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Definition: Argument |
ArgumentNoun1. A fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true; "it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true". 2. A dispute where there is strong disagreement; "they were involved in a violent argument". 3. A discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal; "the argument over foreign aid goes on and on". 4. A summary of the subject or plot of a literary work or play or movie; "the editor added the argument to the poem". 5. A variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value determines the dependent variable; if f(x)=y, x is the independent variable. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "argument" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1120. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Argument |
19th Century Satire | Breaking and entering the ear, assault and battery on the brain and disturbing the peace. Source: Foolish Dictionary, 1904. |
Aerospace | In astronomy, an angle or arc, as in argument of perigee . (references) |
Geography | The geocentric angle of a satellite or its perigee measured in the orbital plane from the ascending node in the direction of motion. Source: European Union. (references) |
Space | Angular distance. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
An argument is an attempt to provide a compelling, rigorous demonstration of the truth of a conclusion, based on the truth of any number of premises. If the argument is valid, the premises together entail or imply the conclusion.
- In mathematics, argument is used in two senses:
- Informally, the term is sometimes used instead of parameter or independent variable for a value on which the value of a function depends. So if f(x) is the value of a function, x is the argument.
- In complex analysis, the argument or complex argument of a complex number is one component of the mod-arg form of that number. See complex number.
- In computer science, an argument is an informal term for actual parameter, which can be variable or value passed into a function, subroutine, or computer program. The usage is analogous to that in mathematics.
The ways in which arguments go wrong fall into certain patterns, called logical fallacies, meaning false notation of logic.
In mathematics, an argument can be formalized using symbolic logic of discrete mathematics. In that case, an argument is seen as an ordered list of statements, each one of which is either one of the premises or derivable from the combination of some subset of the preceding statements and one or more axiom. The last statement in the list is the conclusion.
Often, however, arguments are much more informal. Often the logical relationship between the premises and the conclusion is not explicitly stated, and sometimes the conclusion itself is not stated either, but left to the reader to supply.
The sorts of arguments used in philosophy are of a very interesting character, studied in many various ways by many philosophers in their writings about meta-philosophy.
In recent decades one of the more influential discussions of philosophical arguments is that by the prolific University of Pittsburgh philosophy professor Nicholas Rescher in his book The Strife of Systems. Rescher models philosophical problems on what he calls aporia or an aporetic cluster: a set of statements, each of which has initial plausibility but which are jointly inconsistent. The only way to solve the problem, then, is to reject one of the statements. If this is correct, it constrains how philosophical arguments are formulated.
Arguments vs. explanations
There are other kinds of sets of statements besides arguments, such as explanations. Logic does not, except in its applications, concern itself with explanations. For example, suppose James offers an explanation for why there are tides: he talks about the gravitational effect of the Moon and the Sun on the oceans, and so on. That is not an argument; it is an explanation. In that case, James explains why there are tides. He is not trying to convince anyone that there are tides. It is already agreed that there are tides. The question the explanation answers is why there are.
On the other hand, suppose the response to James was "I don't believe you, everybody knows that tides are caused by Poseidon". He could respond by collecting information, such as the position of the moon and sun and the height of the tide and using this to show why he is more likely correct. Then he will have produced an argument, irrespective of whether he manages to convince anybody.
The difference between an argument and an explanation should be clear. On the one hand, the function or purpose of an argument is to convince people who might be doubting the conclusion. On the other hand, the function or purpose of an explanation is to give the cause of some phenomenon which we observe, or are willing to assume actually occurs. To put it even more briefly, the purpose of an argument is to persuade, while the purpose of an explanation is to explain.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Argument."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A parameter is a measurement or value on which something else depends.For example, a parametric equaliser is a tone control circuit that allows the frequency of maximum cut or boost to be set by one control, and the size of the cut or boost by another. These settings, the frequency and level of the peak or trough, are two of the parameters of a frequency response curve, and in a two-control equaliser they completely describe the curve. More elaborate parametric equalisers may allow other parameters to be varied, such as skew. These parameters each describe some aspect of the response curve seen as a whole, over all frequencies. By way of contrast, a graphic equaliser provides individual level controls for various frequency bands, each of which acts only on that particular frequency band.
In mathematics there is little difference in meaning between parameter and argument of a function. It is usually a matter of convention (and therefore a historical accident) whether some or all the arguments of a function are called parameters. The best way to explain this is to illustrate it with examples.
In computing the parameters passed to a function subroutine are more normally called arguments.
In logic the parameters passed to (or operated on by) an open predicate are called variables.
Analytic geometry
In analytic geometry, curves are often given as the image of some function. The argument of the function is invariably called "the parameter". A circle of radius 1 centered at the origin can be specified in more than one form:
- "implicit" form
- "parametric" form
where t is the "parameter".
Mathematical analysis
In mathematical analysis, one often considers "integrals dependent on a parameter". These are of the form
Now, if we performed the substitution x=g(y), it would be called a "change of variable".
Probability theory
In probability theory, one may describe the distribution of a random variable as belonging to a family of probability distributions, distinguished from each other by the values of a finite number of parameters. For example, one talks about "a Poisson distribution with mean value λ", or "a normal distribution with mean μ and variance σ2". The latter formulation and notation leaves some ambiguity whether σ or σ2 is the second parameter; the distinction is not always relevant.
It is possible to use the sequence of moments (mean, mean square, ...) or cumulants (mean, variance, ...) as parameters for a probability distribution.
Statistics
In statistics, the probability framework above still holds, but attention shifts to estimating the parameters of a distribution based on observed data, or testing hypotheses about them. In classical estimation these parameters are considered "fixed but unknown", but in Bayesian estimation they are random variables with distributions of their own.
Statistics are mathematical characteristics of samples which are used as estimates of parameters, mathematical characteristics of the populations from which the samples are drawn. For example, the sample mean () is an estimate of the mean parameter (μ) of the population from which the sample was drawn.
Computer
On the computer, parameters are used to differentiate behavior or pass input data to computer programs or their subprograms. See parameter for detail.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Parameter."
Synonyms: ArgumentSynonyms: arguing (n), contention (n), contestation (n), controversy (n), debate (n), independent variable (n), literary argument (n), statement (n), tilt (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Demonstration | Logic of facts; (evidence); experimentum crucis; (test); argument; rigorous establishment, absolute establishment. |
Idea | Subject, subject matter; matter, theme, gr/noemata/gr, topic, what it is about, thesis, text, business, affair, matter in hand, argument; motion, resolution; head, chapter; case, point; proposition, theorem; field of inquiry; moot point, problem; (question). |
Imagination | Matter; subject, subject matter; argument, text, sum and substance. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | That's hardly an argument. (Doctor Who; writing credit: Basil Caplan; Martin Defalco) It appears our argument has been settled for us. (Shadow Raiders; writing credit: Christy Marx; Katherine Lawrence) What? I came here for an argument! (Monty Python's Flying Circus; writing credit: Douglas Adams; Graham Chapman) When the lion invites the mouse to a disputation, your majesty, the mouse, however fond he may be of arguing, would do well to avoid the disputation if he can; for the poor mouse does not know which to fear most: losing the argument or winning it. (The Disputation; writing credit: Hyam Maccoby) Just having a friendly little argument, mate (The Great Escape; writing credit: James Clavell) | |
Lyrics | Had a fall out, disagreement, yeah an argument (O.P.P.; performing artist: Naughty By Nature) I believe the sun should never set upon an argument (Affirmation; performing artist: Savage Garden) | |
Clever | You will never win an argument concerning religion. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Argument (1972) An Argument About a Marriage (1969) The Argument (1918) A Strong Argument (1915) | |
Song Titles | Argument (performing artist: Monty Python) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | The Argument of the Frontispiece. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Argument of the chivalry. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Mr. Wilkie's argument for changing horses in midstream. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Right in the middle of an argument. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Title page of An argument in the case of James Sommersett ... Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Shenandoah, Pennsylvania. Two miners in Filipek's bar having an argument. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Borrow and buy The time for argument has passed--The time for action has arrived. Credit: Library of Congress. | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Daniel Webster | Keep cool; anger is not an argument. |
Ibycus | An argument needs no reason, nor a friendship. |
Jean De La Fontaine | The argument of the strongest is always the best. |
Jonathan Swift | Argument is the worst sort of conversation. |
Penny Press | A single fact will often spoil an interesting argument. |
Petrarch | Who overrefines his argument brings himself to grief. |
Rufus Choate | Neither irony nor sarcasm is argument. |
Sophocles | The truth is always the strongest argument. |
W. G. T. Shedd | Clear statement is argument. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | Though it be a sufficient answer to their objection, to shew that it involves them in the same difficulties that it doth those they use it against; yet I shall endeavour to discover the weakness of this argument a little farther. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 | The cases are restored to the docket for further argument on specified questions relating to the forms of the decrees. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | As far as good intentions went, we were both right, and I must say that no effects on my side of the argument have yet proved wrong |
After Three Days | Carroll, Lewis | The aged brows were bent, Bent to a frown, half thought, and half annoy, That all their stores of subtlest argument Were baffled by a boy. |
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy | Douglas Adams | It could not have evolved by chance. It proves you exist, and so therefore, by your own argument you don't |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | They had no argument, no system, nothing but their numbers and their needs |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Although some claims have been made that people with ADRD, even in advanced stages, can at the very least be as effectively managed in assisted living settings as in nursing homes (Brown et al., 1993), there is as yet no empirical evidence to assess the effectiveness of such care for people with ADRD. A strong case can be made that by providing separate accommodations for clients, assisted living provides a prima facie argument for improving the quality of life for cognitively intact people who may share the same facility with people with ADRD and may offer an environment to allow people with ADRD to function without the need for as many external controls. (references) | |
Business | Resting solely on the argument of heightening professional performance, psychological services or even pragmatic seminars would be highly appealing to MNC and diplomatic circles which station long-term personnel in China. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Armenia | Makeyan refused to go and asked for a warrant; the verbal argument quickly turned into a fistfight, after which Makeyan and the officers left together. (references) |
Malaysia | In November 2000, the Shari'a high court in the state of Kelantan sentenced four persons to 3 years in jail for disregarding a lower court order to "recant" their allegedly heretical Islamic beliefs and "return to the true teachings of Islam." The High Court rejected their argument that Shari'a law had no jurisdiction over them because they had ceased to be Muslims. (references) | |
Economic History | Pakistan | Subsequent Soviet arms sales to India, amounting to billions of dollars on concessional terms, reinforced this argument. (references) |
Human Rights | Cameroon | An argument ensued, and the gendarme shot Sanda. (references) |
Cameroon | The appeals court based its decision on the argument that Captain Engola reacted to provocation; Engola was released after the decision. (references) | |
Nicaragua | On June 12, police officer Miguel Angel Zapata Gomez shot and wounded his neighbor, Bartolo Perez Rodriguez during an argument in Boaco. (references) | |
Minorities | Hong Kong | In August, the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination expressed its concern about "the continuous absence of legal provisions protecting persons from racial discrimination to which they may be subjected by private persons, groups or organizations." The Committee rejected the Government's argument that such laws should not be initiated just because they might not be supported by society as a whole. (references) |
Nigeria | There were no developments in the following 2000 incidents of interreligious violence: 18 persons were killed in the Bambam community of southern Gombe State when Christians attacked Muslims; approximately 200 persons were killed in Nayari, Kaduna State, when Christians rioted after finding the body of a person whom they believed to have been a Christian killed by Muslims; 1 person was killed in Borno State following an argument over the location of a church; 1 church was burned and 2 were vandalized in Sokoto following a pro-Shari'a rally by university students. (references) | |
Women | Syria | For example, husbands may claim adultery as grounds for divorce, but wives face more difficulty in presenting the same argument. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | TRIAL, n. A formal inquiry designed to prove and put upon record the blameless characters of judges, advocates and jurors. In order to effect this purpose it is necessary to supply a contrast in the person of one who is called the defendant, the prisoner, or the accused. If the contrast is made sufficiently clear this person is made to undergo such an affliction as will give the virtuous gentlemen a comfortable sense of their immunity, added to that of their worth. In our day the accused is usually a human being, or a socialist, but in mediaeval times, animals, fishes, reptiles and insects were brought to trial. A beast that had taken human life, or practiced sorcery, was duly arrested, tried and, if condemned, put to death by the public executioner. Insects ravaging grain fields, orchards or vineyards were cited to appeal by counsel before a civil tribunal, and after testimony, argument and condemnation, if they continued in contumaciam the matter was taken to a high ecclesiastical court, where they were solemnly excommunicated and anathematized. In a street of Toledo, some pigs that had wickedly run between the viceroy's legs, upsetting him, were arrested on a warrant, tried and punished. In Naples and ass was condemned to be burned at the stake, but the sentence appears not to have been executed. D'Addosio relates from the court records many trials of pigs, bulls, horses, cocks, dogs, goats, etc., greatly, it is believed, to the betterment of their conduct and morals. In 1451 a suit was brought against the leeches infesting some ponds about Berne, and the Bishop of Lausanne, instructed by the faculty of Heidelberg University, directed that some of "the aquatic worms" be brought before the local magistracy. This was done and the leeches, both present and absent, were ordered to leave the places that they had infested within three days on pain of incurring "the malediction of God." In the voluminous records of this cause celebre nothing is found to show whether the offenders braved the punishment, or departed forthwith out of that inhospitable jurisdiction. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Dan Rather | I was in the minority. I thought the economy should be the lead, but I saw the strength of the other argument and we lead with the investigative story. |
John McCain | There's a clause in the United Nations charter that every nation has a right of self-defense. I believe you can make the argument that Saddam Hussein is a clear and present danger to the United States of America. |
Rush Limbaugh | The argument that money corrupts just by being there is the same argument the campaign finance reform clowns make. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | Argument can scarcely be necessary to show that a measure of this character ought not to receive further legislative encouragement. |
Gerald Ford | 1974-1977 | The answer to where we stand on our national energy effort today reminds me of the old argument about whether the tank is half full or half empty. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Well, I don't believe we should buy their argument. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Argument" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.93% of the time. "Argument" is used about 8,264 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.93% | 8,258 | 1,173 |
| Noun (common) | 0.07% | 6 | 143,867 |
| Total | 100.00% | 8,264 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "argument": amenable to argument ♦ close argument ♦ cogent argument ♦ dummy argument ♦ embroil a person in an argument ♦ for the sake of argument ♦ force of argument ♦ have the best of the argument ♦ his argument was demolished by new evidence ♦ ironclad argument ♦ it is beyond argument ♦ knock the bottom out of an argument ♦ linear argument ♦ literary argument ♦ logical argument ♦ persuasive argument ♦ positive argument ♦ reasonable argument ♦ sound argument ♦ specious argument ♦ strength of an argument ♦ strong argument ♦ substantial argument ♦ tear an argument to shreds ♦ tu quoque argument ♦ weak argument. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "argument": argument-free, Argument-siebert, argument-stopper. | |
Ending with "argument": counter-argument. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "argument"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | argument (plea, quarrel). (various references) | |
Albanian | arsye (account, cause, consideration, justice, justification, matter, motivation, motive, nous, occasion, place, plea, reason, sense, spring, why), argument (point, proof), arësye (account, cause, consideration, justice, justification, matter, motivation, motive, nous, occasion, place, plea, reason, sense, spring, why), temë (burden, heading, subject, subject matter, theme, topic), përmbledhje (abridgement, abridgment, abstract, budget, compendium, condensation, corpus, Garland, Miscellanea, miscellany, peroration, precis, reader, summary, summing up, synopsis), ide kryesore (keynote), diskutim (argumentation, assessment, canvass, contest, contestation, debate, deliberation, discussion, disputation, dispute, eristic, logomachy, talk, treatment). (various references) | |
Arabic | منازعة, مرافعة (argumentation, defence, pleading), نقاش حوار (debate, symposium), حجة (allegation, case, document, excuse, instrument, plea, pretence, pretension, pretext, proofing, reasoning), خصام (contention, contest, contestation, dispute, quarrel, row, ruction, squabble, war), جدال (altercation, argute, controversy, debate, dispute), برهان (attestation, confirmation, evidence, proof, proofing, reasoning, substantiation, testimonial, testimony, warranty). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | спор (altercation, argumentation, contention, contest, contestation, controversy, difference, ding-dong, disputation, dispute, dissension, fight, jar, polemic, rift, run in, strife, variance, velitation, word, words), резюме (abridgement, abstract, analysis, capsule, conspectus, digest, epitome, memorandum, precis, recap, recapitulation, round up, run down, summary, synopsis), тема (area, chapter, message, motif, motive, subject, subject matter, text, theme, topic), аргумент (reason), полемика (controversy, dispute, polemic, polemics), довод (persuasive, plea, reason). (various references) | |
Chinese | 论据, 論點 (line of reasoning, point, thesis), "理 (basis, justification, principle, reason, sense), 爭論 (contention, controversy, debate, to argue, to contend, to debate). (various references) | |
Czech | argument (plea), spor (clash, conflict, contention, controversy, disagreement, discord, dispute, fight, fray, litigation, quarrel, strife, wrangle), polemika (dispute, polemic), pře (plea, squabble), hádka (altercation, brawl, brush, bust up, ding-dong, dispute, fight, hassle, quarrel, row, scrap, set to, skirmish, squabble, strife, wrangle), debata (debate, discussion, disputation, moot, talk), dùvod (cause, grounds, matter, occasion, reason). (various references) | |
Danish | argument (independent variable), uafhængig variabel (independent variable), søgeargument, bevis (plea, proof, sign, token). (various references) | |
Dutch | argument (plea). (various references) | |
Esperanto | argumento (plea). (various references) | |
Faeroese | próvgrund (plea). (various references) | |
Finnish | perustelu (line of argument, plea). (various references) | |
French | argument, débat (argumentation). (various references) | |
Frisian | argumint (plea). (various references) | |
German | argument (case, plea), Diskussion (debate, discussion, diskussion), beweisgrund (plea), Auseinandersetzung (analysis, clash, confrontation, contention, debate, difference, discussion, dispute, hassle, partition, quarrel). (various references) | |
Greek | επιχείρημα, λογομαχία (altercation, cross talk, disputation, exchange, wrangle). (various references) | |
Hebrew | מופע (amplitude, appearance, phase), ויכוח (debate), וכוח (altercation, argumentation, contention, controversy, debate, discussion, disputation, moot, polemic), קושי" (awkward problem, difficulty, poser, question), טעון (burdening, fraught, laden, loaded, needing, pleading, reasoning, requiring, shearling), טע " (assertion, claim, plea, pleading, proposition), סכסוך (altercation, conflict, dispute, feud, quarrel, strife), מוק (ground, reason, reasoning). (various references) | |
Hungarian | érv (clinker, corker, plea), vita (battle of words, contention, contest, controversy, debate, discussion, disputation, dispute, hassle, moot, parley, polemics, quarrel, reasoning, snap), érvelés (argumentation, reasoning), szóváltás (hassle, squabble), okoskodás (circularity). (various references) | |
Indonesian | argumen, uraian alasan, percekcokan (brawl, fuss, quarrel), perbalahan. (various references) | |
Italian | argomento (arg, case, copy, matter, object, plea, point, question, reason, subject, text, theme, topic). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 立論 , 小競合い (quarrel, skirmish), 引き数 (G n), 引数 (G n), 弁論 (debate, discussion), 弁論 (debate, discussion), 意見書 (opinion in writing, written opinion), わが国 (arc, architecture, archive, archiver, argyle, argyle check, be excited, bustling, creepy crawly, get nervous, hiragana for "we", hiragana for "wi", our country, our land, shuffling, slit, squirming, tremble, vagina, vulva), 争論 (controversy, dispute), 議論 (discussion, dispute), 理路 (logic, reasoning), 言い争い (a quarrel), 論 (comment, controversy, debate, discourse, discussion, dispute, doctrine, essay, theory, treatise), 論判 (disputation), 論弁 , 論陣 , 議論 (discussion, dispute), 争奪戦 (competition, contest, struggle). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | いけ"しょ (opinion in writing, written opinion), ろ" (comment, controversy, debate, discourse, discussion, dispute, doctrine, essay, theory, treatise), ろ"じ", ろ"ぱ" (disputation), ろ"べ", りろ (logic, reasoning), アーギュメント , "ぜりあい (brief argument, exchange of words, quarrel, skirmish), ぎろ" (discussion, dispute), い"すう (factor, G n), いいあらそい (a quarrel), べ"ろ" (debate, discussion), ひきすう (G n), そう つせ" (competition, contest, struggle), そうろ" (controversy, dispute, general remarks), りつろ". (various references) | |
Korean | 논쟁 (barney, Contention, Contestation, Controversial, Controversies, Controversy, Wrangle, Wrangling). (various references) | |
Manx | ym-resoon, resooney (argue, debate, deduction, dialectic, dialectics, reason, reasoning, remonstrate), mwannalys (contact, necking), gabberaght, chengleyrys (babbling, jabber, talkativeness, wrangle), argane (dispute). (various references) | |
Papiamen | argumento (plea). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | argumentay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | argumento (fable, fairytale, plea, subject-matter, topic). (various references) | |
Romanian | argument (con, reason, settler), tezã (dissertation, paper, script, thesis), rezumat (abridgement, abridgment, abstract, brief, capsule, compendium, conclusion, digest, docket, epitome, recapitulation, resume, sketch, summary, synopsis), raţionament (ratiocination, rationality, reasoning), probã (alloy, assay, attempt, audition, check up, control, event, examination, exemplar, go, instance, pattern, probation, proof, sample, specimen, test, trial, try, verification, witness), pertractare (debating), gâlceavã (feud, quarrel), dovadã (certificate, demonstration, document, eduction, evidence, example, exercise, instance, Mark, patent, proof, seal, sign, token, vestige, witness), discuţie (altercation, argumentation, canvass, confabulation, conversation, counsel, debate, dialogue, discourse, discussion, dispute, quarrel, reasoning, row, splutter, talk), controversã (contention, contest, controversy, debate, disputation, dispute). (various references) | |
Russian | аргумент (arg, plea). (various references) | |
Scottish | argumaid. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | argument (contention, topic), rasprava (disagreement, discussion, disputation, dispute, polemic, question, thesis, tract, treatise, wrangle), dokaz (evidence, proof), diskusija (controversy, discussion). (various references) | |
Spanish | argumento (action, ammunition, arg, plea, plot, scenario, story), discusión (agitation, argumentation, cample, conference, controversy, debate, discussion, disputation, dispute, haggling). (various references) | |
Swedish | argument (arguments, contention), skäl (cause, ground, motive, reason, wherefores). (various references) | |
Thai | เหตุผล (logic), การโต้แย้ง, ข้อพิสูจน์, ข้อคิ"เห็นที่แส"งออกมา. (various references) | |
Turkish | tartışma (altercation, argumentation, bickering, brawl, breeze, broil, bust up, contention, contest, contestation, controversy, cross talk, debate, disagreement, discussion, disputation, dispute, hassle, jangle, moot, parley, quarrel, rap, row, set to, shooting match, spar, sparring, teach-in, wordy warfare, wrangle), savunma (advocacy, apologia, apology, defence, defending, defense, defensive, hearing, justification, plea, pleadings, rampart, self defence, self-defense, speech, vindication), münakaşa (altercation, argumentation, bickering, disputation, dispute, hassle, spat), konu (affair, business, head, heading, issue, matter, point, Res, shebang, subject, subject matter, text, theme, thing, topic), kanıt (averment, case, confirmation, convincing proof, demonstration, evidence, proof, supporting document), iddia (allegation, assertion, asseveration, averment, bet, charge, claim, contention, contest, information, pleading, pretence, pretense, pretension, protestation, say so, submission), işlenen konu, görüş (apprehension, aspect, case, concept, conviction, estimation, eye, feeling, genius, horizon, idea, interest, notion, opinion, optical, outlook, position, sentiments, sight, thought, view, vision, visual), delil (averment, case, document, earnest, evidence, proof, supporting document, voucher). (various references) | |
Turkmen | tutaryk, jedel (debate), dawa (conflict). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | спірка, короткий зміст (short), аргументація (argumentation, case, reasoning), аргумент (reason), доказ (attest, authority, averment, clue, confirmation, document, eviction, evidence, probate, proof, substantiation, testimony, witness), довід (proof), дискусія (controversy, debate, deliberation, discussion). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | lý lẽ sự tranh cãi. (various references) | |
Welsh | ymresymiad (reasoning), dadl (controversy, debate, doubt, plea). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Sumerian | 3100 BCE-2500 BCE | adamen. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | argûmentum, disputatio, disputationi, perurguebant, perurguebat, perurguente, perurguere, urgeat, urget, urguebant, urguebantque, urguebat, urguerent, urgueret, urgues, ursi. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Mark Chapter 12, Verse 28 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Kai proselqwn eiV twn grammatewn akousaV autwn suzhtountwn eidwV oti kalwV autoiV apekriqh ephrwthsen auton poia estin prwth paswn entolh |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Et accessit unus de scribis qui audierat illos conquirentes et videns quoniam bene illis responderit interrogavit eum quod esset primum omnium mandatum |
| Old English | 990 | West Saxon | Þa ge-nehlahte him an of þambokeren þe ge-herde hyo smegende.& ge-seah þt he heom wel andswerede.& acxode hine hwæt wære ealre be-bodemæst. |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | And oon of the scribis, that hadde herde hem dispuytynge togidir, cam nyy, and saiy that Jhesus had wel answeride hem, and axide hym, which was the firste maundement of alle. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | And ther came one of the scribes that had hearde them disputynge to gedder and perceaved that he had answered them well and axed him: Which is the fyrste of all the commaundemetes? |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | And one of the scribes came, and having heard them reasoning together, and perceiving that he had answered them well, asked him, Which is the first commandment of all? |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | And one of the scribes came, and having heard them reasoning together, and perceiving that he had answered them well, asked him, Which is the first commandment of all? |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | And one of the scribes came, and hearing their argument together, and seeing that he had given them a good answer, put the question to him, Which law is the first of all? |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Mark Chapter 12, Verse 28 |
| Cebuano | ¶ Ug miduol ang usa sa mga escriba ug nakadungog kanila nga naglantugi, ug sa iyang pagkakita nga maayo ang pagkatubag niya kanila, siya nangutana kaniya, "Unsa man ang sugo nga una sa tanan?" |
| Chinese | 有 一 個 文 士 來 、 聽 見 他 們 辯 論 、 曉 得 耶 穌 回 " 的 好 、 就 問 他 說 、 誡 命 中 那 是 第 一 要 緊 的 呢 。 |
| Croatian | Tada pristupi jedan od pismoznanaca koji je slušao njihovu raspravu. Vidjevši da im je dobro odgovorio, upita ga: "Koja je zapovijed prva od sviju?" |
| Danish | Og en af de skriftkloge, som havde hørt deres Ordskifte og set, at han svarede dem godt, kom til ham og spurgte ham: "Hvilket Bud er det første af alle?" |
| Dutch | En een der Schriftgeleerden horende, dat zij te zamen in woorden waren, en wetende, dat Hij hun wel geantwoord had, kwam tot Hem, en vraagde Hem: Welk is het eerste gebod van alle? |
| Finnish | Silloin tuli hänen luoksensa eräs kirjanoppinut, joka oli kuullut heidän keskustelunsa ja huomannut hänen hyvin vastanneen heille, ja kysyi häneltä: "Mikä on ensimmäinen kaikista käskyistä?" |
| French | Un des scribes, qui les avait entendus discuter, sachant que Jésus avait bien répondu aux sadducéens, s`approcha, et lui demanda: Quel est le premier de tous les commandements? |
