dog that bit Noah, etc. All things are either sacred or profane. The former to ecclesiasts bring gain; The latter to the devil appertain. Dumbo Omohundro |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Michael Chertoff | That's correct. And a lot of people consider him to be the kind of brains or the philosopher behind bin Laden's organization. He is a physician, he's from Egypt, he is someone who has been a radical terrorist for a long period of time. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | We have also taken a number of steps to strengthen our bilateral relations with both Israel and Egypt. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Egypt" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 99.95% of the time. "Egypt" is used about 2,207 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 99.95% | 2,206 | 3,984 |
| Noun (singular) | 0.05% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 2,207 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| "Egypt" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "that troubles or oppresses", "anguish". | |||
| The following table summarizes names derived from the word "Egypt". | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Meaning |
| Rahab | N/A | Biblical | Quarrelsome (applied to Egypt) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
| |||
1. Egypt, AR (town, FIPS 20920) 2. Egypt, MS |
Expressions using "Egypt": arab Republic of Egypt ♦ capital of Egypt ♦ Egypt herring ♦ Egypt Lake ♦ fleshpots of egypt ♦ New Egypt ♦ river of Egypt ♦ stream of Egypt. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "Egypt": egypt-based, Egypt-israel. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
egypt | 9,177 | flag of egypt | 140 |
cairo egypt | 2,916 | ancient egypt art | 135 |
ancient egypt | 2,493 | ancient egypt map | 119 |
sharm el sheikh egypt | 1,018 | egypt nile cruise | 105 |
egypt hotel | 754 | ancient egypt picture | 99 |
egypt tour | 634 | egypt newspaper | 87 |
alexandria egypt | 597 | new egypt nj | 87 |
hurghada egypt | 593 | egypt lyrics prince | 87 |
map of egypt | 522 | new egypt speedway | 76 |
travel to egypt | 495 | egypt information | 75 |
egypt luxor | 465 | egypt god | 73 |
pyramid of egypt | 421 | egypt miss | 72 |
egypt el giza | 387 | egypt tourism | 68 |
egypt sex | 280 | fact about egypt | 67 |
egypt air | 274 | egypt news | 66 |
aswan egypt | 263 | ancient egypt pyramid | 65 |
prince of egypt | 248 | egypt airline | 62 |
egypt picture | 241 | ancient egypt history | 62 |
history of egypt | 194 | egypt photo | 61 |
egypt telecom | 150 | egypt simbel | 61 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "Egypt"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | Egipte. (various references) | |
Albanian | Egjipt. (various references) | |
Arabic | مصر بلد. (various references) | |
Asturian | Exito. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | Египет. (various references) | |
Cebuano | Ehipto. (various references) | |
Chinese | 埃及 . (various references) | |
Czech | Egypt. (various references) | |
Danish | Egypten (Arab Republic of Egypt, The Arab Republic of Egypt), Den arabiske republik Egypten (Arab Republic of Egypt, The Arab Republic of Egypt). (various references) | |
Dutch | Egypte (Arab Republic of Egypt, The Arab Republic of Egypt). (various references) | |
Esperanto | Egiptujo, Egiptio. (various references) | |
Faeroese | Egyptaland. (various references) | |
Farsi | کشورمصر. (various references) | |
Finnish | Egypti (Arab Republic of Egypt). (various references) | |
French | Egypte (Arab Republic of Egypt, The Arab Republic of Egypt). (various references) | |
Frisian | Egypte. (various references) | |
German | Ägypten (Egypt (eg)). (various references) | |
Greek | Αραβική Δημοκρατία της Αιγύπτου (Arab Republic of Egypt), Αίγυπτοσ, Αίγυπτος (Arab Republic of Egypt). (various references) | |
Hebrew | ־צרים. (various references) | |
Hungarian | Egyiptom (et). (various references) | |
Irish | An Éigipt. (various references) | |
Italian | Egitto (Arab Republic of Egypt, The Arab Republic of Egypt). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | エコロジー運動 (ecological movement, Edison, ego, egotism, egotist, egotistic, Esaki diode, escalate, escalation, escalator, escalope, ESCAP, Eskimo, sado-masochism, Save Our Souls, science fiction, SF, shallot, sister, sketch, snail, Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, SOS). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | エジプト . (various references) | |
Korean | 이집트 (Egyptian). (various references) | |
Macedonian | Egipet. (various references) | |
Manx | Egypt, Eajipt. (various references) | |
Papiamen | Egipto. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | egyptay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | Egipto (Arab Republic of Egypt). (various references) | |
Provencal | Egipte. (various references) | |
Romanian | Egipt. (various references) | |
Russian | Египет. (various references) | |
Samoan | Aikupito. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | egipat. (various references) | |
Spanish | Egipto (Arab Republic of Egypt). (various references) | |
Swahili | Misri. (various references) | |
Swedish | Egypten (Arab Republic of Egypt). (various references) | |
Tagalog | Ehipto. (various references) | |
Thai | อียิปต์, ประเทศอียิปต์. (various references) | |
Turkish | Misir (corn, Indian corn, maize, mealies), Mısır (corn, corny, indian corn, maize, sweet corn). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | розкіш (beauty, fleshpots of egypt, luxury, magnificence), злачні місця (fleshpots of egypt). (various references) | |
Welsh | Yr Aifft. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | aegypte, aegypti, aegypto, aegyptum, Aegyptus. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Genesis Chapter 41, Verse 55 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Kai epeinasen pasa h gh aiguptou ekekraxen de o laoV proV faraw peri artwn eipen de faraw pasi toiV aiguptioiV poreuesqe proV iwshf kai o ean eiph umin poihsate |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Qua esuriente clamavit populus ad Pharaonem alimenta petens quibus ille respondit ite ad Ioseph et quicquid vobis dixerit facite |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | The peple cryede to Pharao, askynge lyuelod, to whom he answeride, Goth to Joseph, and what euere he shal seye to yow, doth. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | When now all the lande of Egipte began to hunger than cried the people to Pharao for bread. And Pharao sayde vnto all Egipte: goo vnto Ioseph and what he sayth to you that doo |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | And when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread: and Pharaoh said unto all the Egyptians, Go unto Joseph; what he saith to you, do. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | And when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread: and Pharaoh said to all the Egyptians, Go to Joseph; what he saith to you, do. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | And when all the land of Egypt was in need of food, the people came crying to Pharaoh for bread; and Pharaoh said to the people, Go to Joseph, and whatever he says to you, do it. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Genesis Chapter 41, Verse 55 |
| Cebuano | Ug sa pagbati ug gutom sa tibook nga yuta sa Egipto, ang katawohan mitu-aw kang Faraon tungod sa makaon. Ug miingon si Faraon sa tanan nga mga Egiptohanon: Pangadto kamo kang Jose; ug buhaton ninyo ang iyang igaingon kaninyo. |
| Croatian | A kad je i sva zemlja egipatska osjetila glad, puk zavapi faraonu za kruh; a faraon reèe Egipæanima: "Idite k Josipu i što god vam rekne, èinite!" |
| Danish | Så hungrede hele Ægypten; og Folket råbte til Farao om Brød; men Farao sagde til alle Ægypterne: "Gå til Josef og gør, hvad han siger eder!" |
| Dutch | Als nu gans Egypteland hongerde, riep het volk tot Farao om brood; en Farao zeide tot alle Egyptenaren: Gaat tot Jozef, doet wat hij u zegt. |
| Finnish | Mutta koko Egyptin maa näki nälkää, ja kansa huusi faraolta leipää. Silloin farao sanoi kaikille egyptiläisille: "Menkää Joosefin luo ja tehkää, mitä hän käskee teidän tehdä". |
| French | Quand tout le pays d`Égypte fut aussi affamé, le peuple cria à Pharaon pour avoir du pain. Pharaon dit à tous les Égyptiens: Allez vers Joseph, et faites ce qu`il vous dira. |
| German | Da nun das ganze Ägyptenland auch Hunger litt, schrie das Volk zu Pharao um Brot. Aber Pharao sprach zu allen Ägyptern: Gehet hin zu Joseph; was euch der sagt, das tut. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Ketika rakyat Mesir mulai menderita lapar, mereka meminta makanan kepada raja. Lalu raja menyuruh mereka pergi kepada Yusuf dan mentaati segala apa yang akan diperintahkan Yusuf kepada mereka. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Kemudian dari pada itu segala isi negeri Mesirpun kelaparanlah, lalu berserulah orang banyak itu kepada Firaun meminta makan. Maka titah Firaun kepada segala orang Mesir itu: Pergilah kamu mendapatkan Yusuf, perbuatlah olehmu akan barang yang dikatakannya kepadamu kelak. |
| Maori | Na, i te matenga o te whenua katoa o Ihipa i te kai, ka tangi te iwi ki a Parao ki te taro ma ratou: a ka mea a Parao ki nga Ihipiana katoa, Haere ki a Hohepa; me mea e koutou tana e mea ai ki a koutou. |
| Norwegian | Og da hele Egyptens land led hunger, ropte folket til Farao om brød. Da sa Farao til alle egypterne: Gå til Josef! Hvad han sier eder, skal I gjøre. |
| Rumanian | Cknd a flqmknzit, kn sfkrwit, toatq yara Egiptului, poporul a strigat la Faraon sq -i dea pkne. Faraon a spus tuturor Egiptenilor: ,,Duceyi-vq la Iosif, wi faceyi ce vq va spune el.`` |
| Swedish | Och när hela Egyptens land begynte hungra och folket ropade till Farao efter bröd, sade Farao till alla egyptier: "Gån till Josef, och gören vad han säger eder." |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "Egypt": egyptian, egyptians. (additional references) | |
| |
"Egypt" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: aegypt, Egpc, Egyspt, erypt, eygpts. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-g-p-t-y" | |
-1 letter: type. | |
-2 letters: get, gey, gyp, peg, pet, pye, teg, tye, yep, yet. | |
-3 letters: et, pe, ye. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-g-p-t-y" | |
+2 letters: gypster. | |
+3 letters: egyptian, emptying, genotype, geophyte, gypsters, logotype, pterygia, retyping. | |
+4 letters: egyptians, genotypes, genotypic, geophytes, logotypes, pageantry, petrology, phagocyte, prettying, pretyping, pterygium, pterygoid, pungently, tepefying. | |
+5 letters: decrypting, encrypting, hygrophyte, logotypies, outyelping, panegyrist, petrifying, petroglyph, phagocytes, pigmentary, plangently, pregnantly, pterygiums, pterygoids, putrefying, stupefying, telegraphy, temptingly, typologies. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Spoken | 13. Quotations: Speeches 14. Usage Frequency 15. Names: Derived from 16. Cities | 17. Expressions 18. Expressions: Internet 19. Translations: Modern 20. Translations: Ancient | 21. Bible Trace 22. Abbreviations 23. Acronyms 24. Derivations | 25. Anagrams 26. Bibliography |
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