Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Holy Spirit |
Holy SpiritNoun1. The third person in the Trinity; Jesus promised the Apostles that he would send the Holy Spirit after his Crucifixion and Resurrection; it came on Pentecost. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) the Hebrew term Ruach HaKodesh is used many times; it is translated literally as Holy Spirit. Within the Hebrew Bible its use refers to the presence of God as experienced by a human being. In Christianity the Holy Spirit is considered to be God himself, part of the Trinity.
Jewish views of the Holy Spirit
The midrash literature contains many statements about the Holy Spirit. It is written that the Holy Spirit, being of heavenly origin, is composed, like everything that comes from heaven, of light and fire. When it rested upon Phinehas his face burned like a torch (Midrash Lev. Rabbah 21). When the Temple was destroyed and the people Israel went into exile, the Holy Spirit returned to heaven; this is indicated in Eccl. 12:7: "the spirit shall return unto God" (Midrash Eccl. Rabbah 12:7). The spirit talks sometimes with a masculine and sometimes with a feminine voice (Eccl. 7:29); i.e., as the word "ruah" is both masculine and feminine, the Holy Spirit was conceived as being sometimes like a man and sometimes like a woman.
According to Jewish tradition, the Holy Spirit dwells only among a worthy generation, and the frequency of its manifestations is proportionate to the worthiness. There was no manifestation of it in the time of the Second Temple (Talmud, Yoma 21b), while there were many during the time of Elijah (Tosefta to the Talmud Sotah, 12:5). According to Job 28:25, the Holy Spirit rested upon the Prophets in varying degrees, some prophesying to the extent of one book only, and others filling two books (Midrash Lev. Rabbah 15:2). Nor did it rest upon them continually, but only for a time.
The stages of development, the highest of which is the Holy Spirit, are as follows: zeal, integrity, purity, holiness, humility, fear of sin, the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit conducts Elijah, who brings the dead to life (Yer. Shab. 3c, above, and parallel passage). The pious act through the Holy Spirit (Midrash Tanhuma, Vayeki, 14); whoever teaches the Torah in public partakes of the Holy Spirit (Midrash Canticles Rabbah 1:9, end; comp. Midrash Lev. Rabbah 35:7). When Phinehas sinned the Holy Spirit departed from him (Midrash Lev. Rabbah 37:4)
Jewish tradition divides the books of the Hebrew Bible into three categories, based on the level of prophecy that their authors are said to have reached.
The visible results of the activity of the Holy Spirit, according to the Jewish conception, are the books of the Bible, all of which have been composed under its inspiration. All the Prophets spoke "in the Holy Spirit"; and the most characteristic sign of the presence of the Holy Spirit is the gift of prophecy, in the sense that the person upon whom it rests beholds the past and the future. According to the Talmud, with the death of the last three prophets, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, the Holy Spirit ceased to manifest itself in Israel; but the Bat Kol (heavenly voice) was still available.
According to one view in the Talmud, the Holy Spirit was among the ten things that were created by God on the first day (Talmud Bavli, Hag. 12a, b). Though the nature of the Holy Spirit is really nowhere described, the name indicates that it was conceived as a kind of wind that became manifest through noise and light.
- The Torah (five books of Moses) is said to be written by Moses from a direct verbal revelation of God.
- The Nevi'im (prophets) are books written by people who received a high level of prophecy.
- The Ketuvim (writings, hagiopgrapha) are written by authors with a lesser level of prophecy known as divine inspiration, Ruach HaKodesh.
Of special interest is a distinction made by ancient Jewish authorities between the "Spirit of the Lord" (which is the most common way of referring to the Holy Spirit in the Tanach) and the Shekinah, the presence of God. This distinction is made in the Talmud, which gives a list of things found in the first Temple in Jerusalem, but missing in the second Temple. This list included the Holy Spirit and the Shekinah. The difference is not clearly understood, but it seems that the Shekinah glory was somehow more tangible than the Spirit. This may have referred to God's actual dwelling within the Holy of Holies, and God's presence emanating outward from it in a special way, as opposed to the presence of the Holy Spirit, which was in many locations throughout the world, and especially in individuals. In the Tanach, however, this indwelling of the Spirit is reserved for kings, prophets, high priests, etc. and is not given to the common believer).
In the Apocrypha
The Holy Spirit is less frequently referred to in the Apocrypha and by the Hellenistic Jewish writers; this may mean that the conception of the Holy Spirit was not prominent among the Jewish people at this time, especially in the Diaspora.
In I Maccabees 4:45, 14:41 prophecy is referred to as something long since passed. Wisdom 9:17 refers to the Holy Spirit which God sends down from heaven, whereby God's behests are recognized. The discipline of the Holy Spirit preserves from deceit (ib. i. 5). It is said in the Psalms of Solomon, 17:42, in reference to the Messiah, the son of David: "he is mighty in the Holy Spirit"; and in Susanna, 45, that "God raised up the Holy Spirit of a youth, whose name was Daniel."
Christian views of the Holy Spirit
In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit is one person of the Trinity, co-equal with the Father and the Son (i.e. Jesus Christ), a part of the Godhead. In Unitarian churches, the Jehovah's Witnesses, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and other churches that do not accept the doctrine of the Trinity, the Holy Spirit is the power or will of God, and not a separate person.
Christians believe it is the Holy Spirit who leads people to faith in Jesus Christ and the one who gives them the ability to lead a Christian life. The Spirit dwells inside every true Christian. He is depicted as a 'counsellor' or 'helper' (paraclete in Greek), guiding them in the way of the truth. The 'Fruit of the Spirit' (i.e. the results of his work) should be "love,joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control" (Galatians 5:22). The Spirit is also believed to give gifts (i.e. abilities) to Christians such as those of prophecy, tongues and knowledge, although some Christians believe that this occurred only in New Testament times.
The Pentecostal movement places special emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit, and especially on the gifts mentioned above, believing that they are still given today. Many Pentecostals believe in a 'Baptism of the Holy Spirit', in which the Spirit's power is received by the Christian in a new way. Some Pentecostal sects hold that the baptism of the Holy Spirit is the one sure sign of Christianity in a person, or conversely, that until a person has experienced this baptism of the Holy Spirit, they cannot be certain of their salvation.
The Holy Spirit is often depicted as a dove, based on the story of the Holy Spirit descending on Jesus Christ in the form of a dove when he was baptized in the Jordan. The book of Acts describes the Holy Spirit descending on the apostles at Pentecost in the form of a wind and tongues of fire resting over the apostles' heads. Based on the imagery in that account, the Holy Spirit is sometimes symbolized by a flame of fire.
In John's Gospel of the New Testament, the emphasis is placed not upon what the Holy Spirit did for Jesus, but upon Jesus giving the spirit to his disciples. This "Higher" Christology, which was the most influential in the later development of Trinity doctrine, sees Jesus as a sacrificial lamb, and as coming among men in order to grant the Spirit of God to humanity.
Although the language used to describe Jesus' receiving of the Spirit in St. John's gospel is a parallel to accounts in other Gospels, nevertheless, John reports this with the aim in view of showing that Jesus is specially in possession of the Spirit for the purpose of granting the Spirit to his followers, uniting them with Himself, and in Himself also uniting them with the Father. (See Raymond Brown, "The Gospel According to John", chapter on Pneumatology). In John, the gift of the Spirit is equivalent to eternal life, knowledge of God, power to obey, and communion with one another and with the Father.
The Holy Spirit is sometimes referred to as the Holy Ghost (the name used in the King James Version of the Bible), particularly by conservative Pentecostal groups and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The usage was also common in previous centuries.
According to dispensationalism, we are now living in the Age of the Spirit. The Old Testament period, under this view, may be called the Age of the Father; the period covered by the Gospels, the Age of the Son; from Pentecost until the second advent of Christ, the Age of the Spirit.
The Gender of the Holy Spirit
The Biblical Hebrew word for spirit is ruwach, meaning wind, breath, inspiration; the noun is grammatically feminine. In the "Odes of Solomon'; the oldest surviving Christian hymnal, the Holy Spirit is grammatically female. The Greek word for spirit, 'pneuma', has no grammatical gender. The Holy Spirit is translated in masculine terms only in languages such as Latin and English.
See the article God and gender for a discussion of how to translate the names of God into English, male and female aspects of the Holy Spirit, and related issues.
See also: God, Revelation, Pneumatology
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Holy Spirit."
Synonym: Holy SpiritSynonym: Holy Ghost (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Deity | God the Holy Ghost, The Holy Spirit, Paraclete; The Comforter, The Spirit of Truth, The Dove. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Holy Spirit |
| English words defined with "Holy Spirit": Dove plant ♦ Effectual calling ♦ Holy Ghost ♦ Montanist ♦ Obsignation ♦ Paraclete, Pentecost, Procession of the Holy Ghost ♦ Sanctifier ♦ Tritheism ♦ Whitsunday. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "Holy Spirit": Tongues, Gift of. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "Holy Spirit": simony. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I don't believe that the Holy Spirit is a dove (The Others; writing credit: Alejandro Amenábar) Lord, place the steel of the Holy Spirit in my spine and the love of the Virgin Mary in my heart (Gangs of New York; writing credit: Jay Cocks) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Friedrich Nietzsche | A sedentary life is the real sin against the Holy Spirit. Only those thoughts that come by walking have any value. |
St. Augustine | O Holy Spirit, descend plentifully into my heart. Enlighten the dark corners of this neglected dwelling and scatter there Thy cheerful beams. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Civil Liberties | Singapore | The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity, also known as the Unification Church, was dissolved in 1982 by the Minister for Home Affairs. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Sylvia Browne | You can mentally do that. You can say tonight when I go to bed, may the white light of the holy spirit surround me, and may I want her out of my dream, because I want her to quit riding me all the time. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Expressions using "Holy Spirit": Holy Spirit plant ♦ the holy spirit. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "Holy Spirit"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | fryma e shenjtë. (various references) | |
Arabic | روح قدس. (various references) | |
Finnish | pyhä henki (the Holy Spirit). (various references) | |
French | saint esprit (holly ghost). (various references) | |
Greek | άγιο πνεύμα. (various references) | |
Hungarian | szentlélek (holy ghost). (various references) | |
Manx | Spyrryd Noo (Holy Ghost). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | olyhay iritspay.(various references) | |
Russian | Святой "ух. (various references) | |
Turkish | ruh-ül kudüs, kutsal ruh (holy ghost). (various references) | |
Welsh | Ysbryd Gla+n. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | flamen. (various references) |
| Avestan | 200-600 | speñtâ-mainyûm, speñtô-mainyaom. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Acts Chapter 2, Verse 4 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Kai eplhsqhsan apanteV pneumatoV agiou kai hrxanto lalein eteraiV glwssaiV kaqwV to pneuma edidou autoiV apofqeggesqai |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Et repleti sunt omnes Spiritu Sancto et coeperunt loqui aliis linguis prout Spiritus Sanctus dabat eloqui illis |
| Old English | 990 | West Saxon | Hiera eall wæron mid Haligum Gaste gefylled and ongunnon þær to sprecenne oðernum reordum swa Gast hit him gæf. |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | And alle weren fillid with the Hooli Goost, and thei bigunnen to speke diuerse langagis, as the Hooli Goost yaf to hem for to speke. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | And they were all filled with the holy goost and beganne to speake with other tonges even as the sprete gave them vtteraunce. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit, and began to speak in other languages, as the Spirit gave them utterance. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | And they were all full of the Holy Spirit, and were talking in different languages, as the Spirit gave them power. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Acts Chapter 2, Verse 4 |
| Albanian | Kështu të gjithë u mbushën me Frymën e Shenjtë dhe filluan të flasin në gjuhë të tjera, ashtu si Fryma e Shenjtë ua jepte të shpreheshin. |
| Cebuano | Ug silang tanan napuno sa Espiritu Santo ug misugod sila sa pagsulti sa nagkalainlaing mga pinulongan, sumala sa ipalitok kanila sa Espiritu. |
| Croatian | Svi se napuniše Duha Svetoga i poèeše govoriti drugim jezicima, kako im veæ Duh davaše zboriti. |
| Danish | Og de bleve alle fyldte med den Helligånd, og de begyndte at tale i andre Tungemål, efter hvad Ånden gav dem at udsige. |
| Dutch | En zij werden allen vervuld met den Heiligen Geest, en begonnen te spreken met andere talen, zoals de Geest hun gaf uit te spreken. |
| Finnish | Ja he tulivat kaikki Pyhällä Hengellä täytetyiksi ja alkoivat puhua muilla kielillä, sen mukaan mitä Henki heille puhuttavaksi antoi. |
| French | Et ils furent tous remplis du Saint Esprit, et se mirent parler en d`autres langues, selon que l`Esprit leur donnait de s`exprimer. |
| German | und sie wurden alle voll des Heiligen Geistes und fingen an, zu predigen mit anderen Zungen, nach dem der Geist ihnen gab auszusprechen. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Mereka semua dikuasai oleh Roh Allah, dan mulai berbicara dalam bermacam-macam bahasa lain. Mereka berbicara menurut apa yang diberikan oleh Roh itu kepada mereka untuk diucapkan. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Maka mereka itu sekalian pun penuh dengan Rohulkudus, sehingga mereka itu mulai berkata-kata dengan berbagai-bagai bahasa, sebagaimana yang diilhamkan oleh Roh kepadanya akan bertutur. |
| Italian | ed essi furono tutti pieni di Spirito Santo e cominciarono a parlare in altre lingue come lo Spirito dava loro il potere d'esprimersi. |
| Maori | Na ki katoa ratou i te Wairua Tapu, a ka timata te korero, rere ke ana nga reo, rite tonu ki ta te Wairua i hoatu ai ki a ratou kia korerotia. |
| Norwegian | Da blev de alle fylt med den Hellige Ånd, og de begynte å tale med andre tunger, alt efter som Ånden gav dem å tale. |
| Portuguese | E todos ficaram cheios do Espírito Santo, e começaram a falar noutras línguas, conforme o Espírito lhes concedia que falassem. |
| Rumanian | Wi toyi s`au umplut de Duh Sfknt, wi au knceput sq vorbeascq kn alte limbi, dupq cum le da Duhul sq vorbeascq. |
| Shuar | Tuma asamtai Yusa Wakaní Ashí ni Enentáin pimiutkarmiayi. Túram chichasarat tusa Yusa Wakaní ni nekatairi Súsarmiayi. Tuma asamtai nujai niisha Chíkich chichaman chichasarmiayi. |
| Spanish | Todos fueron llenos del Espíritu Santo y comenzaron a hablar en distintas lenguas, como el Espíritu les daba que hablasen. |
| Swahili | Wote wakajazwa Roho Mtakatifu, wakaanza kusema lugha mbalimbali kadiri Roho alivyowawezesha. |
| Swedish | Och de blevo alla uppfyllda av helig ande och begynte tala andra tungomål, efter som Anden ingav dem att tala. |
| Uma | Ngkai ree, nakuasai omea-ramo Inoha' Tomoroli', pai' ntepu'u-ramo mololita hante basa-basa to ko'ia ra'incai, ntuku' to napopolibu' -raka Inoha' Tomoroli'. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Misspellings | |
"Holy Spirit" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: holy spiritt. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "h-i-i-l-o-p-r-s-t-y" | |
-2 letters: pilosity, sportily, tripolis. | |
-3 letters: history, horsily, phytols, piosity, pithily, prosily, protyls, shilpit, shortly, tipsily, tripoli. | |
-4 letters: holist, hostly, liroth, lithos, lyrist, phytol, pilots, pistil, pistol, polish, polity, portly, poshly, prosit, protyl, pylori, ripost, ropily, rosily, shirty, shorty, spilth, spirit, spoilt, sporty, stripy, thiols, thirls, thorps, thrips, thyrsi, toyish, triols, triply, tripos, trophy, yirths. | |
| Words containing the letters "h-i-i-l-o-p-r-s-t-y" | |
+1 letter: lithotripsy. | |
+2 letters: polyhistoric. | |
+4 letters: aphoristically, hypocoristical, peritrichously, praiseworthily, pyelonephritis. | |
+5 letters: diastrophically, hyperinflations, hypermobilities, hypersalivation, hypervelocities, prehistorically. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Quotations: Familiar 8. Quotations: Non-fiction | 9. Quotations: Spoken 10. Expressions 11. Expressions: Internet 12. Translations: Modern | 13. Translations: Ancient 14. Bible Trace 15. Derivations 16. Anagrams | 17. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
